Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Mrs. Lyon
AP Biology
11/2/2015
Introduction
For homeostasis to be maintained, a cell must have the ability to
move essential materials through its membrane(s) and, once inside,
move these materials throughout the cytoplasm. This process is
regulated as a result of the membranes being selectively permeable,
meaning only certain materials can cross the membrane with very
specific modes of transport. For example, the characteristics of the
phospholipid bilayer in the plasma membrane of a cell limit the
movement of water across the membrane.
Water can however, enter the cell freely in certain instances.
Water is able to pass into the cell through aquaporins (specialized
protein channels) or through osmosis (the diffusion of water). These
are essential processes as a result of the cellular environment being
aqueous. Ions, on the other hand, move through protein channels.
Large molecules move in and out of the cell with the assistance of
transport proteins.
Diffusion is process in which solutes move from an areas of high
concentration to an area of low concentration. Diffusion does not
require energy, as it goes down a solutes concentration gradient. Going
against said gradient, in which a solute moves from low concentration
to high concentration, requires energy in the form of ATP and protein
pumps.
The movement of water across the cell membrane does not
require energy, as it moves through osmosis. Water moves from areas
of high water concentration to low solute concentration, and vice
versa. In cells with cell walls, osmosis is effected by an addition outside
factor; turgor pressure, which is the cell walls resistance to the
movement of water.
Solutions separated by selectively permeable membranes are
described as either hypertonic, hypotonic, or isotonic. A hypertonic
solution has a high solute concentration and greater water potential in
comparison to other solutions. In this type of solution, water will move
out of the cell through the membrane. Hypotonic solutions are more or
less the opposite of this; these solutions have a low solute
concentration and a high water potential. Water will react to this
solution by moving down its concentration gradient into the other
solution. Isotonic solutions have equal water potential, allowing water
to stay in place.
Problem(s)
Procedure 1 problem
How does the relationship between surface area and volume
effect the rate of diffusion for a cell?
Procedure 2 problem
How does the concentration of a solute effect osmosis?
Procedure 3 problem
How does the concentration of a solute in plants effect osmosis
into and out of the plant?
Hypothesis(es)
Procedure 1 Hypothesis
If a cell possesses a greater surface area to volume ratio, it will
have a more efficient rate of diffusion.
Procedure 2 Hypothesis
If 6 bags containing sucrose solutions of varying molarities are
placed into a cup of distilled water, then the bag with the
greatest amount of molarity will experience the greatest percent
change in mass.
Procedure 3 Hypothesis
If apples are submersed into 6 different sucrose solutions each
containing a different level of molarity, than the solution with the
greatest molarity (in this instance 1.0M) will cause the greatest
change in mass in the apples submersed in the solution.
Materials List(s)
Procedure 1 Materials List
A 1cm3 cube
A 2 cm3 cube
A 3 cm3 cube
A 500ml Beaker
Vinegar
Tongs
Water
Twisty ties
Test tube
6 sucrose solutions of varying molarity
1. 0.0 M sucrose distilled water
2. 0.2 M sucrose
3. 0.4 M sucrose
4. 0.6 M sucrose
5. 0.8 M sucrose
6. 1.0 M sucrose
Weighing boat
Mass scale
Timer
o
o
o
o
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0
M
M
M
M
sucrose
sucrose
sucrose
sucrose
6cm2
24cm2
54cm2
1cm3
8cm3
9cm3
Surface
Area:
Volume
Ratio
6:1
3:1
2:1
Procedure 2 results
Recorded Data from the dialysis tubing experiment
Contents of
Initial Mass
Final Mass
Mass
beaker
Difference
0.0M
9.8g
9.75g
-0.5g
sucrose
(distilled
water)
0.2M
10.1 g
10.55g
.45g
sucrose
0.4M
10.7g
11.25g
.55g
sucrose
0.6M
10.7g
11.45g
.75g
sucrose
0.8M
10.6g
12.1g
1.5g
sucrose
0.10M
11.0g
12.76g
1.76g
sucrose
%Change in
Mass
-5.10 %
4.46%
5.14%
7%
14.15%
16%
Concentration
Group 1
Group 2
Group 3
Group 4
Group 5
Group 6
0.0 M
0.94 %
-0.51 %
0.9 %
0.06 %
2.91 %
-31.72
0.2 M
10.66 %
4.46 %
3.2 %
1.6 %
14.23 %
-18.99
0.4 M
14.44 %
5.14 %
9.5 %
5.43 %
11.12 %
2.64
.6 M
18.43 %
7.00 %
10.1 %
5.97 %
-2.48 %
5.4
.8 M
17.94 %
14.15 %
12.0 %
3.1 %
22.12 %
-1.26
1.0 M
29.04 %%
16.0 %
20.1 %
7.93 %
-0.83 %
-0.23
Procedure 3 Results
Contents of
beaker
0.0M
sucrose
(distilled
water)
0.2M
sucrose
0.4M
sucrose
0.6M
sucrose
0.8M
sucrose
0.10M
sucrose
Temperature
(C)
24
Initial Mass
(grams)
4.97g
Final Mass
(grams)
5.96g
Mass
Difference
.99g
%Change in
Mass
19.9%
24
4.77g
6.07g
1.3g
27.25%
24
5.17g
6.49g
1.32g
25.5%
24
5.14g
6.3g
1.16g
22.6%
24
4.8g
4.96g
0.16g
3.33%
25
5.13g
4.8g
0.33g
-6.43%
As shown by the point at which the regression line crosses the X-axis, the
water potential of the apple is approximately .99M. At this point, there will is
0% change in mass as the water potential of the apple is equal to the water
potential of a theoretical .99M sucrose solution.
Osmotic Potential Calculation
Yp= -iCRT, where i = the ionization constant of sucrose (1) C = osmolarity of
the apple, R = 0.0831 L * bars/mole *degree K (pressure constant), and T =
temperature in Kelvin
Yp= -1(.99M)(0.0831)(298K) = -24.52 bars
Error Analysis
Aside from minute human error which had to have occurred across the
board on all experiments, the only discernable error made appeared in the
data for procedure 3. The numbers that were recorded simply do not make
sense in that it shows an illogical relationship between the molarity of the
sucrose and the percent change in mass. It is unclear as to what specifically
caused this error to occur.
Discussion and Conclusion(s)
spite of this, the regression line cannot fully be relied upon due to the
inaccuracy of the data to begin with.