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CoupledLines
Jose E. Schutt-Aine
Electrical & Computer Engineering
University of Illinois
jose@emlab.uiuc.edu
ECE451 JoseSchuttAine
Crosstalk Noise
Signal Integrity
Crosstalk
Dispersion
Attenuation
Reflection
Distortion
Loss
Delta I Noise
Ground Bounce
Radiation
Drive Line
Sense Line
Drive Line
ECE451 JoseSchuttAine
TEMPROPAGATION
L
I
+
V
z
z
Z1
Zo
Z2
Vs
ECE451 JoseSchuttAine
Telegraphers Equations
L
I
+
V
V
I
L
z
t
I
V
C
z
t
50
50
line 1
line 1
line 2
50
line 2
line 1
line 1
line 2
line 2
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50
tr = 1 ns
tr = 7 ns
line 1
line 2
ECE451 JoseSchuttAine
line 1
line 2
50
tr = 1 ns
tr = 7 ns
line 1
line 2
ECE451 JoseSchuttAine
line 1
line 2
tr = 1 ns
tr = 7 ns
line 1
line 1
line 2
line 2
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V1
I1
Cm
I2
Cs
Lm
V2
Cs
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Maxwellian Form
V1
I1
I2
L11
L12
z
t
t
V2
I1
I2
L21
L22
z
t
t
I1
V1
V2
C11
C12
z
t
t
I2
V
V
C21 1 C22 2
z
t
t
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Physical form
V1
I1
I2
Ls
Lm
z
t
t
V2
I
I
Lm 1 Ls 2
z
t
t
I1
V1
V1
V2
Cs
Cm
Cm
z
t
t
t
I2
V1
V2
V2
Cm
Cm
Cs
z
t
t
t
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Even Mode
Ve
I e
L11 L12
z
t
I e
I e
C11 C12
z
t
Add voltage
and current
equations
1
Ve : Even mode voltage Ve = (V1 + V2 )
2
1
Ie : Even mode current Ie = (I1 + I2 )
2
Ze =
L11 + L12
=
C11 + C12
Ls + Lm
Cs
ve =
1
=
(L11 + L12 )(C11 + C12 )
Impedance
1
(Ls + Lm )Cs
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velocity
13
Odd Mode
Vd
I d
L11 L12
z
t
I d
I d
C11 C12
z
t
Subtract voltage
and current
equations
Zd =
vd =
L11 L12
Ls Lm
=
C11 C12
Cs 2Cm
1
=
( L11 L12 )(C11 C12 )
1
Vd V1 V2
2
1
Id I1 I 2
2
Impedance
1
( Ls Lm )(Cs 2Cm )
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velocity
14
ModeExcitation
+1
+1
EVEN
-1
+1
ODD
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V1 = Z11 I1 + Z12 I 2
V2 = Z21 I1 + Z22 I2
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Definitions
Even-Mode Impedance: Ze
Impedance seen by wave propagating through the coupledline system when excitation is symmetric (1, 1).
Odd-Mode Impedance: Zd
Impedance seen by wave propagating through the coupledline system when excitation is anti-symmetric (1, -1).
Common-Mode Impedance: Zc = 0.5Ze
Impedance seen by a pair of line and a common return by a
common signal.
Differential Impedance: Zdiff = 2Zd
Impedance seen across a pair of lines by differential mode
signal.
