PETRONAS TECHNICAL STANDARDS

DESIGN AND ENGINEERING PRACTICE

TECHNICAL SPECIFICATION

CONSTRUCTION OF STRUCTURAL
STEELWORK

PTS 20.104
APRIL 1989

PETRONAS

PREFACE
PETRONAS Technical Standards (PTS) publications reflect the views, at the time of publication,
of PETRONAS OPUs/Divisions.
They are based on the experience acquired during the involvement with the design, construction,
operation and maintenance of processing units and facilities. Where appropriate they are based
on, or reference is made to, national and intemational standards and codes of practice.
The objective is to set the recommended standard for good technical practice to be applied by
PETRONAS' OPUs in oil and gas production facilities, refineries, gas processing plants, chemical
plants, marketing facilities or any other such facility, and thereby to achieve maximum technical
and economic benefit from standardisation.
The information set forth in these publications is provided to users for their consideration and
decision to implement. This is of particular importance where PTS may not cover every
requirement or diversity of condition at each locality. The system of PTS is expected to be
sufficiently flexible to allow individual operating units to adapt the information set forth In PTS to
their own environment and requirements.
When Contractors or Manufacturers/Suppliers use PTS they shall be solely responsible for the
quality of work and the attainment of the required design and engineering standards. In
particular, for those requirements not specifically covered, the Principal will expect them to follow
those design and engineering practices which will achieve the same level of integrity as reflected
in the PTS. If in doubt, the Contractor or Manufacturer/Supplier shall, without detracting from his
own responsibility, consult the Principal or Its technical advisor.
The right to use PTS rests with three categories of users :
1)
2)
3)

PETRONAS and Its affiliates.

Other parties who are authorised to use PTS subject to appropriate contractual
arrangements.
Contractors/subcontractors and Manufacturers/Suppliers under a contract with
users referred to under 1) and 2) which requires that tenders for projects,
materials supplied or - generally - work performed on behalf of the said users
comply with the relevant standards.

Subject to any particular terms and conditions as may be set forth in specific agreements with
users, PETRONAS disclaims any liability of whatsoever nature for any damage (Including Injury
or death) suffered by any company or person whomsoever as a result of or in connection with the
use, application or implementation of any PTS, combination of PTS or any part thereof. The
benefit of this disclaimer shall Inure In all respects to PETRONAS and/or any company affiliated
to PETRONAS that may Issue PTS or require the use of PTS.
Without prejudice to any specific terms In respect of confidentiality under relevant contractual
arrangements, PTS shall not, without the prior written consent of PETRONAS, be disclosed by
users to any company or person whomsoever and the PTS shall be used exclusively for the
purpose they have been provided to the user. They shall be returned after use, Including any
copies which shall only be made by users with the express prior written consent of PETRONAS.
The copyright of PTS vests In PETRONAS. Users shall arrange for PTS to be held In safe
custody and PETRONAS may at any time require Infonnatlon satisfactory to PETRONAS In order
to ascertain how users Implement this requirement.

TABLE OF CONTENTS
1.0

GENERAL

1.1

Scope

1.2

Performance Of Work

1.3

Errors And Omissions

1.4

Referenced Documents

1.5

Documentation

1.6

Glossary

1.7

Abbreviations

2.0

MATERIALS

2.1

General

2.2

Weldable Structural Steel And Steel Products

3.0

WELDING

3.1

General

4.0

WELDING CONSUMABLE

4.1

Types Of Electrodes, Wires And Fluxes

4.2

Conditions And Storage

4.3

Heating And Baking Requirements

5.0

QUALIFICATION OF WELDING PROCEDURE

5.1

General

5.2

Parameters In Welding Procedure Specification

5.3

Welding Procedure Qualification Test

5.4

Essential Variables In Qualification Of Welding Procedures

5.5

Procedure Qualification Record

5.6

~~on

5.7

Testing Requirements For Procedural Qualification Test

5.8

Acceptance Criteria

5.9

Retest

6.0

QUALIFICATION OF WELDERS AND WELDING OPERATORS

6.1

General

6.2

Qualification Test For SMAW with Covered Eiectrodes

7.0

PRODUCTION WELDING

7.1

General

7.2

Welding Sequence

7.3

Weld Preparations

Permitted Welding Processes

7.4

Weld Execution

7.5

Preheating And Interpass Temperatures

7.6

Stress Relieving - Post Weld Heat Treatment

8.0

FABRICATION

8.1

General

8.2

Material Preparation

8.3

Forming Of Tubular And Cones

8.4

Spacing of Seams And Splices

8.5

Laying-Out, Alignment And Fit-up

8.6

Temporary And Non-Structural Attachments And Cut-Outs

8.7

Finishing Of Surfaces

8.8

Repair And Remedial Procedures

8.9

Ancillaries And Temporary Works

9.0

TOLERANCES

9.1

General

9.2

Local Tolerances For Structural Components And Sub-Assemblies

9.3

Global Tolerances For The Completed Structure

9.4

Miscellaneous Structural Tolerances

9.5

Launchways

10.0

INSPECTION AND TESTING

10.1

General

10.2

Personnel

10.3

Testing Of Welds

10 4

NOT Reporting Requirements

11.0

PLACING DRAWINGS

12.0

AS-BUILT DRAWINGS

1.0

GENERAL

1.1

Scope
a)

1.2

1.3

This specification shall govern the material specifications, shop and field welding
fabrication and inspection requirements of all structural steel for the Works, i.e.
i)

Platform support structures Uackets, piles etc)

ii)

The deck, whether constructed of plate girders, box girders or tubular frames, and
all associated support structures in or on the deck, access and protection
steelwork e.g stairways, walkways and handrails, and bridges

iii)

Deck to substructure connection

iv)

Structural steel in or on the substructure, such as J-tubes, subsea pipeline

bridges, manifold jackets and supports for e.g piping, process equipment,
electrical equipment, instrumentation equipment, etc

v)

Jetties

vi)

Steel skirt to foundation (if any)

b)

The Contractor shall supply all steel, materials, labour, tools, equipment and services
and perform or arrange all tests specified or necessary (unless speCifically directed
otherwise in the contract) to ensure that the requirements of this SpeCification are
fulfilled and to ensure proper functioning of components.

c)

Where it is necessary for certain structural steel components to be installed offshore,

compliance with all the requirements of this Specification shall also mean that such
component shall be trial assembled onshore to ensure subsequent correct fit, whenever
directed by the Company.

d)

The Contractor shall satisfy himself as to the details of the scope and requirements in
the contract and shall be deemed to have included for the above stated and all that
follows in this section of the SpeCification.

e)

This SpeCification covers the material selection and welding of mild steels with yield
strengths of less than or equal to 52,000 psi as defined in the relevant material
speCification.

Performance Of Work
a)

The Contractor shall have in charge of the work, at all times, a thoroughly competent
superintendent and a fully qualified welding engineer, who are experienced in this
category of steelwork construction and its fabrication. The Contractor shall deSignate a
competent representative with whom the company and/or its representative may
communicate at all times.

b)

The Contractor shall employ only qualified craftsmen to perform all aspects of the work
including testing. Any workman considered unsuitable by the Company shall be
removed from the Works without delay and shall not be re-employed on the Works.

c)

The Company shall be advised at least two days before commencement of any work by
the Contractor and his sub-contractors.

d)

The Contractor shall demonstrate to the Company that he is capable of producing work
to the required standard, with particular respect to his sub-contractors he may wish to
employ. This may be achieved by producing documented past and current types of
work the Contractor/subcontractor has been engaged on.

Errors And Omissions

The Contractor shall be responsible for all errors and omissions in the detailing, layout and
fabrication of the Works. It is the obligation of the Contractor to check the Contract
Documents including the Contract Drawings immediately upon award of the Contract and to
notify the Company immediately of any errors or omissions discovered.

1.4

Referenced Documents

1.4.1

Base Specifications
a)

Materials
The BS 4360 has been selected as the basis for materials. All materials shall meet the
requirements of this Code and the requirements mentioned in this Specification Chapter
2.0.

b)

Welding
All welding, temporary or permanent, shall meet the requirements of the latest edition of
AWS 01.1 "Structural Welding Code-Steel" as modified by this specification.

c)

Inspection
All inspection requirements shall meet AWS 01. 1. and the codes mentioned therein
describing the techniques and as modified in this Specification in Chapter 10.0.

1.4.2

Standards. Rules And Codes

a)

Unless otherwise specifically indicated, the following standards, rules and codes shall
be the guides governing the works. These shall be considered complimentary to and
providing further detailed. requirements and recommendations to those stated in this
Specification and shall be complied with. Where, however, the requirements of this
Specification are in conflict with or expand the above requirements, this Specification
shall prevail.

b)

All the standards, rules and codes stated below are to be the latest editions at the
commencement of the contract.
i)

American Petroleum Institute (API)

API 5L - Specification For Line Pipe.
API RP 2A - Recommended Practice For Planning, Designing And Constructing
Fixed Offshore Platforms
API 2B - Specification For Fabricated Structural Steel Pipe.
API 2H - Specification For Carbon Manganese Steel Plate For Offshore Platform
Tubular Joints.

ii)

American Institute of Steel Construction (AISC)

Code of Standard Practice For Steel Building And Bridges Specification For The
Design, Fabrication And Erection of Structural Steel For Buildings.

iii)

American Welding Society (AWS)

AWS 01.1 - Structural Welding Code-Steel
AWS A.2.4 - Symbols For Welding And Non Destructive Testing
AWS A.3.0 - Welding Terms And Definitions
AWS A.5.1 - Specification For Carbon Steel Covered Arc Welding Electrodes
AWS A.5.5 - Specification For Low Alloy Steel Covered Arc Welding Electrodes
AWS A.5.17 - Specification For Bare Carbon Steel Electrodes For Submerged
Arc Welding
AWS A.5.18 - Specification For Carbon Steel Filler Metals For Gas Shielded Arc
Welding

iv)

American Society For Testing And Materials (ASTM)

ASTM A6

ASTM A36 v)

Specification For General Requirements For Delivery of Rolled

Steel Plates, Shapes, Sheet Piles And Bars For Structural Use
Specification For Structural Steels

British Standards (BS)

BS 4360
BS 4 Pt1

Weldable Structural Steels

Specification For Structural Steel Sections: Pt1 : Hot Rolled
Sections

BS 4848 Pt2 - Specification For Hot Rolled Structural Steel Sections: Pt2
Hollow Sections

vi)

BS 5135

Metal Arc Welding of Carbon And Carbon Manganese Steel

BS 638

Arc Welding Plant Equipment And Accessories

BS 3971

Image Quality Indicators For Radiography And Recommended

Use

Det Norske Veritas (DNV)

Rules For The Design, Construction And Inspection For Fixed Offshore
Platforms.

vii)

Deutsches Institute for Normung (DIN)

DIN 17100 - Steels For General Structural Purposes.

viii)

International Institute of Welding (IIW)

Collection of Reference Radiographs of Welds In Steel
IIW-36-39 - Recommended Practice For The Radiographic Inspection of
Circumferential Fusion Welded Butt Joints In Steel Pipes Up To
50mm Wall Thickness

ix)

National Association of Corrosion Engineers (NACE)

x)

Std RP-01-76 - Recommended Practice For Control of Corrosion On Steel,

Fixed Offshore Platforms Associated With Petroleum Production

Japanese Industrial Standard (JIS)

JIS G3106 SM41-B - Rolled Steels For Welded Structures

1.5

Documentation

1.5.1

Prior To Fabrication
Prior to commencement of any part of the fabrication, the Contractor shall submit the
following documentation for approval by the Company.

1.5.2

a)

Mill certificate for Contractor supplied materials.

b)

Fabrication procedures, welding sequence and erection sequence. This is to include

the welding procedure specification to be applied, sequence of plates to be welded, and
number and location of welders at each stage of assembly.

c)

Fabrication drawings including plate seam arrangement drawings, plate cutting

drawings and weld details.

d)

Drawings and calculations of temporary works, inclusive of support points, jacking

points and sling points, approved by a qualified engineer.

e)

List of proposed welding consumable and their areas of application including detailed
control procedures for consumable handling, baking, storage and issue.

f)

Welding procedures, repair welding procedures with their supporting procedure

qualification records and including weld maps.

g)

Certificates of welders, welding operators and tackers qualified in accordance with this
Specification complete with list of welder identification numbers and photographs.

h)

Key plan showing an unambiguous member identification and weld marking scheme.

i)

Inspection procedures and detailed report sheets for non-destructive testing and
inspection. This shall include separate sheets for Visual, Radiography, Ultrasonic, Dye
Penetrant, Magnetic Particle, Painting and Coating.

j)

Identification and control procedures for materials.

k)

Procedures for control of tolerances during fabrication and procedure for distortion
rectification.

