LINEAR MODULATION

AMPLITUDE MODULATION

MODULATION PROCESS
Modulation: The process of varying some parameter of a carrier
wave in accordance with the message signal/information
Why Modulation?
1. Reducing the size of the antennas:
- The optimal antenna size is related to wavelength:
- Voice signal: 3 kHz

2. Allowing transmission of more than one signal in the same channel

(multiplexing)

3. Allowing better trade-off between bandwidth and signal-to- noise ratio (SNR)

Modulation
Continuous-Wave (CW)
Modulation
1. Amplitude Modulation (AM)
2. Angle Modulation:
- Frequency Modulation (FM)
- Phase Modulation (PM)

Pulse Modulation

Analog Pulse
Modulation:

Digital Pulse
Modulation:

1. Pulse Amplitude
Modulation (PAM)

- Pulse Code
Modulation
(PCM)

2. Pulse Width
Modulation (PDM)
3. Pulse Position
Modulation (PPM)

DOUBLE SIDEBAND-SUPPRESSED
CARRIER
(DSB-SC) MODULATION

DSB-SC DEMODULATION

Modern Digital and Analog Communication Systems

Oxford University Press, Inc.

Lathi

Copyright 2009 by

TONE MODULATION

Amplitude Modulation

An amplitude-modulated (AM) wave is described as a

function of time as follows:

s(t) A 1 km(t)cos(2f t)
c

a
c

where ka is the amplitudesensitivity of the modulator

measured in volt-1 ,
m(t) is the message(modulating) signal
c(t) Ac cos(2f c t) is the carrier wave

Illustrating the amplitude modulation process:

(a) Baseband signal m(t). (b) AM wave for | kam(t) | < 1 for all t. (c) AM
wave for | kam(t) | > 1 for some t.

2000, John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Haykin / Communication Systems, 4th

Types of Modulators
1. Multiplier or Product Modulator:
Modulation is achieved directly by multiplying m(t) with
carrier using analog multiplier whose o/p is proportional to
the product of two input signals.

Nonlinear Modulators

Let the i/p o/p characteristics of either of the nonlinear elements be

(t ) ax(t ) bx 2 (t )
approximated by a power series y
as

z (t ) y1 (t ) y 2 (t )
z (t ) 2am(t ) 4bm(t ) cos wc (t )

Switching Modulator

The multiplication operation required for modulation can be

replaced by a simple switching operation

(t ) C n cos(nwc t n )
n 0

w(t )

m(t ) w(t )

m(t ) (t ) C n m(t ) cos(nwc t n )

n 0

1 2
1
1

cos wc t cos 3wc t cos 5wc t .............

2
3
5

1
2
1
1

m(t ) m(t ) cos wc t m(t ) cos 3wc t m(t ) cos 5wc t .............
2

3
5