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18
EXAMPLE
(Microstrip)
r = 4.3
Zs = 56.4
Single Line
Dielectric height = 6 mils
Width = 8 mils
Coupled Lines
Height = 6 mils
Width = 8 mils
Spacing = 12 mils
r = 4.3
Ze = 68.1 Zd = 40.8
Z11 = 54.4 Z12 = 13.6
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Even Mode
Zg
Vf
IT
I1
Zg
+
Vb VT
step
- I2
generator
coaxial line
I tdr
line 1
line 2
reference plane tied to ground
Z
Z
Z
Z
e
d
e
d
1 e
Ze = 2(
) Zg
1 e
ECE451 JoseSchuttAine
a d (t ,0) 0
ve =
2l
20
Odd Mode
Zg
Vf
Zg
step
generator
Vb
IT
+
V
-T
I1
line 1
line 2
I2
coaxial line
I tdr
ae (t ,0) ad (t ,0)
=
Z
Z
e
d
ae (t,0) = 0,
1 1 d
Zd
2 1 d
I tdr
ae (t ,0) ad (t ,0)
=-
Z
Z
e
d
Vtdr
= 2Zd
Itdr
Zg ,
vd =
ECE451 JoseSchuttAine
2l
d
21
1
Cs
Z e ve
1 Ze Zd
Lm = 2 ve vd
1 1
1
Cm =
2 Z e ve Z d vd
Z d < Zs < Z e
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Even-Mode Impedance
h=3 mils
120
h=5 mils
h=7 mils
100
h=10 mils
h=14 mils
Z ( )
e
80
h=21 mils
60
40
20
4
10
12
14
16
18
Spacing (mils)
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h=3 mils
Odd-Mode Impedance
h=5 mils
50
h=7 mils
45
h=10 mils
h=14 mils
Z ( )
d
40
h=21 mils
35
30
25
20
4
10
12
14
16
18
Spacing (mils)
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Even-Mode velocity
0.17
h=3 mils
h=5 mils
0.168
h=7 mils
h=10 mils
0.166
h=14 mils
v e(m/ns)
0.164
h=21 mils
0.162
0.16
0.158
4
10
12
14
16
18
Spacing (mils)
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h=3 mils
h=5 mils
Odd-Mode Velocity
h=7 mils
0.21
h=10 mils
0.205
h=14 mils
0.2
h=21 mils
v (m/ns)
d
0.195
0.19
0.185
0.18
0.175
4
10
12
14
16
18
Spacing (mils)
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Mutual Inductance
h=3 mils
h=5 mils
250
h=7 mils
h=10 mils
200
h=14 mils
h=21 mils
100
(nH/m)
150
50
0
4
10
12
14
16
18
Spacing (mils)
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h=3 mils
Mutual Capacitance
h=5 mils
40
h=7 mils
35
h=10 mils
h=14 mils
C (pF/m)
30
h=21 mils
25
20
15
10
4
10
12
14
16
18
Spacing (mils)
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Even&OddModeImpedances
Typical Even & Odd Mode Impedances
110
Zeven
Zodd
100
90
80
70
60
50
40
10
20
30
40
50
Distance (mils)
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Microstrip : Inhomogeneous
structure, odd and even-mode velocities
must have different values.
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Microstrip vs Stripline
50
50
Microstrip (h =8 mils)
w = 8 mils
r = 4.32
Ls = 377 nH/m
Cs = 82 pF/m
Lm = 131 nH/m
Cm = 23 pF/m
ve = 0.155 m/ns
vd = 0.178 m/ns
31
Microstrip vs Stripline
50
50
Probe
stripline
microstrip
0.4
0.3
0.3
0.2
0.2
-0.1
0.1
Volts
Volts
0.1
0
-0.1
-0.2
-0.3
-0.4
-0.2
-0.3
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ZL1
Zs1
line 1
line 2
Zs2
ZL2
j z
ve
j z
ve
j z
vd
j z
vd
j z
vd
V1 ( z ) Ae e
Be e
Ad e
Bd e
even
j z
ve
odd
j z
ve
j z
vd
V2 ( z ) Ae e
Be e
Ad e
Bd e
even
ECE451 JoseSchuttAine
odd
33
ZL1
Zs1
line 1
line 2
Zs2
ZL2
j z
j z
j z
j z
1
1
ve
ve
vd
vd
I1 ( z ) Ae e
Be e
Bd e
Ad e
Z e
Z d
even
odd
j z
j z
j z
j z
1
1
ve
ve
vd
vd
I 2 ( z ) Ae e
Be e
Bd e
Ad e
Z e
Z d
even
odd
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Coupling of Modes
(asymmetric load)
ZL1
Zs1
line 1
line 2
Zs2
ZL2
even
odd
even
odd
even
even
odd
even
odd
even
odd
even
odd
odd
First reflection
Second reflection
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Coupling of Modes
(symmetric load)
ZL
Zs
line 1
line 2
Zs
ZL
even
even
even
odd
odd
odd
First reflection
Second reflection
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0.2
1
0.15
0.8
0.1
Volts
Volts
0.6
0.4
0.05
-0.05
0.2
-0.1
-0.15
-0.2
0
0
10
15
20
25
30
35
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
40
Time (ns)
Time (ns)
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ThreeLineMicrostrip
1
I
V1
I
I
L11 1 L12 2 L13 3
z
t
t
t
I1
V
V
V
C11 1 C12 2 C13 3
z
t
t
t
I
V2
I
I
L21 1 L22 2 L23 3
z
t
t
t
V
I2
V
V
C21 1 C22 2 C23 3
z
t
t
t
V
I
I
I
3 L31 1 L32 2 L33 3
z
t
t
t
I3
V
V
V
C31 1 C32 2 C33 3
z
t
t
t
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ThreeLine AlphaMode
and
I I1 I 3
L11 L13
C11 C13