I)

Detail procedures for welding equipment maintenance and calibration.

m)

Qualification certificates for all inspection personnel.

n)

Summary sheets for NDT test reports for each joint which are to be kept up to date as
the work progresses.

puring Fabrication
As the work progresses, the following shall be required :
a)

As built dimensional survey records which shall be updated continually.

b)

Where traceability is required, plans marked to relate certificate references for all
materials to its final position in the structure.

c)

NDT test reports (original only) including radiographs and key plans marked showing
final identification numbering, test report numbers and the results.

d)

Production mechanical test reports, post weld heat treatment charts, leak reports and
all charts for all items tested.

e)

As built drawings and Specifications which shall show in detail the manner in which the
facility was constructed and shall reflect all changes, additions, corrections or revisions
made during the course of construction. The objective being to build up a full
documented history of the Construction Work.

1.6

Glossary
Company - Shall mean PETRONAS
Contractor - The party which entered into contract with the Company for the execution of
activities as mentioned in a written agreement.
Shall - The word "shall" is to be understood as mandatory to comply with the requirements of
this specification.
Should - The word "should" is to be understood as strongly recommended to comply with the
requirements of this specification.

1.7

Abbreviations
API

American Petroleum Institute

ASNT

American Society For Non-clestructive Testing

ASTM

American Society For Testing and Materials

AWS

American Welding Society

BS

British Standard

CSR

Company Site Representative

CAR

Company Authorised Representative

CSWIP

Certification Scheme For Welding Inspection Personnel

DPI

Dye Penetrant Inspection

DIN

Deutsches Institute for Normung

GTAW

Gas Tungsten Arc Welding

GMAW

Gas Metallic Arc Welding

JIS

Japanese Industrial Standard

MSF

Main Structural Frame

NDT

Non Destructive Testing

PQR

Procedure Qualification Record

PWHT

Post Weld Heat Treatment

RT

Radiographic Testing

SAW

Submerged Arc Welding

SMAW

Shielded Metallic Arc Welding

SSB/SSPC

Sarawak Shell Berhad/Sabah Shell Petroleum Company

WPS

Welding Procedure SpeCification

UT

Ultrasonic Testing

2.0

MATERIALS

2.1.1

General

2.1.2

2.1.3

a)

The purpose of this chapter is to specify the composition, properties, dimensions,

tolerances, manufacturing process, handling, etc, of all materials which will be
incorporated, both permanently and temporarily as either structural members or
structural appurtenances, into the offshore platform.

b)

Company inspection 'personnel shall be permitted free access to the Manufacturer's

works for the inspection of any process necessary for the manufacture of these
materials.

c)

If a material not described in this chapter is required, it shall be brought to the attention
of the Company which will decide which Specification shall apply.

Transportation. Storage and Handling of Materials

a)

The Contractor shall ensure adequate protection to all steelwork during any loading and
transportation activities by providing adequate timber bearers during transport.

b)

The Contractor shall provide nylon or similar lifting slings during handling or lifting
operations; wire ropes or chain slings will not be permitted.

c)

The steelwork shall be stored above ground on pallets, timber blocks or other similar
supports, be kept above the level of any standing water and be kept free from dirt,
grease, paint sprays, etc. and shall be protected from harmful environments.

d)

Damage to any part of the steelwork either before, during or after erection shall
immediately be brought to the notice of the Company.

e)

Particular care shall be taken in storage and handling of parts which have been metal
sprayed, galvanised, painted, etc., and should the coating be damaged, it shall be
restored by an approved method at the cost of the Contractor, and be compatible with
the particular coating.

Used Materials
Temporary bracing, erection aids, scaffoldings and materials and equipment for testing shall
be fumished by the Contractor and shall be safe, serviceable and adequate, but need not be
new.

2.1.4

Classification of Structural Steels

For the purpose of this Specification, structural steel is classified by the following groups.
(a)

TYPE I STEEL: Primary Structural Steel- High Strength

Primary structural steel - high strength, is steel with a yield strength of 50 ksi and over
used in members essential to the overall integrity of the structure and for other
structural members of importance to the operational safety of the structure.

(b)

TYPE II STEEL : Primary Structural Steel - High Strength With Through Thickness
Properties
Primary structural steel - high strength with through thickness properties, is steel with
yield strength of 50 ksi and over and used in members essential to the overall integrity
of the structure, where stress concentrations are high and where the stresses in the
thickness direction may lead to lamella tearing.

(c)

TYPE III STEEL: Primary Structural Steel- Mild Steel

Primary structural steel - mild steel, is steel with a yield strength between 36 ksi and 50
ksi and used in members essential to the overall integrity of the structure and for other
structural members of importance to the operational safety of the structure.

(d)

TYPE IV STEEL : Primary Structural Steel - Mild Steel With Through Thickness
Properties
Primary structural steel - mild steel with through thickness properties is steel with yield
strength between 36 ksi and 50 ksi and used in members essential to the overall
integrity of the structure, where stress concentrations are high and where the stresses
in the thickness direction may lead to lamella tearing.

(e)

TYPE V STEEL : Secondary Structural Steel

Secondary structural steel is steel used in members not essential to the overall integrity
of the structure and/or the operational safety.

2.2

Weldable Structural Steel And Steel Products

2.2.1

General Provisions
All structural steel for use in offshore structures shall meet the requirements of BS 4360
"Specification For Weldable Structural Steel".
a)

The types of structural steel, including the BS 4360 grade identification which shall be
used are:~

BS Grade

Description

HS

50A,B,C,D,EE

High Strength Steel

II

HS

TTP 50A,B,C,D,EE

High Strength Steel With Improved

Through Thickness Properties

III

MS

43A,B,C,D,EE

Mild Steel

IV

MSTTP

43A,B,C,D,EE

Mild Steel With Improved Through

Thickness Properties

SEC

40A,B,C,D

Secondary Steel

43A,B,C
For through thickness properties, reference is made to BS 4360 clause B29. The suffix
Z25 shall apply.

2.2.2

b)

All structural steel shall be fully killed and fine grained. Acid and Bessemer Steel
making processes are not acceptable. Rimming steel shall not be used.

c)

Through thickness properties materials shall be used when the Contract Drawings
require them. They shall always be calcium treated. The steel producer may propose
additional processing to reduce the occurrence of elongated Inclusions and laminations
as appropriate for the speCified requirements. These may include for example, reduced
sulfur, vacuum degassing and rare-earth-metal treatment. The additional processing
and the casting method, ingot or continuous, shall be clearly defined and will become
part of the basis of purchase.

d)

All Contractor supplied steel shall be new stock, free from mill scales, rust, grease or
dirt and free from deformation.

Altemative Specifications
The following material specifications are considered acceptable as an altemative to the BS
4360 grades specified in paragraph 2.2.1 above provided that
i)

the carbon content is always 0.23% maximum

ii)

the maximum carbon equivalent (CE) is 0.45% (the applicable expression for C.E. is
defined in BS 4360 clause B.6)

iii)

all additional requirements defined in 2.2.1 are met.

Mild Steel

High Strength Steel

API 5L Grade B

JIS G3101 Class 4 SS55

API5LX42

API Grade X52

ASTMA36

DIN 17100 St 52-3

DIN 17100 RSt 37-2

DIN 17100 St 42-2
JIS G3106 SM41-B

2.2.3

2.2.4

Mechanical Properties
a)

The mechanical properties of the applicable specified material standard shall be met.

b)

Fracture toughness testing such as Charpy testing shall not be required when
construction will take place in a climatic condition where the environmental temperature
is above 20 Centigrade during the year e.g. in a tropical area.

c)

When lower temperatures are usually experienced e.g. in Europe, Japan, Korea, U.S.A.
etc., Charpy testing will be required at a temperature of -20 Centigrade with a minimum
Charpy v-notch impact test value of 27J. This basically means that in these climates BS
4360 GR 430 and GR 500 are used for mild steel and high strength steel respectively.
Testing shall be done in accordance with the Standard referenced for Charpy testing
BS 4360 or alternatively, ASTM A 370.

d)

Through thickness properties testing shall not be required for through thickness
properties material of thickness 25.4mm and below.

Certification Of Materials

2.2.4.1 General
The certification is used for the purpose of confirming the specified mechanical, chemical and
physical properties of materials.
The following types of certificates are distinguished:a)

Type A (Equivalent to DIN 50049.2.2.)

Certificates on material based on testing carried out by the manufacturing or processing
works. It shall confirm that on the basis of test results from in-production testing the
material supplied corresponds to what was agreed in the order. This clause only applies
to secondary steel.

b)

Type B (Equivalent to DIN 50049.3.1B)

Certificates in which the manufacturers inspectors confirm, on the basis of tests carried
out on the delivery itself or on test specimens in accordance with the applicable
specifications and related to the delivery, that the product supplied corresponds with
what was agreed in the order. The necessary testing must have been carried out by a
testing centre which is independent of the production section in the manufacturing
works and which has the necessary facilities. When the independence of the testing
centre is not warranted, a type C certificate shall be submitted. Type B certificates shall
be required for mild steels for which no through thickness properties are required.

c)

Type C (Equivalent to DIN 50049.3.1C)

Certificates as described under type B, however the mechanical and physical tests are
witnessed by an independent inspector approved by the ultimate purchaser. These
certificates shall be signed and stamped by this inspector for acceptance or
alternatively this inspector issues a separate certificate which refers to the mill
certificates. Type C certificates shall be required for mild steels with through thickness
properties and all high strength steels.

2.2.4.2 Contents Of Certificates

a)

All material certificates should state the following:

Name of manufacturer and factory symbol
Purchaser order number and date of revision
Certificate number and date of issue
Material specification in full
Dimensions
Quantity and/or weight
Charge number - batch number or heat-lot number
Specified chemical, mechanical and physical properties (or reference standards)
Actual chemical, mechanical and physical properties
When applicable, NOT methods and results
When applicable, heat treatment procedure, furnace charge number of heat
treatment records
Supplementary or additional requirements

b)

In addition, the independent third party inspection certificates (DIN 50049.3.IC) shall
state:
That identification of the material has been verified by the certification authority
That all tests were witnessed by the independent third party inspection agency
Agency or inspectors identification symbol
Certificate number and date of Issue

2.2.5

Material Identification
Material marking of all Contractor supplied primary structural steel shall be white paint
stencilled letters on black paint background. In addition, all materials shall be colour coded
with one red and one yellow painted band.
Plate material shall be die stamped with the plate number and heat number by the plate
manufacturer using low stress dot matrix type die stamps.
Materials in the Contractors yard shall be clearly identified with piece and item number
painted on the steel.

2.2.6

Bolts. Nuts And Washers

All bolts and nuts shall be the ISO metric thread series. Bolts shall be ASTM A 193 Grade B7
and nuts shall be ASTM A 194 Grade 2H.
Alternatively, bolts to ASTM A325 and A490 may be used provided approval Is obtained from
the Company.
Round washers shall conform to American Standard B27 -2 Type B or equivalent, for use with
ISO metric bolts. The diameter of the washer hole shall be 1.5 mm greater than the bolt size
for bolts larger than 25 mm.

2.2.7

Pile Packer And Pile Gripper Assemblies

Pile packer and pile gripper assemblies shall be as shown in the Drawings and shall be
manufactured by a manufacturer approved by the Company. The assemblies shall be
handled, installed and tested in strict accordance with the manufacturer's Instruction.

2.2.8

Gratings

2.2.8.1 General
All materials shall be fabricated from secondary steel (type SEC).
Alternatively, ultra violet light resistant glass reinforced epoxy grating with fire retardants may
be used after approval of the Company has been obtained. The colour of the grating shall be
black or dark grey.
2.2.8.2 Open Steel Stair Treads and Floor Panel (See 8.9.3)
a)

Stair grating panel shall be of serrated pattern. Floor grating panel should either be
smooth or serrated pattern type. The cross bars of section 6 mm x 6 mm shall be
twisted, load bearing bars and end plates shall be constructed as detailed Table 2. The
load bearing bars may be constructed from cold drawn flat bars or I-bars.

b)

On the rung of the steel ladders and stairs anti-slip ladder rung covers of the type
"Safemate" industrial grade or equivalent as approved by the Company shall be
installed.

2.2.8.3 Galvanizing
All steel grating shall be hot dip galvanised with a minimum thickness according to BS 729 or
ASTM A-123. Where it is impossible to galvanize a complete unit which must be joined by
welding after galvanizing, the welds shall be painted in accordance with PTS 30.48.00.31-P
2.2.8.4 Installation
All galvanised gratings shall be installed after galvanizing to check the fit.
At the discretion of the Company, the grating on any part of the structure may have to be
removed prior to load out. In this case, the Contractor shall mark the grating prior to removal
and prepare a placing drawing in accordance with Section 11 of this specification.
2.2.9

Deck Plate
The use of chequer plates shall be avoided where possible and only be installed when
indicated on the contract drawings. They shall be of the type where no slippery surfaces will
be created due to standing water or oily products.
For deck plates in a working area e.g. drill floors or walkways, heavy duty anti-slip surfaces
shall be installed of the type "Safemate" or equivalent as approved by the Company. These
anti-slip surfaces shall be bolted on.

2.2.10 Timber
a)

Timber for the mud mat shall be of a medium hardwood, "keruing" or equivalent, with
an air dry density of approximately 740 kg/cu.m (46 Ib/cu.ft). The required allowable
static bending strength of the timber shall be 11 MPa (1.6 ksi) determined in
accordance with ASTM 0143-52.

b)

Launch runner timber shall be a hardwood, (Selangan Batu) or equivalent, with an air
dry density of approximately 960 kg/cu.m (60 Ib/cu.ft). The required allowable
compressive strength (parallel to the fibre) of the timber shall be 13 MPa (1.9 ksi) in
accordance with ASTM 143-52.

c)

Timber of drilling decks shall be as b) above.

3.0

WELDING

3.1

General
a)

Welding All welding, temporary or permanent, shall meet the requirements of the latest
edition of AWS 01.1 "Structural Welding Code-Steel", as modified by this specification.

b)

The following sections of AWS 01.1 are not applicable:10.1-10.6,10.8-10.11,4.6,4.7,4.9-4.11,4.14-4.20. Section 8 and 9 of AWS 01.1 are
only applicable when specifically referenced in AWS 01.1 sections 1-6. Where
alternative provisions apply in AWS 01.1, those of section 10 shall apply for tubulars
and section 9 shall apply for plates, girders and sections, with the exception of the non
destructive testing acceptance criteria which shall be as per AWS 01.1. section 10.

c)

All welding shall be carried out by qualified welders and welding operators using
qualified welding procedures in accordance with this specification.

4.0

WELDING CONSUMABLE

4.1

Types Of Electrodes, Wires And Fluxes

4.1.1

General

4.1.2

4.1.3

a)

The electrodes, wires and fluxes used in fabrication shall be selected to produce welds
with mechanical properties equivalent to those required for the base metal or as
specified by the Company.

b)

When steels of different strengths are joined, the tensile properties of the weld metal
shall be matched to the lower strength steel.

Covered Electrodes
a)

All covered electrodes for welding of structural steels shall be low hydrogen electrodes.
The hydrogen content shall not exceed 10 ml per 100 grams of deposited weld metal.

b)

Electrodes shall be selected from a list of approved types of electrodes, such a list to
be submitted to the Company for approval prior to selection being made.

c)

Electrodes shall only be used under conditions, in positions, and using the welding
parameters recommended by the manufacturer.

Wire And Flux For Submerged Arc Welding

Wire and flux shall be carefully selected and the flux shall be of the fully basic type. The
storage and use of wire and flux shall be as recommended by the manufacturer. The flux
supplier shall define the range of chemical composition of wire to be used for his particular
flux. No low-alloy wires shall be accepted. The proposed wire and flux shall be submitted for
approval by the Company.

4.1.4

Wire For Gas Metal Arc Welding

The gas metal-arc process may only be used on mild steel in enclosed shop fabrication
conditions, and provided that the filler wire selected is such that the welds produced have
the same mechanical properties as the base metal.

4.2

4.3

Conditions And Storage

a)

Electrodes shall be supplied in hermetically sealed cartons and stored in a dry storage
room where the minimum temperature is 20 Centigrade. All manual type electrodes
shall be properly identifiable (see AWS A5.1 and 5.5) up to the time of usage, each
electrode being distinguishable by colour code marking. If colours are destroyed by
baking, handling or other causes, the electrodes shall not be used. Batch numbers shall
be recorded.

b)

Low hydrogen electrodes shall not be stored in heated cabinets containing electrodes
of other types, such as rutile or organic type electrodes.

c)

Wire spools for automatic and semi-automatic processes shall be stored in cabinets
with supplier wrapping not removed and remain clearly identifiable up to the time of
usage. Unidentifiable wire shall not be used.

d)

Flux shall be supplied and stored in accordance with paragraph 4.1.3.

e)

Each batch of flux and wire shall be labelled with the information from the supply
container. The labels with batch number shall be recorded for reference.

f)

All unidentifiable, damaged, wet, rusty or otherwise contaminated consumable shall be

scrapped.

g)

A consumable handling, storage and issuing procedure shall be submitted to the

Company for approval prior to the start of any fabrication.

Heating And Baking Requirements

a)

All low hydrogen electrodes shall be baked at 270C to 330 C for one hour prior to
use.

b)

On completion of baking, the electrodes shall be transferred to a holding oven at 150

C. When later removed from the holding oven, the electrodes shall be transferred to
heated quivers or containers at 75C and used within 8 hours.

c)

Electrodes not used within 8 hours or for some reason exposed to adverse atmospheric
conditions shall be reba ked for one hour and then transferred to the holding oven for
later use. Electrodes shall be rebaked only once.

d)

Flux for submerged arc welding shall be issued as required for immediate use. They
shall be held in a heated silo at 70C.

5.0

QUALIFICATION OF WELDING PROCEDURE

5.1

General

5.2

a)

Prequalified procedures as described in AWS 01.1 paragraph 5.1 are not acceptable.

b)

Detailed welding procedures for typical structural welding of plates, shapes and tubular
members shall be established and qualified in accordance with AWS 01.1 and as
further required in this Specification. All procedures shall be submitted to the Company
for review and approval before any welding is commenced and the procedure test shall
be witnessed by the Company representative.

c)

Procedures previously qualified by the Contractor for other work are acceptable without
running another procedure test at the discretion of the Company.

d)

Welding procedures and qualification records already qualified for non-SSB/SSPC work
shall be acceptable solely at the discretion of the Company.

e)

No fabrication welding shall commence until the appropriate procedure tests have been
approved by the Company.

f)

Copies of the approved welding procedure specification (WPS) shall be readily

available for reference at any time by the welders or welding operators, the Company or
the CSR.

g)

Any structural repair welding shall be limited to two attempts and approved by the
Company. Repair welding procedures shall be established and qualified. See 8.8.1.

Parameters In Welding Procedure Specification

A Welding procedure specification (WPS) shall contain the following parameters with all
explanatory details necessary:a)

Material specification of the base metal(s)

b)

Welding process(es), manual or semi-automatic.

c)

Material thickness and diameter range for which the procedure is valid.

d)

Geometry of welding groove showing allowable tolerances.

e)

Root gap showing allowable tolerances.

f)

Welding position and direction.

g)

Filler metal specification and brand.

h)

Filler metal classification.

i)

Specification of flux.

j)

Gas shielding - flow, mixture and composition.

k)

Number and sequence of passes.

I)

Welding current, voltage, polarity and heat input (including ranges).

m)

Travel speed and electrode runout length for each pass and range.

n)

Preheat and interpass temperatures.

0)

Postweld heat treatment Including heating and cooling rates.

p)

Method of cleaning and gouging.

5.3

Welding Procedure Qualification Test

a)

5.4

Welding Procedure Qualification tests shall be carried out at the cost of the Contractor,
to verify the WPSs and shall simulate, as far as is practicable, the conditions and
materials to be used for production welding. Limitations imposed by the essential
variables of the procedure qualification shall be adhered to in production welding.

b)

Changes in any of the essential variables (See 5.4) will call for a new qualification test.

c)

Changes in one or more of the non-essential variables will not call for a new
qualification test, but a new WPS is required.

d)

A qualified procedure is valid for materials and thicknesses in accordance with

paragraph 5.5.1 and Tables 5.10.1 and 5.10.3 of AWS D1.1

e)

Qualification of a fillet weld by a groove weld is not acceptable. Z

Essential Variables In Qualification Of Welding Procedures

Any changes in the essential variables listed in AWS D1.1 para 5.5.2 and/or the following
shall require the submission of a new WPS and a complete qualification of the procedure.

5.5

i)

A change in base metal type or grade outside the range defined in 2.2.1 above.

ii)

A change in welding process from that qualified to any other welding process or
combination of welding processes.

iii)

A change in the welding groove or a change in the root gap outside of the allowable
tolerances.

iv)

A change of consumable trade name, group, grade, classification or source of origin.

v)

A change in wire/flux combination.

vi)

An increase of electrode diameter by more than 1.0 mm over that used in the procedure
qualification.

vii)

A change in shielding gas composition of any constituent of more than 5% of the total
flow.

viii)

The omission or inclusion of backing strips These shall be avoided wherever possible.

ix)

A change from multipass to single pass or vice versa.

x)

A change in type of current or the polarity.

xi)

The omission or inclusion of back gouging.

xii)

A deviation in the preheat and/or post-weld heat treatment procedure.

Procedure Qualification Record

The specific facts from the WPS and test results from the welding procedure qualification test
shall be recorded in the procedure qualification record (PQR). The PQR shall be submitted to
the Company for approval before any production welding is commenced. Test results from
previous jobs or contracts may be acceptable but only at the discretion of the Company.
The form used for the WPS and PQR shall be such as described in AWS D1.1. However, the
parameters stated in 5.2 above shall be recorded. Other alternatives are acceptable and on
request, the Company's forms can be made available.

5.6

Non Permitted Welding Processes

High heat input welding processes such as electrogas, electroslag or high power density
welding will not normally be permitted.

5.7

Testing Requirements For Procedural Qualification Test

5.7.1

Non Destructive Testing

Each test specimen shall be non-destructively tested for soundness using the following
methods:

5.7.2

a)

Visual inspection.

b)

Radiography for butt welds.

c)

Ultrasonic inspection for thick walled butt welds and T-K-Y connections.

d)

Magnetic particle or dye penetrant inspection.

Destructive Testing

5.7.2.1 Tensile And Bend Test

a)

Complete Penetration Groove Welds:

The type and number of specimens that must be taken to qualify a welding procedure
are as shown in Table 5.10.1 of AWS 01.1.

b)

Partial Penetration Groove Welds:

The type and number of specimens that must be taken to qualify a welding procedure
are as shown in Table 5.10.2 of AWS 01.1.

c)

Fillet Welds:
The type and number of specimens that must be taken to qualify a welding procedure
are as shown in Table 5.10.3 of AWS 01.1.

5.7.2.2 Macroetch Cross-Section Test Specimen

Macroetch tests are required for all welds. For plate welds, one piece shall be selected. For
tubular welds, one test piece in the 6 O'clock and one test piece in the 9 O'clock position shall
be selected.
For T-K-Y connections, a macroetch test piece shall be selected from the 3, 6 and 12 O'clock
positions. For fillet welds, refer to AWS 01.1 Fig 5.1 0.3A.
5.7.2.3 Hardness Test
A hardness survey shall be carried out on one of the macroetch cross-section test specimens.
5.7.2.4 Impact Test
This shall be required if ambient temperature at the fabrication yard is likely to fall below 20
C. (See also para 2.2.3 above)
5.8

Acceptance Criteria

5.8.1

Visual Inspection
The weld shall be inspected in accordance with 10.17.1 of AWS 01.1

5.8.2

Radiographic Inspection
The weld shall be Inspected in accordance with 10.18 and 10.17.3 of AWS 01.1

5.8.3

Ultrasonic Inspection
The weld shall be inspected in accordance with 10.19 and 10.17.4 of AWS 01.1.

5.8.4

Magnetic Particle/Dye Penetrant Inspection

Inspection shall be evaluated on the basis of the requirements for visual inspection above.

5.8.5

Tensile Test
The tensile strength shall not be less than the minimum of the specified tensile strength of the
base metal used.

5.8.6

Bend Test
The specimen shall be Inspected In accordance with 5.12.2 of AWS 01.1

5.8.7

Macroetch Test
The specimen shall be inspected in accordance with 5.12.3 of AWS D1.1

5.8.8

Hardness Test
The maximum hardness allowed shall be 325 Hv 10.

5.8.9

Impact Test
Impact requirements shall be as per 2.2.3 of this Specification.

5.9

Retest

5.9.1

When Retest Is Not Allowed

Unacceptable defects evaluated by visual, MPI, DPI, radiographic, ultrasonic and macroetch
testing shall be cause for rejection. A new test weld shall be required.