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ThreeLine ModalDecomposition
V
I
I
I
L11 L21 L31 1 L12 L22 L32 2 L13 L23 L33 3
z
t
t
t
I
V
V
V
C11 C21 C31 1 C12 C22 C32 2 C13 C23 C33 3
z
t
t
t
40
ThreeLine ModalDecomposition
V
I
I I
L11 L12 L13 1 3 2 L12 L11 2
z
t
t
t
or
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ThreeLine BetaMode
11
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ThreeLine DeltaMode
11
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Symmetric3LineMicrostrip
1
2
E 1
1 2
1
1
Alpha mode
Beta mode*
Delta mode*
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CoplanarWaveguide
2
r = 4.3
346 162 67
L(nH / m) 152 683 152
67 162 346
113 17 5
C ( pF / m) 16 53 16
5 17 113
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CoplanarWaveguide
1
r = 4.3
73 0 0
Z m () 0 48 0
0 0 94
56 23 8
Z c () 22 119 22
8 23 56
0
0
0.15
0.17
0
v p (m / ns ) 0
0
0.18
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CoplanarWaveguide
S'
S'
k ' (1 k )
2 1/ 2
2
vcp
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CoplanarStrips
Z ocs
120 K '(k )
(ohm)
r 1 K (k )
2
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QualitativeComparison
Characteristic
Microstrip
Coplanar Wguide
Coplanar strips
eff*
~6.5
~5
Power handling
High
Medium
Medium
Radiation loss
Low
Medium
Medium
Unloaded Q
High
Medium
Low or High
Dispersion
Small
Medium
Medium
Mounting (shunt)
Hard
Easy
Easy
Mounting (series)
Easy
Easy
Easy
~5
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VTransmissionLine
signal strip
dielectric
h
ground
2p
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VLineCharacteristicImpedance
CHARACTERISTIC IMPEDANCE
250
30
37.5
200
45
52.5
60
Zo (ohms)
150
Microstrip
100
50
0
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
w/h
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VLine EffectivePermittivity
EFFECTIVE PERMITTIVITY
2.2
30
2.15
37.5
45
2.1
Effective Relative Dielectric Constant
52.5
60
2.05
Microstrip
2
1.95
1.9
1.85
1.8
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
w/h
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ThreeLine VTransmissionLine
y
signal strip
2p
h
dielectric
ground surface
x
Region
1
Region
2
Region
3
Region
4
ECE451 JoseSchuttAine
Region
5
Region
6
53
VLineandMicrostrip
Microstrip
C (pF/m) =
L (nH/m)
52.49
-5.90
-0.57
-5.90
53.27
-5.90
609.74
= 113.54
41.79
113.46
607.67
113.46
V-line
-0.57
-5.90
52.49
41.79
113.54
609.74
74.00
-0.97
-0.23
-0.97
74.07
-0.97
-0.23
-0.97
74.00
425.84
=
20.36
7.00
20.35
422.85
20.35
7.00
20.36
425.84
C (pF/m) =
L (nH/m)
signal strip
2p
h
dielectric
ground surface
x
Region
1
Region
2
Region
3
Region
4
Region
5
Region
6
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VLine:CouplingCoefficients
Mutual Inductance
Mutual Capacitance
40
350
300
35
microstrip
30
V-line
25
C (pF/m)
200
150
(nH/m)
250
V-line
microstrip
20
15
100
10
50
5
0
0
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.2
s/h
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.2
s/h
Plot of mutual inductance (top) and mutual capacitance (bottom) versus spacing-to-height ratio
for v-line and microstrip configurations. The parameters are w/h = 0.24, r = 4.0.
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VLinevsMicrostrip:CouplingCoefficients
Coupling Coefficient
0.6
0.5
V-line
microstrip
0.4
0.3
0.2
0.1
0
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.2
s/h
Plot of the coupling coefficient versus spacing-to-height ratio for v-line and microstrip configurations.
The parameters are w/h = 0.24, r = 4.0.
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AdvantagesofVLine
ground reference
signal strip
tric
lec e
die strat
sub
signal strip
dielectric
h
ground
2p
ground reference
Propagation Function
1
Advantages of V Line
microstrip
V-60
0.9
V-30
* Lower crosstalk
* Better transition
Linear Attenuation
* Higher bandwidth
0.8
0.7
0.6
0.5
7
9
11
Frequency (GHz)
ECE451 JoseSchuttAine
13
15
17
57
VLinevsMicrostrip:InsertionLoss
Insertion Loss
0
-1
20*log10*|S21|
-2
-3
-4
Vline
Microstrip
-5
-6
-7
-8
0
10
15
20
25
Frequency (GHz)
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