5.9.2

When Retest Is Allowed

When one of the following mechanical test specimens fail to meet the required acceptance
criteria, two additional specimens shall be prepared for retesting. The location of the two
additional specimens shall reflect the location of the failed specimen. If one or both of the
retest specimens fail, then this shall be cause for rejection. A new test weld shall be required.
a)

Tensile test

b)

Bend test

c)

Impact test (when applicable)

d)

Hardness test

6.0

QUALIFICATION OF WELDERS AND WELDING OPERATORS

6.1

General

6.1.1

Qualifications Required
Welders and welding operators shall be qualified in accordance with the requirements of AWS
01.1 and this Specification. Only qualified welders shall be employed during the fabrication
including tack welding, structural welding and repair welding of any structural steel part. They
shall only perform welding for positions and processes for which they are qualified. Backing
materials shall not be used during testing. The Contractor shall ensure that welders of any
sub-contractor or of any otherwise nominated contractor are qualified in accordance with this
Specification. The purpose of a welder qualification test is to verify that the welder can apply a
qualified welding procedure making welds of satisfactory quality.

6.1.2

Witness And Approval Of Test Before Welding

All welders and welding operators tests shall be witnessed and approved by the Company
before the welder or welding operator is permitted to work on the structure. The decision by
the Company regarding qualification of any welder or welding operator shall be final.
Evidence of previous qualification tests may be accepted solely at the discretion of the
Company Representatives.

6.1.3

Provisions Of Equipment And Costs Of Test

The Contractor shall provide equipment for the welder qualification tests and shall bear all
costs for the non-destructive testing, the cutting and machining of test specimens and
mechanical testing. of specimens.

6.1.4

Welder Identification System

An identification system shall be worked out for welders and welding operators. The system,
which shall include a numbering and identification card index, shall be established and agreed
with the Company. Whilst on the Works, the welder/welding operator shall always be
identifiable by a badge bearing his name, his photograph and his identification number.
Welders and welding operators not wearing their badges will be dismissed from the Works by
the Company Representatives. In the event that a welder leaves the Works, his mark shall not
be assigned to another welder employed on the Works.

6.1.5

Marking Of Welds
Each qualified welder and welding operator shall be supplied with an identification marker.
The welder shall clearly mark the plate or pipe adjacent to his weld using soft die stamps with
the identification mark assigned to him in his qualification certificate. Tack welding of
components need not be marked.

6.1.6

Applicability Of Qualifications
The Contractor shall ensure that qualified welders and welding operators are employed during
fabrication only on welding the type, process and positions of weld for which their qualification
test so qualifies them.

6.1.7

Base Material
As far as is practicable, welders and welding operators shall be qualified on the same material
to be used for fabrication. Similar types of materials may be substituted at the discretion of the
Company provided that it can clearly be demonstrated that the weldability is equivalent to the
material intended for use in the fabrication. Refer also to para 2.2.1.

6.1.8

If the test joint does not meet the requirements, the welder or welding operator may at the
discretion of the Company, carry out a new test joint of the same type as the one rejected.
Failing of both these tests shall result in the welder or welding operator not being employed
further on the work. The welder shall only be considered for requalification after 14 days
provided proof is given of proper training of the welder over that period.

6.1.9

Welder Qualification Record

A record of the welders qualification test, including a reference to the corresponding WPS
number, the essential variables according to AWS 01.1 para 5.1.2, and the test results, shall
be issued for each welder or welding operator for each test they pass.

6.1.10 Period Of Effectiveness

a)

Welders and welding operators who will perform welds in the process/position
combinations for which they were previously qualified need not requalify for those
combinations if both of the following requirements are met
i)

The Contractor can show that the welder's performance has been monitored
and proven satisfactory since the qualification test.

ii)

The welder certificate has been endorsed by a Company recognised Certifying

Authority at a date less than six months before construction starts.

b)

Ouring construction, the Contractor shall provide evidence indicated in a) above to the
Company so that the welder certificates can be re-endorsed within six months of the
previous endorsement date. Any certificate not endorsed every six months shall be
considered invalid.

c)

A qualified welder or welding operator may, at the discretion of the Company, be

required to requalify if inspection reveals that an unacceptable number of repairs are
necessary.

6.2

Qualification Test For SMAW With Covered Electrodes

6.2.1

Welding Test And Position

Welders shall be qualified in the 6GR position as shown in Figure 5.21A of AWS 01.1 This
will qualify him to perform groove or fillet welds in all positions on both pipes and plates
including groove welds for T-K-Y connections. Other types of tests may be allowed at the
discretion of the Company.

6.2.2

Inspection And Test

Each test weld shall be subjected to the following inspection and tests:
a)

6.2.3

Visual inspection

b)

100% Ultrasonic test

c)

100% Radiographic testing where possible

d)

Bend tests. See para 5.26 of AWS 01.1

Qualitv Requirements
Quality requirements are as defined by AWS 01.1 chapter 6 Part C.

6.3

Qualification Test For SAW

6.3.1

General
Welding operators shall be qualified in the flat position and where this is done on pipes, the
pipe shall be mechanically rotated.

6.3.2

Welding Procedure
A multipass technique shall be used.

6.3.3

Inspection And Test

Each test weld shall be subjected to the following inspection and tests:

6.3.4

a)

Visual inspection

b)

100% Ultrasonic test

c)

100% Radiographic test

d)

Bend tests. See para 5.26 of AWS 01.1

Qualitv Requirements
Quality criteria are as defined by AWS 01.1, Chapter 6 Part C.

7.0

PRODUCTION WELDING

7.1

General

7.2

a)

Preparation and welding of structural members shall be in accordance with the

appropriate qualified welding procedure specifications. Manual electrodes, wires and
flux shall be of the same type and manufacture as those used in the procedure
qualification tests.

b)

Welding equipment shall conform to the appropriate sections of BS 638. Any equipment
found not to comply with these requirements shall be replaced.

c)

Welding current and voltage shall be the same as the test values, or within the range
specified in the welding procedure.

d)

No welding shall be done until as much of the structure as will be stiffened thereby has
been properly aligned.

Welding Sequence

The Contractor shall develop welding sequences to control warping, creeping and the buildup of excessive internal stresses in the structure. The sequences shall be submitted to the
Company for approval before the assembly of any components. The Contractor shall furnish
the necessary supervision to ensure that the planned sequences are followed.
Sequences shall include:
a)

Welding procedure speCification to be applied.

b)

Sequence of plates to be welded.

c)

Any differences from the specified welding procedures, such as areas of preheating,
reinforcements, etc.

d)

Post weld heat treatment, heating and cooling rates.

e)

Number and location of welders at each stage of assembly.

f)

Tack welds and spacers used in the assembly of components.

7.3

Weld Preparations

7.3.1

Alignment
a)

At Splices (butt welding)

The offset at butt joints shall not exceed T/10 (where T is the thickness of the thinner
material) or 6mm, whichever is less. The offset in longitudinal seams shall not exceed
T/10 or 3mm, whichever is less. All offsets greater than 2mm shall be given a 1:4
transition.

b)

At Welded Intersections
The utmost attention shall be paid to good alignment of the structural parts on opposite
sides of the through member.

7.3.2

Surface Cleaning Before Welding

Surfaces to be welded shall be free from loose scales, slag, rust, grease, paint and any other
foreign material.

7.3.3

Edge Preparation
Preparation of weld edges by gas cutting shall, wherever practicable, be done with a
mechanically guided torch. Edges shall be left free of slag and the cut surface shall be ground
to a smooth uniform surface by removing approximately 0.5 mm of metal. After grinding, the
weld edges shall be visually examined to ensure freedom from defects.

7.3.4

Cleaning During And After Welding

Upon completion of each welding pass, the weld shall be cleaned of spatter, slag and flux
deposits. After welding is complete, adjacent surfaces shalf be thoroughly cleaned of all
spatter and deposits.

7.4

Weld Execution

7.4.1

Welding Position And Progression

a)

SMAW Welding
Electrodes shall only be used in the position recommended by the manufacturer. Weld
progression in vertical joints shall utilise the uphill method. For the 1G, 2G, 1F and 2F
positions, the maximum size of electrode allowed is 6.4mm. For any other position, the
maximum size of electrode shall be 5.0mm. The capping passes shall always be done
with a 4.0mm maximum electrode.

b)

SAW Welding
This shall be done in the flat position and in the case that it is done on pipe, the pipe
shall be mechanically rotated.

7.4.2

7.4.3

Size Of Welds
a)

To obtain optimum toughness, a small bead multipass technique shall be used. The
weave width for SMAW, i.e. maximum oscillation of the electrode, shall not exceed two
and a half times the electrode diameter or 12mm whichever is the least.

b)

The width of SAW beads shall not exceed six times the electrode diameter and the
welding speed shall be 375 mm per minute minimum.

c)

Fillet welds shall be completed in three or more runs except for seal welds which may
be done in one run. Two run fillet welds are not permitted.

d)

The Company shall have the right to limit the thickness of each weld bead or pass
when this exceeds those given in the weld procedure qualification test.

Intermittent Welding
Stitch welding i.e. partial seal welds shall not be allowed.

7.4.4

Seal Welds
Where stress bearing welds are required by contract drawings to extend only partially around
a member, including plates joining another member, a seal weld of 4mm minimum fillet shall
be applied continuously to the remainder, but note should be taken that a hardness of HV 325
maximum shall not be exceeded.

7.4.5

Tack Welds
Bridge tacking is the preferred method to avoid the tack becoming part of the final weld.

.~_

If another method is selected, tack welding shall be performed with the same qualified
welding procedure as will be used for structural welds. These tack welds shall be ground
(feathered) and checked before actual welding commences. Tack welds are to be a minimum
of approximately 50 mm long and spaced so that shrinkage forces cannot cause cracking.
See 7.5.2 (c) for preheat requirements .

if . . . \
.\!.4.V Butt Welds
..... -

a)

Design of the groove and performance of welding shall be in accordance with the
approved WEB. However, in general, the groove shall be bevelled to give an included
angle of not less than 60 degrees and shall be of the V or X type (single bevel or double
bevel). The root openmg'shall not be less than 2mm and not greater than 5 mm and the
root face, if any, shall not be greater than 2 mm.

b)

Where access to both sides is possible, double bevel groove welds shall be used to
minimise welding stresses and shrinkage effects.
When different thicknesses are to be butt welded, a 1:4 taper shall be provided on the
thicker member starting at the toe of the weld cap.
At any joint, no butt weld shall be located such that an incoming member will result in a
weld overlapping the butt weld.

7.4.7

Plate and Tubular. T or Y Joints

Design of the groove and performance of welding shall be in accordance with the approved
WPS. However, in general, Table 10.13.1A of AWS 01.1 shall be used as a guide for all T-K-Y
connections. The bevel shall preferably be feather edged and the root opening shall be 3 5mm or according to an approved procedure.
Welding of minor members shall be a full penetration type weld and where fabrication method
permits, welding from both sides shall be carried out.

7.4.8

Weld Compatibility
All weld joints shall develop the mechanical properties specified for the steel being welded.
Where different grades of steel are joined, the weld metal shall be matched to the lower
strength steel. The procedure shall be such as to safeguard the mechanical properties of the
higher strength member.

7.4.9

Weld Finish
Welds shall be left as welded and not be doctored with a torch or by any mechanical means
to change their appearance. Any grinding or other mechanical dressing shall only be
permitted after inspection and authorisation by the Company.

7.4.10 Weld Interruption

Welding of each weld shall be a continuous operation, with the exception of manually welded
root runs for submerged arc welding. In the case that welding must be discontinued, this shall
not take place before at least half of the final weld thickness is achieved. The maximum time
that a production weld will remain part welded is two days. The maximum number of heat
cycles that will be used in a production weld shall be two. Slow cooling of the weld area shall
be ensured. Before continuation of welding, the weld shall be inspected for cracks visually
and by MPI.
7.4.11 Weather Protection
Shelters shall be provided at all times to give protection to the weld areas from wind, rain and
moisture. No welding shall be carried out when the weld surface is wet or the work area is
exposed to high winds.
Precautions required :a)

The weld surfaces shall be thoroughly dried by preheating (not above 300 C).
Temperature control shall be carried out.

b)

Special precautions made to provide conditions maintaining a satisfactory surrounding

temperature and freedom from the effects of winds, all subject to the approval of the
Company.

c)

If any fabrication is to be carried out in the vicinity of eqUipment already installed in

connection with the Work, then, before such fabrication work commences, the
Contractor shall provide adequate protection to prevent any damage from weld spatter,
flame cutting droplets and the like. Such protection shall be subject to the approval of
the Company.

7.4.12 Peening
The peening of welds is not permitted.
7.4.13 Arc Strikes
Arcs shall be struck only on fusion faces and contact of the electrodes or the non-insulated
parts of the electrode holder with the assembly shall be avoided. Places where any stray arcs
have accidentally occurred shall be subject to repair or rejection at the discretion of the
Company.
Where permission to repair arc strikes mechanically has been given, the procedure shall
Include, but not necessarily be limited to, the mechanical removal of the defective material,
blending of the excavation, checking by MPI and confirmation that the thickness of the
repaired material Is within permitted tolerances.

7.5

Preheating And Interpass Temperatures

7.5.1

General

7.5.2

a)

Preheating shall be carried out by electrical resistance induction equipment or with gas
burners specifically made and shaped for this type of operation. Torches for flame
cutting or gouging shall not be used.

b)

The preheating temperature shall be established to a distance of at least 75mm on

either side of the weld line and throughout the wall thickness prior to welding and be
maintained over the full length of the weld joint until the weld is completed unless
specifically agreed otherwise by the Company.

c)

The weld area shall be protected from draughts and lagging shall be provided on
adjacent areas, if necessary, to maintain the required temperature of preheating during
welding.

d)

The temperature measurement for preheating may be by thermocouples or temperature

sensitive crayons, or a combination of both as may be appropriate for the type of joint
being heated and the method of heating.

e)

At all joints where preheating is required, the joint shall be subjected to temperature
checks by the Company before welding commences.

f)

During welding particularly where preheat has been used and for high heat input
processes, care shall be exercised to control the interpass temperature and in no event
should it exceed 300C or as indicated in the WPS. The interpass temperature shall be
monitored by means of thermo sticks or another approved method.

Temperature Requirements
a)

Preheat temperatures shall be as indicated in the approved WPS.

b)

Preheat temperatures for lifting lugs or padeyes shall be 150C minimum.

c)

For tack welding where the tack becomes part of the main weld, the preheat
temperature shall be 50C higher than specified on the WPS with a maximum of 300
C.

7.6

Stress Relieving - Post Weld Heat Treatment

7.6.1

General

7.6.2

a)

The Contractor shall inform the Company prior to any PWHT operation so that the
proposed format can be reviewed and inspected as a prerequisite for Company
approval to proceed with the PWHT operation.

b)

PWHT of nodes shall be carried out following complete assembly of the node.

c)

The requirements for PWHT shall be determined from the thickness of the thickest
component of the welded assembly. For tapered sections, the thickness at the weld
shall be taken as the base metal thickness.

d)

Assemblies with different maximum thickness (but not exceeding a ratio of 2:1) may be
post-weld heat treated in the same furnace charge in accordance with the heat
treatment requirements for the thickest assembly in the charge.

e)

Following PWHT, the temperature charts shall be marked with a clear identification and
shall be retained for the quality control dossier. A copy shall be forwarded to the
Company.

Requirements For PWHT

PWHT is required when any of the following conditions apply:
a)

PWHT is indicated on drawings.

b)

PWHT is indicated in the WPS.

c)

The base metal thickness exceeds 65 mm.

7.6.3

Temperature Requirements
a)

When PWHT is required the following temperature ranges shall apply:

i)

540 - 580 C for as-rolled and controlled-rolled steel.

ii)

580 - 620 C for normalized steel.

The soaking time shall be 1 hour per 25 mm of the maximum thickness occurring in the
assembly to be heat treated.
b)

For furnace heat treatment, the fumace temperature at the time the assembly enters
the furnace shall not exceed 300 C.

c)

The rate of heating shall not exceed 220 C/hour.

During the heating period, there shall not be a greater variation in temperature
throughout the portion of the assembly being heat treated than:

d)

i)

150C within any 4500 mm interval of length and

ii)

50C between inside and outside surfaces.

Cooling to 400C shall be at a rate not exceeding 275 C/hour.

Below 400C, the fabrication may be cooled to ambient temperature in still air.

7.6.4

Method
a)

Post-weld heat treatment shall be done in a suitable furnace or using proper induction
or electrical resistance equipment.

b)

Where it is impracticable to heat the whole assembly in a furnace, the Contractor shall
propose, in writing, an adequate method of PWHT for the approval of the Company.
This procedure shall include the following information:

c)

The number, dimensions, locations and method of attachment of heating elements

The location, type and thickness of insulation.

Thermocouple types and their calibration procedures.

Types of temperature recorder and the calibration procedures.

Standard information to be recorded on the chart.

Method of attachment of thermocouples, locations and number.

The procedure for PWRT shall comply with the following:

An assembly may be heat treated in sections in an enclosed fumace, providing the
overlap is at least 5 SQRT(Rt) (R is the internal radius and t is the base metal
thickness) with a maximum of 1500mm. Where this method is used, the portion outside
the furnace shall be insulated so that the longitudinal temperature gradient is such that
the distance between the peak and half peak temperature is not less than 2.5 with a
minimum of 750 mm.
Circumferential seams in tubulars may be heat treated locally by electrically heating a
shielded band around the entire circumference. The width of the heated band shall not
be less than 5 , the weld being in the centre. For plate the width of the band shall be
20t. Sufficient insulation shall be fitted to ensure that the temperature at the edge of the
heated band Is not less than half the peak temperature. The ends of the tubulars shall
be covered to avoid draughts inside the tubular.
In addition, the adjacent portion of the tubular outside the heated zone shall be
thermally insulated such that the temperature gradient is in accordance with the above.
A minimum total insulated band width of 10 for tubulars, or 40t for plate, is
recommended for the purpose of meeting this requirement.
Welded attachments may be locally heat treated by electrically heating a shielded
circumferential band around the entire surface. In such cases, the above requirements
for circumferential seams in tubulars shall apply with the exception that the width of the
circumferential band (2.5 Rt minimum or 750mm for plate) shall be measured from the
edge of the weld which connects the attachments to the main fabrication.
In cases where these requirements cannot be strictly applied, modifications may be
agreed between the Contractor and the Company.

8.0

FABRICATION

8.1

General

8.1.1

Erection Loads and Stability

8.1.2

a)

During site assembly, the Contractor shall take account of all temporary erection loads
imposed on the structure from supports, jacking and slinging at each stage of the
structure assembly.

b)

At each stage of the structure assembly, the Contractor shall take account of the local
or overall stability from self weight and environmental loads; inclusive of scaffolding,
staging, welding shelters and temporary works. The Contractor shall ensure that all
stresses induced in the structure during fabrication and load out are within acceptable
limits.

c)

The Contractor shall take due consideration of the effect of wind induced vortex
shedding on the structure or parts of the structure during construction.

d)

The Contractor shall demonstrate to the satisfaction of the Company that he has
considered all relevant erection and temporary loads.

e)

The Contractor shall produce a procedure for each erection or transport activity where
the item under consideration exceeds 50 tonnes in weight, and at other times when
requested by the Company. The procedure shall cover all aspects detailed in this
Clause and shall satisfy the requirements of the Malaysian Factory and Machinery Act
and the SSB/SSPC Safety Manual.

Material Identification
a)

All components shall be clearly marked in accordance with the approved scheme for
the identification of members, welds and welders. (See 2.2.5, 6.1.5).

b)

The Contractor shall maintain full identification of primary structural steel throughout
fabrication and the Contractor's reference number shall be die-stamped, using round
nosed dies or by paint marking, on cut sections of plate, sections and tubulars, in a
manner to be approved by the Company.

8.2

Material Preparation

8.2.1

Straightening
All rolled plates, bars and sections shall be flattened and straightened and made free from
twist, without damage, before marking and cutting. The limit on the amount of strain induced
by cold working shall be 3%.

8.2.2

Cutting And Edge Preparation

The plate shall be cut to size by thermal cutting or machining in accordance with approved
procedures except that for plates less than 15 mm thick, cold shearing may be used provided,
that the sheared edge is dressed back by machining or grinding for a distance of not less than
1.5mm. All cut edges shall be prepared to the satisfaction of the Company.
The hardness of flame cut edges shall be limited to 325 HV10 maximum either by controlled
speed flame cutting, by preheat, or by grinding back or machining after cutting.
The cut edges shall be 100% visually examined for laminations, cracks, and other defects. If
such defects are detected, the extent shall be established. A repair procedure shall be agreed
with the Company. At the discretion of the Company, the material component may be
rejected.
Any bevelled edge that has been damaged shall be restored to the minimum tolerances.
Where such restoration involves welding, only welding procedures approved by the Company
shall be used.

8.3

Forming Of Tubular And Cones

If the Contractor decides to produce structural tubulars and cones, the end products shall
meet the requirements of BS 4360 and procedures for forming and welding shall be approved
by the Company. Only one longitudinal seam is allowed for tubulars. Cones shall be formed
with a minimum number of longitudinal seams.

8.4

Spacing Of Seams And Splices

8.4.1

Nodes
Circumferential seams shall in principle not be allowed. If, however, they cannot be avoided
the distance between circumferential seams in node barrels shall not be less than 2.5 metres.
Circumferential seams shall not be permitted in the node stubs or cones.
Longitudinal seams of the node barrels shall be offset by more than 90 0
Longitudinal seams in "stab in" assemblies shall not be located closer than 150 mm to
longitudinal stiffeners.
Longitudinal seams of node barrels shall not be positioned within 75 mm of the brace/stub to
barrel weld or within the perimeter of the brace/stub to barrel welds.
Where the foregoing requirements cannot be met as a result of the complexity of the node
then the locations of weld seams shall be agreed in advance of fabrication with the Company.
The longitudinal seam weld of the stub shall not be within 200 mm on both sides of the centre
of the toe and heel of stUb. See Figure 6.

8.4.2

Other Tubular Structure And Piling Assembly

No two circumferential seams shall be located closer together than 1m or the pipe diameter,
whichever is less. There shall be no more than two circumferential welds in any three metres
length. Longitudinal seams shall, wherever practicable be 90 radially offset.
In general the number of seams in any tubular shall be kept to a minimum; they shall be either
as indicated on the contract drawings or the restrictions outlined above shall apply.

8.4.3

8.4.4

Stiffeners
0

a)

Where required, transverse splices shall be located not closer than 120 intervals
around the ring stiffener flange or web. Web seams shall not be located closer than
150mm to the node barrel or tubular circumferential seams unless noted otherwise in
the Contract drawings.

b)

Stiffeners shall be fitted accurately and neatly between the flanges of beams, and
where tight fits are required to transmit bearing, the ends of the stiffeners shall be milled
or ground, as detailed on the Contract drawings, to secure an even bearing against the
flange faces, or shall be bevelled and fully butt welded to the flange. Cope holes shall
be used only when indicated on the design drawings (see 8.5.4).

Splices

8.4.4.1 General
a)

Splices shall be kept to a minimum by making individual sections as large as possible

consistent with the size of the plate supplied and the Contractor's approved assembly
sequence.

b)

Splices shall be arranged to minimise overhead welding. Spliced materials of different

widths and thicknesses shall have smooth transitions as specified in 7.3.1 .

c)

Lapped jOints are not permitted.

d)

Unless speCified otherwise on the drawings, when two or more members Intersect or
overlap at a jOint, the order In which each member comes Into the joint will be
determined by wall thickness and/or diameter. The member with the thickest wall will be
the continuous or through member, and the sequence for framing the remaining
members shall be based on the order of decreasing wall thickness.

8.4.4.2 Beams
Segments of beams with the same cross-section may be spliced. The use of the beam shall
determine the location and frequency of spliCing. In cantilever beams there shall be no splice
located closer to the pOint of support than one-half the cantilevered length. For beams
employed in any span between supports, there shall be no splice in the middle one-fourth of
the span. Splices shall not be located closer together than twice the depth of the beams, or
900 mm, whichever is larger.

8.4.5

Camber
When members are required to be cambered, the amount shall be specified and shown on
the Construction drawings, and the means of achieving the correct amount of camber shall be
agreed with the Company.

8.5

Laying-out, Alignment And Fit-up

8.5.1

Laying-out

8.5.2

8.5.3

a)

At all stages during fabrication, the Contractor shall ensure correct positioning,
alignment and levels in accordance with the required datums.

b)

During layout and assembly of each node, the Contractor shall permanently mark and
identify all wrap lines, working pOints and centre lines.

c)

Overloading, damage or any permanent deformation of any of the structural

components at any stage of the erection shall be rectified in accordance with a
procedure approved by the Company.

d)

No structural welding shall commence until the members to be joined have been
properly aligned and braced to prevent distortion.

Alignment And Fit-up For Welding And Tack Welding

a)

Whenever practicable, clamps, holding devices or other setting up fixtures shall be

used in assembling parts of the structure to avoid temporary welded attachments or
tack welding. In fit-up where clamps cannot be used, temporary spacer strips shall be
used to ensure the correct root gap prior to tack welding.

b)

Ring stiffeners, stiffeners and diaphragms shall be close fitted to the shape of the
surface to which they are attached either by machining or by flame cutting and grinding.

c)

At intersections, the utmost attention shall be paid to good alignment of the structural
parts where members meet on opposite sides of a through member. As-built
dimensions shall be used to align such plates and not theoretical dimensions.

d)

Where powered manipulations are used in conjunction with Mechanised Welding

Machines for the production of circumferential seams in tubulars, the tubular shall be
set to turn at a constant angular velocity to ensure uniform deposit of weld metal.

Temporarv Attachment Welds

Temporary weld attachments and their removal shall meet the requirements of Clause 8.6
below.

8.5.4

Cope Holes
Cope holes for ring stiffeners, stiffeners and diaphragms shall be permitted to a maximum
radius of 50 mm. The cut edges of the cope holes shall be ground smooth to remove all
notches, prior to fit-up of the member(s). The fillet portions of all welds are to be returned
through the cope hole.
Cope holes shall be used only with the permission of the Company and may have to be filled
to an approved method.

8.6

Temporary And Non-structural Attachments And Cut-outs

8.6.1

Welding
Temporary and non-structural attachments shall be fitted to the shape of the surface to which
they are attached, and welding shall be to a qualified and approved procedure by qualified
welders. Temporary or non-structural attachments shall not be welded within 75mm of any
other structural weld measured from weld toe to weld toe.
Locations and fixing details of all temporary attachments are subject to the prior approval of
the Company.

8.6.2

Removal
The removal of temporary attachments shall be either by thermal cutting or by grinding. If
thermal cutting is employed, the attachments shall be cut off at a minimum distance of 5mm
from the surface of the material and then ground flush. Following removal, the area of the
attachment weld shall be subjected to 100% magnetic particle inspection.
Temporary attachments shall not be removed by hammering, or by any other technique which
may cause mechanical damage to the surface of the steel forming the main structure.
Following removal, any damaged area shall be ground to merge smoothly with the original
surface, and the surface is to be magnetic particle inspected. Where gouges up to 20% of the
steel member thickness have been made, then after grinding and testing they shall be repair
welded to an approved procedure. Where gouges exceed 20% of the material thickness, the
repair procedure or alternative solution shall be proposed by the Contractor and be subject to
the approval of the Company.

8.6.3

Temporary Cut-Outs
The need for temporary cut-outs shall be subject to approval by the Company in each
instance unless they are detailed on the Contract drawings.
When temporary cut-outs are necessary, they shall be prepared with the same degree of care
as for permanent cut-outs and shall be cut-out prior to erection of the member(s).
Special care shall be taken to ensure that the weld preparation applied to the cut-out is
appropriate to the final erected orientation of cut-out at the time of rewelding. The cut-out shall
be trial fitted prior to erection of the member. An approved welding sequence developed such
that welding will be minimized shall be followed. All cut-outs shall be prepared with radius
corners not less than 50 mm.

8.7

Finishing Of Surfaces
a)

Prior to completion, Contractor shall remove all burrs, tack welds and other marks
made by welding, scaffolding or temporary bracing used in the fabrication procedures.

b)

Any plate defects resultant from handling or fabrication works shall be repaired
mechanically or to an approved welding procedure in accordance with the requirements
of this SpeCification. The method applied for plate repairs shall be subject to the
approval of the Company and shall comply with the limits of BS 4360.

c)

For areas with arc strikes see 7.4.13.

8.8

Repair And Remedial Procedures

8.8.1

Repair Welding
Weld repairs shall be carried out in accordance with an approved welding procedure. See
5.1g.

In the case of repairing cracks, the cause of cracking shall first be established satisfactorily
before repair is allowed.
8.8.2

Straightening Of Distorted Members

a)

Prior to straightening of a distorted member, calculations of the strains involved shall be

submitted to the Company for approval. Members may be straightened cold if the
deformation does not exceed 3% strain.

b)

When carried out hot, the temperature of heated areas, measured by methods
approved by the Company shall not exceed 600 C.
The part to be heated shall be substantially free of stress and from external forces
except those stresses imposed resulting from the mechanical straightening used in
conjunction with the application of heat.

c)

Flame heating rectification shall be carried out only in accordance with approved
procedures and with the agreement of the Company in each specific instance.

d)

Straightening procedures, which will include full details of methods of monitoring

temperatures and times, are to be submitted to the Company for approval prior to any
attempt being made at straightening. Methods of assessing the extent of any damage
to the parent material by straightening are to be included in the proposals.

8.9

Ancillaries And Temporary Works

8.9.1

Material Selection
Materials for ancillaries and temporary works which are to be welded directly to the primary
structure shall meet the requirements as set for secondary steel (see 2.2.1).

8.9.2

Temporary Fabrication Aids

a)

Where possible, slings shall be wrapped around primary structural members for the
purpose of lifting or rearing sections of the structure. Timber packers or other devices
approved by the Company shall be used to prevent distortion and damage, particularly
where slings pass over protrusions such as stubs, flange outstands, etc.

b)

Additional precautions shall be taken to ensure that miscellaneous projections such as

pipes, pipe supports, nozzles, etc. are fully protected from interference with lifting slings
during installation.

c)

Adequate safety factors shall be used to cater for the effects of variation in self weight,
impact, dynamic effects and unequal sling lengths when determining lifting
requirements.

d)

Proper account shall be taken of the effects of differential deformation of support points
during lifting or jacking. Structural calculations to investigate both global and local
member adequacy shall be carried out by the Contractor to prove the integrity of any
lifting or jacking operation and shall be submitted to the Company for approval prior to
execution of the operation.

e)

Care shall be taken that the paint work of the structure is not damaged.

8.9.3

Stairways And Ladders

All components of stairways and ladders shall be fabricated to the dimensions shown in the
Contract drawings. All pipe ends shall be sealed. Safety cages to ladders shall not be
provided unless indicated in the Contract drawings. All stairways and ladders shall be of
welded construction.
All stairways and ladders shall be installed after surface coating to check the fit. As shown in
the Contract drawings certain staircases and ladders may have to be removed prior to load
out. In this case, the Contractor shall mark the element prior to removal and shall prepare a
placing drawing.
Small areas of galvanising damaged during erection shall be degreased and wire brushed to
a clean metal finish and the area painted according to PTS 30.48.00.31-P.

8.9.4

Bar Grating
a)

All grating shall be located and secured in accordance with the Standard Drawings (P
28.022) enclosed with the Contract drawings.

b)

Clips, bolt, top washers and bosses shall be hot-dipped galvanised after completion of
fabrication.

c)

All bar grating and installation pieces shall be cut to the required dimensions and
installed as indicated in the Contract drawings. The bar grating which will not be
installed prior to load-out shall be test fitted and given identification marks to ease
installation offshore. All bar grating installed before load-out shall be secured to its
supporting members, in accordance with the standard drawings.
Small areas of galvanising damaged during erection are to be repaired. Damaged
areas shall be cleaned of all traces of oil and grease by means of a solvent cleaner.
The damaged areas of galvanising shall be wire brushed to a clean metal finish and the
area repaired by painting according to PTS 30.48.00.31-P.

8.9.5

Handrails And Safety Fencing

a) Tubular sections of hand railing consists of horizontal rails, vertical standards and
associated sockets, clamps and bolts.
b) All components of the handrail shall be fabricated to the dimensions shown in the
Contract drawings. All pipe ends shall be sealed. Kicker kerbs shall be provided if called
for in the Contract drawings. Handrails shall be of welded construction.
c)

8.9.6

8.9.7

Handrails shall be painted in accordance with Company Specification PTS 30.4B.00.31-P.

Temporarv Bracing And Supports

a)

Scaffolding supports and facilities for supervision and inspection of the work shall be
provided as necessary. They shall be suffiCiently solid to prevent deformation. Any
antiCipated deformation shall require an immediate stiffening of the structure.

b)

Adequate temporary bracing shall be provided and shall be left in position until such
time as the structure is sufficiently far advanced for the bracing to be no longer
required.

Marking Of Individual Piles

Each fabricated pile section shall be paint marked with the actual measured pile length,
including driving head as detailed in drawings. Weld beads shall not be used for this purpose.

9.0

TOLERANCES

9.1

General
a)

Tolerances shall be checked at every stage and the final survey shall meet the defined
tolerances. The final survey shall be on complete sections and on the completed
structure, after post weld heat treatment if applicable, and shall be carried out by the
Contractor.

b)

All setting out and fit-ups shall be subject to an appropriate tolerance. Where no
appropriate tolerance is stated below, then the tolerance shall be obtained from the
Company.

c)

The Company shall reserve the right to employ independent dimensional control
sources as a cross check whenever considered necessary throughout the fabrication
programme.

d)

No forcing or constraining of components shall be undertaken to obtain the required

tolerance without the approval of the Company.

e)

Fabrication and yard assembly supports shall be set to the appropriate level shown on
the Contractor's approved setting-out drawings to within 3mm. Where no such
drawings exist fabrication shall be carried out from a level plane to within 3mm.

f)

Where there is settlement of supports outside the tolerances given above this should
be immediately reported to the Company. Such settlement shall be corrected by
shimming if in the opinion of the Company such settlement will cause local
overstressing, permanent deformation or lead to fit-up problems.

9.2

Local Tolerances For Structural Components And SubAssemblies

9.2.1

Circular Plated Section

9.2.1.1

Circumference

The external circumference shall not depart from the calculated circumference by more
than:

9.2.1.2

1 5 mm or 1% :

of the specified external diameter, whichever is the

lesser, for tubulars of specified external diameter up to
and including 650 mm.

12 mm or 0.25%:

of the external circumference whichever is the lesser, for

tubulars of specified external diameter greater than
650.mm.

Ovalitv

The difference between the measured maximum and minimum internal diameters shall
not exceed 0.75% of the nominal external diameter, for tubulars of external diameter up
to and including 2000 mm.
This tolerance shall be checked at the following places.
Unstiffened Sections:
at both ends,
at all circumferential seams.
Stiffened Cones and Tubulars :
at both ends,
at all circumferential seams provided they are not closer than 250 mm to a ring
stiffener,
at the mid-point of stiffened panels provided they are not closer than 250 mm to a
circumferential seam and at every third panel when stiffener spacing centres are
800 -1500 mm.

Nodes:
at both ends,
at all circumferential seams,
at a section where the centre line of incoming bracing meets the surface of the
node barrel. Where the node is stiffened in this location then the mid-panel position
closest to this location shall be used as the checking point. This check may be
omitted if a circumferential seam is within 250 mm of this check position.
9.2.1.3

Out Of Roundness
The local out of roundness shall not exceed 0.2% of the nominal external diameter or
25% of the wall thickness whichever is the lesser. It shall be checked on the inside or
outside of tubes greater than 1000 mm or where the external nominal diameter to wall
thickness ratio exceeds 65, using a 20 deg arc gauge. These checks shall be carried
out at both ends and at all circumferential seam welds.

9.2.1.4

Out Of Straightness (local Shell Plate)

The maximum allowable deviation from straightness shall be one-one thousandth
(0.001) of the length or 10mm whichever is less. The straightness shall be checked in a
minimum of two longitudinal planes which are perpendicular to each other. Deviation
from straightness shall be measured from a straight line between the ends of the
tubular.

9.2.1.5

local Dents
local dents existing in any size of tube shall be checked in accordance with the out of
roundness requirements, and the local out of straightness requirements, Clauses 8.2.1.
(5) and (6), and shall not exceed the tolerances laid down in those Clauses. Dents shall
be treated as manways when checking against these Clauses.

9.2.1.6

End Perpendicularitv
The ends of tubulars or tubular sections shall be cut square within 5 mm of a
perpendicular to the tubular longitudinal axis. See Figure 7.

9.2.1.7

length Of Node Barrel

The length of a node barrel measured from the central wrap line to either end shall be
within 0 to + 1Omm of the length as specified in the Contract drawings.

9.2.1.8

length Of Node Stub

The length of a node stub measured from the end to the line of interpenetration with the
node barrel shall be within 0 to +50mm of the theoretical length as determined from the
Contract drawings.

9.2.1.9

Out of Straightness (Members)

Out of straightness shall not exceed U1200 except for legs which shall not exceed
10mm over length 'l'. 'l' is defined, for legs, as the length between consecutive ends of
node barrels and for braclngs, as the length between consecutive ends of stubs or
faces of chord members.

9.2.1.10

Node Stub location

A node stub or intersecting brace and associated centre lines shall be pOSitioned on the
surface of a node barrel within 5 mm of the true position.
This measurement shall be made parallel to a line tangential to the true stub centre line
where It meets the surface of the node barrel.
The centre line of the stub shall be within 10 minutes of arc from the stub angle
specified in the Contract drawings. Centre lines shall be checked both In the
longitudinal and transverse planes of the node. Centre lines shall be established at both
ends of the stub by bisecting the diameters which are parallel and perpendicular to the
longitudinal axis of the node barrel. For extended stubs, the theoretical stub length shall
be used for establishing the centre line.

9.2.1.11

Stiffener Locations
Stiffeners and diaphragms shall be positioned at their point of attachment to within the
amounts given below in relation to the true position as specified in the drawings.
within the launch leg and node cones

3mm

within nodes, except cones

6mm

other tubulars

10 mm

Where stiffeners are arranged either side of plate to form a cruciform arrangement the
mismatch in alignment of the stiffeners through the jOint shall not exceed 3 mm. See
Figures 1, 2, 3.
9.2.1.12

Stiffener Out stand

The out stand of ring stiffeners shall be within 3.5% of the nominal web depth of a
perpendicular set out from the point of attachment of the stiffener to the tube wall. See
Figure 4.

9.2.1.13

Stiffener Web Bow

The maximum bow in the web of a ring stiffener shall be within 1% of the nominal web
depth.

9.2.1.14

Stiffener Flange
The maximum deviation of the flange edge of a ring stiffener from the diameter
measured at the flange centre-line shall within 5% of the nominal flange breadth.

9.2.1.15

Stiffener Straightness
The out of straightness of the web of longitudinal or diaphragm stiffeners measured
perpendicular to the web shall not exceed 0.15% of the span of the stiffener or 3mm
whichever is the larger. The span of the stiffener is defined as the length between
effective points of out of plane restraint. See Figure 5.

9.2.1.16

MSF/Jacket Stabbing Points

The external diameter of the parallel shank of the stabbing cone of the MSF shall be
within a tolerance of 5mm. This is in addition to the tolerances on ovality,
circumference, local out-of-roundness and work point positions.

9.2.2

Rectangular Plated Sections

The cross section of girders shall not depart from the true cross section, as speCified in the
Contract drawings by more than the following:-

9.2.2.1

9.2.2.2

Measured at module support pad centre lines or joints or within 1000 mm from the jOint
the tolerances shall be :web depth:

12% of the flange thickness or

4mm whichever is the lesser,

flange width:

4mm,

flange slope and/or bow

(except for module bearing surfaces)
(refer Clause 9.2.3.3 below):

0.6% of the flange width or

3mm whichever is the larger
but not greater than 10 mm,

web slope and/or bow

0.4% of the web depth or

3mm whichever is the larger
but not greater than 10mm,

web position at flange:

4mm.

The tolerances in 9.2.2.1 may be increased by 50% for the remaining length of the
girder.

9.2.2.3

For module bearing surfaces anywhere along the length.

flange slope and/or bow

0.6% of the flange width or 3mm

whichever is the larger, but not
greater than 5mm.

Where it can be demonstrated to the satisfaction of the Company that particular girders
will ultimately be sited adjacent to one another in the completed assembly then the
tolerances in 9.2.2.1 may be increased by 50% providing these tolerances are of the
same sign, Le. either both larger or smaller than the true cross section.
The imperfection in a plate panel (Le. panel bounded by stiffeners and or flanges)
measured at right angles to the surface of the plate over a gauge length 'G' shall not
exceed the following amounts.
Panels:

0.6% or 4 mm whichever is the

larger. Where G is the length of the
plate panel between centre lines of
stiffeners or twice the depth of web,
whichever is the lesser.

The ends of girder sections shall be cut perpendicular to the longitudinal axis of the
girder within 3mm
Out of straightness shall be checked in both the vertical and horizontal planes and shall
be within the following values:Skid Beams
horizontal plane top flange

20 mm over the entire length, 0.1 %l

and not more than 3 mm over a
length of 3 m.

vertical plane top flange

5 mm over the entire length and not

more than 3mm over a length of 3
m.

Note:- Special precautions shall be taken to ensure that the above tolerances are
achieved.
Other Girders
0.1 %l where:'l' is the length between consecutive centres of points of support.
Tube node stubs shall be positioned on girder nodes in accordance with Clause
9.2.1.10.
Stiffeners shall be positioned at their point of attachment within the amount given
below in relation to the true position as specified in the drawings.

Within girder nodes and under module support points

3 mm

other areas

10 mm

Where stiffeners are arranged either side of plate to form a cruciform arrangement, the
mismatch in alignment of the stiffeners through the joint shall not exceed 3 mm.
Stiffeners shall also be vertical within the amounts given above in this clause. See
Figures 1, 2, 3, and 4.
The out of straightness of the web of a stiffener shall be in accordance with Clause

9.2.1.14.

9.2.3

Joint Mismatch
The mismatch between plates or tubulars to be welded, shall not exceed the following
amounts
t <= 20mm;

2mm

20 < t <= 60mm;

0.1t or 3 mm, whichever is the lesser

t> 60 mm;

6mm.

Where t = minimum element (plate or rolled section) thickness at the joint.

For single sided closure welds, mismatch shall be within the above limitations but shall not
exceed 3 mm.
Mismatch in longitudinal seams shall not exceed 0.1 t or 3 mm whichever is the lesser.
All mismatches greater than 2mm shall be built up with weld to provide a 4:1 taper to the
transition.

9.3

Global Tolerances For The Completed Structure

9.3.1

Positioning And Length

The actual work point of a node or primary intersection point shall be positioned within the
tolerances given below in relation to the true coordinated position of that work point as
determined from the geometry drawing contained in the drawings.
top of jacket stab-in nodes,
MSF stab-in nodes,
MSF skid beam nodes

5 mm,

other nodes and primary intersection pOints

15 mm

Measurement tolerances developed from these tolerances are as follows :length between first and last node
work points on jacket.

20mm,

height between skid beam node work point

and stab-in node work point

10mm,

distance between consecutive bracing level

node work points:
involving stab-in nodes
others

20mm,
30mm,

distance between legs:

at stab-in level
others

10mm,
20mm,

distance between skid beam and cellar deck

20mm,

distance between skid beam and stab-in level

10mm,

overall length between first and last node

20mm

work on bridge
distance between consecutive bridge nodes

10mm

Overall tolerances are as follows

overall length of jacket

- 20mm,
+ 40mm,

overall height of MSF

- 20mm,
+ 30mm,

The 'measuring centre' of any pile sleeve, conductor guide, caisson J-tube guide and caisson
cut-off level, J-tube cut-off level, riser clamp or riser cut-off level, riser clamp or riser cut-off
level shall be positioned within 10mm of its true coordinated position as determined from the
drawings.
The overall length of buoyancy tubes, flotation tanks, caisson, J-tubes or risers shall be within
25mm of the length specified in the drawings.

9.3.2

Alignment And Length

The stab-in nodes shall be set so that the mating surfaces are within 1.5 mm of the plane of
intersection as shown in the drawings.
The difference between the 'measuring centre' and the best fit line shall not exceed the
following amounts.
25mm

pile sleeves, conductor guides

and J-tube guides

'Measuring centres' shall be established and the out of straightness shall not exceed the
following amounts:Legs

10 mm over length
'L'

others
(including buoyancy tubes and flotation tanks)

U1000 over length

L = for legs
for others

'L'

- length between consecutive ends of node barrels,

- length between consecutive ends of studs or faces of chord members.

Out of straightness shall be checked, on two longitudinal planes rotated by 90. (See 9.2.1.9).
9.3.3

MSF/Jacket Stabbing Global Tolerances

The combination of tolerances for circumference, ovality, local out-of-roundness and work
point position of the stabbing cone shall be such that any position on the parallel shank of the
stabbing cone relative to the same position on the parallel shank of any adjacent stabbing
cone shall not exceed the specified position by 12mm. The combination of tolerances for
circumference, ovality, local out-of-roundness and work point position of the top of the jacket
leg shall be such that any position on the inside surface of the leg at the stabbing point
elevation and above relative to the same position on the inside surface of any adjacent leg
shall not exceed the specified position by 12mm.

9.4

Miscellaneous Structural Tolerances

9.4.1

Handrail
Fabrication and erection shall be performed to a degree of accuracy that the rails shall be
level to 5mm over each panel and the post plumb to within 5 mm of vertical.

9.4.2

Landings And Stairways

Walkways, stairs and landings shall have the following tolerances :elevation

12 mm

level

6 mm in 3m

alignment

12mm

'Trips' in gratings shall be ground out, recoated and shall be nowhere greater than 1.5 mm.
9.4.3

Opening/Penetrations
The centre line point of any opening or penetration shall be within a tolerance of 10mm of
the theoretical centre point.
The actual size of any opening shall be within a tolerance of 5mm of theoretical dimension.

9.4.4

Deck Plating
Deck plating shall be level to within 6 mm in 3m. 'Trips' between plating shall be avoided
and shall be nowhere greater than 1.5mm.

9.4.5

Padeyes. Padears And Lifting Trunnions

Padeyes, padears and lifting trunnions shall be located with 0.5 degrees of the orientation
marked in the drawings. The alignment of two diametrically opposite padeyes or padears shall
be such that all points on the centre line shall be within a tolerance of 15 mm of the theoretical
line marked in the drawings. A trial fit-up to ensure correct tolerances shall be carried out prior
to fixing.

9.4.6

Anodes
Anodes shall be positioned within 25 mm of the locations shown on the drawings provided the
requirements of 8.6.1 are met. Distance between anode and structural members shall be in
accordance with NACE RP-01-76.

9.5

Launchways

9.5.1

As Built Tolerances
Each launchway centre line shall be within 20mm of its theoretical position but shall also be
within 6mm of its reference elevation. The variation in elevation between any two points on
a launchway shall not exceed 3 mm within any 3m.

9.5.2

Tolerances During Construction And Load-out

The deflection at any point on a launchway during construction and load out shall not exceed
10mm, unless justified by an analysis that the stresses in the jacket do not exceed allowable
stresses.

10.0

INSPECTION AND TESTING

10.1

General
a)

The Company shall have the right to inspect the fabrication and erection of all items
covered by this Specification. Any weld defects, damage due to lift up, arc strikes or
other weld features which the Company specified as deficient or detrimental to the
integrity of the structure shall not be acceptable.

b)

Inspection personnel shall have free access at all times to any part of the Contractors,
or his sub-contractors yard and facilities that are concerned with the Works. They shall
be shown full cooperation and allowed sufficient time for all inspection and testing
procedures to be properly executed. The Contractor shall carry out all necessary
cleaning of the area necessary to facilitate inspection and testing.

c)

As far as possible, no testing shall be carried out within 48 hours of completion of

welding.

d)

The Contractor shall furnish, install and maintain in safe operating condition all
scaffolding, ladders, walkways, adequate lighting, etc, necessary for safe and thorough
inspection. These equipment must conform with local industrial and safety codes.

e)

The Company shall have the right to inspect at any time, tools or equipment to be used
on the work, and shall have the right to condemn any equipment or work which does
not conform with the Contract documents.

f)

The Contractor shall inform the Company at least 48 hours prior to any work such as
assembling or fabrication of any section, grit blasting or painting to enable the Company
and its Representative to adequately arrange any inspection and testing deemed
necessary.

g)

Whenever any piece is to be assembled that will prevent subsequent inspection of an

area, the Company shall be so notified such that the said area can be inspected and
any defects corrected before proceeding with the assembly.

h)

When required by the Contract documents, the Contractor shall provide on site
complete facilities for radiography, ultrasonic and magnetic particle inspection of welds
including equipment for developing and viewing films and the full time service of
qualified technicians conversant with radiographic and ultrasonic inspection techniques.
(See 10.2)

i)

Any inspection by the Company or by the Certifying Authority shall not absolve the
Contractor from his responsibility to exercise such quality assurance procedures as will
ensure that the requirements and intent of this Specification are satisfied.

j)

Final acceptance of Post Weld Heat Treated (PWHT) joints shall be done after PWHT.

10.2

Inspection Personnel

10.2.1 General
AWS 01.1 Chapter 6 Part A shall apply and as further modified in this Specification.
10.2.2 Welding Inspectors
Welding inspectors shall be qualified as follows:a) CSWIP 3.1

Welding Inspector

b) CSWIP 3.2

Senior Welding Inspector

c) AWS

Certified Welding Inspectors

All of the above need to be approved at the discretion of the Company taking into
consideration the nature of work involved.
10.2.3 Ultrasonic Operators
Ultrasonic operators shall be qualified as follows
a)

In accordance with CSWIP document No. UST-1-83 ultrasonic practitioner Grade II,
weld groups 3.1,3.2,3.7,3.8 and 3.9.

b)

Alternative qualifications, for example to ASNT requirements, may be approved at the

sole discretion of the Company, taking into account the nature of the work involved.

10.2.4 Radiographic Operators

Radiographic technicians shall be qualified as follows
a)

To CSWIP industrial radiographer Grade I (welds) or SNT-TC-IA level II or equivalent

and be licensed or approved by the government.

b)

Technicians interpreting radiographs shall hold recognised formal qualification ego

CSWIP radiographic interpreter (welds).

10.2.5 MPI And OPI Personnel

MPI and OPI technicians shall be qualified to CSWIP or SNT-TC-IA level" or equivalent.

10.3
10.3.1

10.3.2

Testing Of Welds
Reporting (See also 10.4)
a)

Inspection shall be recorded in a form which clearly identifies the work and the
area of inspection, method(s) and procedure(s), and the acceptability of the item
inspected.

b)

Datums used for reporting weld inspections shall be clearly marked on the work
in paint, such that it is possible to exactly relocate any weld defects reported.

c)

The Contractor shall establish a system to provide traceability between

documentation and weld testing before fabrication starts.

Mandatory Stages Of Inspection

As a minimum, the inspection stages employed by the Contractor for welded joints shall
be as follows :a)

All incoming materials are subject to visual inspection for surface defects,
laminations etc,.

b)

Fit-up prior to first pass.

c)

Following root pass.

d)

Following any back gouging operation.

e)

Following completion of weld.

Inspection at stage a) will be visual and dimensional. Inspection at stages b), c) and d)
will normally be visual/MPI inspection. Stage e) will be visual inspection and as
instructed by this Specification.
For joint repairs, visual and MPI inspection shall be carried out following grinding and/or
gouging operations to ensure that all unacceptable defects have been removed. After
welding, the weld shall be subjected to the same NDT method prescribed for the
original weld.
10.3.3

Visual Inspection
All welds which are examined by visual inspection shall be judged in accordance with
AWS D1.1 para 10.17.1 except that weld reinforcement shall not exceed 2 mm and
undercut with limitations in accordance with AWS D1.1 para 10.17.1.5 is not acceptable
in the following locations.
i)

10.3.4

The external face of all welds at intersections of node barrels and stubs.

ii)

All welds attaching external stiffening.

iii)

Other welds in addition to the above as notified by the Company.

Radiographic Inspection
a)

All welds which are examined by radiography shall be judged in accordance with
AWS D1.1 para 10.17.3, but this may be subjected to change at the discretion of
the Company.

b)

Radiography shall be supplemented by ultrasonic testing accompanied by

magnetic particle testing when there is reason to suspect planar defects such as
cracks or lack of fusion. This shall also apply to all butt welds where the root pass
or the whole weld is made by GTAW welding.

c)

If, in the opinion of the Company, additional radiography of butt welds is required,
the Contractor hall radiograph all additional welds designated and hall perform
the work at unit price. If, in the opinion of the Company, less butt welds require
radiographic inspection, the Contractor shall credit the Company for all
radiographs deleted, at the unit price.

10.3.5

10.3.6

10.3.7

10.3.8

Ultrasonic Inspection
a)

All welds which are examined by means of ultrasonic shall be judged in

accordance with AWS D1.1 para 10.17.4.1 Class R.

b)

Adherent layers of paint of any thickness need not be removed unless

inconclusive results are obtained.

c)

Laminations found during forming, cutting or welding of tubulars, rolled shapes

and plates shall be inspected to determine the extent. Weld areas of tubular joints
and beam to beam connections shall be checked for lamination(s).

Magnetic Particle Inspection

a)

All welds which are examined by means of MPI shall be judged in accordance
with 10.17 of AWS D1.1 but this may be subjected to change at the discretion of
the Company.

b)

The wet method shall be used employing a yoke type equipment. White
background paint and black magnetic ink shall be used. The white background
paint is to be applied to a thickness not exceeding 20 microns using a spray can.

c)

Inspection shall be carried out no sooner than 48 hours after completing welding.

d)

After removal of temporary attachments and grinding flush the remaining weld,
the ground area shall be inspected 100%. This includes the grinding of spatters
and arc strikes.

Dye Penetrant Inspection

a)

Dye penetrant inspection may be substituted at the discretion of the Company in

lieu of other surface inspection methods.

b)

Welds subjected to this inspection method shall be evaluated on the basis of the
requirements for visual inspection.

Increased Inspection
For welds subject to less than 100% N.D.T. and found to contain unacceptable weld
defect(s), the entire weld length(s) shall be inspected using the method speCified for the
spot examination. At the discretion of the Company, other NDT methods mentioned in
this Specification may also be required. In addition, all other welds made by the same
welder/welding operator shall be subjected to a higher level of inspection (up to 100%)
at those locations previously not subject to NDT.

10.3.9

Extent of Inspection
The extent of inspection shall be as defined in the 10.3.10 paragraphs above including
Table 1. Where Table 1 does not give a clear indication of the extent of inspection,
advice shall be sought from the Company. In general, welds in primary structural steel,
high tensile steel and joints having a high stress concentration factor (above 10) shall
receive 100% radiographic and/or ultrasonic inspection, whilst all other welds shall be
inspected 10% using RT or UT, plus 100% MPI.

10.3.10

Mechanical Test
a)

When NDT cannot be carried out or gives inconclusive results, the Contractor
shall at the Company's request, cut out and remove for testing any section of
steel plate or welded area and restore the area by welding back in a piece of
steel similar in quality, thickness and size of plate or pipe removed.

b)

Subsequent mechanical tests shall be carried out in accordance with AWS D1.1
para 5.10.

10.4

NOT Reporting Requirements

For each N.D.T. process applied to a weld an individual report shall be produced.
Each N.D.T. report shall include the following details as a minimum.
Weld Identification Number(s)
Welding Procedure Specification Number
N.D.T. Procedure Number
Percentage N.D.T. required
Date and Time of N.D.T.
Weld or Weld Repair
Member Thickness (es) and Dimensions of Weld
"As Welded" or Heat Treated Condition
Defect Location( s)
Conclusions
Magnetic Particle Inspection (M.P.I.) reports shall also include:Method of Magnetisation
Field Strength
Ultrasonic testing (U.T.) reports shall also include:Probe Angles and Frequencies
Equipment Identification
Basic Sensitivity
Primary Reference Level Sensitivity
Surface Correction Factor for Calibration and Examination
Joint configuration sketch
Scan direction(s)
Location(s) and Depth(s) of all Defects exceeding the 20% DAC Reference
Curve and Signal Amplitude.
Radiographic testing (R.T.) reports shall also include as appropriate:Source Type
Source to Film Distance
Exposure Time
Size Intensity
X-Ray Focal Spot Size
Kilovolts, Milli-amps, and Voltage
Image Quality Indicator Details
Each radiograph shall contain the following details
Location of the Radiograph
Weld Fusion Line Markers
The Character "R" to identify a repair weld
The Character "F" to identify I.Q.I locations
Date

11.0

PLACING DRAWINGS
Field installed sections of gratings and handrails shall be adequately marked (tagged) and a
placing drawing prepared by the Contractor to show uniquely where each section of grating or
handrail has to be placed. This shall also apply to all other structural items to be field installed
(timber, beams, tubulars, etc).

12.0

AS-BUILT DRAWINGS
As-built drawings shall be prepared by the Contractor in accordance with Contract
requirements. As-built drawings shall include but not necessarily be limited to the following:
a)

All principal dimensions.

b)

Any material substitution for structural members on the Contract Drawings, including:
beam sizes, tubular diameters and thickness changes, changes in material grades, as
agreed with the Company.

c)

Locations of all member splices and erection welds, including butt welds in jointers
performed at the pipe or rolling mill.

d)

Any erection aids, brackets or bracing as may be specifically agreed by the Company to
be left in place on the structure.

e)

Any other deviations from the contract drawings, dimensions deemed by the Company
to be relevant, or other details as directed by the Company.

TABLE 1
INSPECTION REQUIREMENTS

SERVICE

MATERIAL THICKNESS MATERIAL THICKNESS OVER

35 MM OR LESS
35 MM

JACKETS/DECKS
Piles

100% RT

100% UT

Main/Skid beam

100% UT

100% UT

Can Sections

100% RT

100% UT, and spot RT

Nodes

100% UT MPI

100% UT, and spot and spot MPI

Horizontal Bracings

50%

RT 50% UT

Diagonal Bracings

100% RT

100% UT

Conductors (field welds incl freestanding conductors)

100% UT

100% UT)

Legs

50% RT

50% UT

Conductors (shore fabrication)

50%RT

50% UT

a) Main Connection

100% UT

100% UT

b) Stiffening Plate

100% MPI

100% MPI

Shims

100% MPI

100% MPI

Ring Stiffeners

50% MPI

50% MPI

Stabbing Points

20% MPI

20% MPI

Beam Stiffening Plates

Spot MPI

Spot MPI

Other Fillet Welds

Spot MPI

Spot MPI

Lifting Lugs:

OTHERS:
Fender Clamps

100% MPI

Helideck Structure
a) Main

100% UT

b) Remainder

100% MPI

Bridges
a) End Diagonals in Vertical
Plane including Node
Connection

100% UT or RT
Spot RT

b) Top and bottom Chord Butt

Welds
Drip Pan

Spot MPI

Secondary Steel Fillet Welds

Spot MPI

General Plates

Spot MPI

Notes :
1)

RT means radiographic testing

2)

UT means ultrasonic testing

3)

MPI means magnetic particle inspection

4)

Spot means 5% at the discretion of the Company

5)

The weld and base metal shall be free from weld spatter, slag, and other deficiencies likely to be detrimental to non
destructive testing and/or subsequent painting.

TABLE 2
STANDARD GRATING
A)

FLOOR PANEL - ONSHORE APPLICATION

Type
Bearing bar
Bearing-bar
pJtch

FB-25 SE-a
FB-25 SE-b
FB-25SE-c
FB-25SE-d
FB-25-a
FB-25-b
FB-25-c
FB-25-d
1-25 SE-a
1-25 SE-b
1-25 SE-c
1-25 SE-d
1-25-a
1-25-b
1-25-c
1-25-d

B)

Flat bar (Serrated)

Flat bar

I-bar (Serrated)

I-bear

Cross-bar
j!ltch

Span

Width

30
40
30
40
30
40
30
40
30
40

100
100
50
50
100
100
50
50
100
100

1200
1200
1200
1200
1200
1200
1200
1200
1200
1200

995
1005
995
1005
995
1005
995
1005
995
1005

30
40
30
40
30
40

50
50
100
100
50
50

1200
1200
1200
1200
1200
1200

995
1005
995
1005
995
1005

Cross-bar
pitch

Span

Width

FLOOR PANEL - OFFSHORE APPLICATION

Type
Bearing Bar
Bearing-bar
pitch

FB-35 SE

Flat bar (serrated) (35 x 5)

30

100

1200

995

FB-38 SE

Flat bar (serrated) (38 x 5)

30

100

1800

995

1-35 SE

I-bar (serrated) (35 x 5 x 3)

35.3

100

1200

995

1-38 SE

I-bar (serrated) (38 x 5 x 3)

35.3

100

1800

995

Bearing Bar

Bearing-bar
pitch

Cross-bar
pitch

Span

Width

Flat bar (serrated) (25 x 5)

30

100

750

245

FB-32 SE

Flat bar (serrated) (32 x 5)

40

100

750

245

1-25 SE

I-bar (serrated) (25 x 5 x 3)

30

100

750

245

1-32 SE

I-bar (serrated) (32 x 5 x 3)

40

100

750

245

Bearing-bar
pitch

Cross-bar
pitch

Span

Width

30

100

915

215

C)

STAIR - ONSHORE APPLICATION

Type

FB-25 SE

D)

STAIR - OFFSHORE APPLICATION

Type

Bearing Bar

x 5)
x 5)

FB-35 SE

Flat bar (serrated) (35

FB-38 SE

Flat bar (serrated) (38

30

100

915

215

1-35 SE

I-bar (serrated) (35

x 5 x 3)

35.3

100

915

215

1-38 SE

I-bar (serrated) (32

x 5 x 3)

35.3

100

915

215

NOTES:
a)

All cross bars have dimension of 6 x 6 mm twisted at pitch clc Indicated above

b)
c)
d)

All end bars shall have similar dimensions to the flat or I-bar In use and welded both sides to every load bearing bar.
The grating shall be hot dipped galvanlsed to ASTM A123 or BS 729 (Ie 610 gm per sq meter)
Design calculation Is based on uniform load distribution of 500 kg/sq m.

e)
f)

Cross-bar pitch of 50 mm clc is omly recommended on high concentration (point) load

All dimension In mm

STIFFENER/DIAPHRAGM POSITIONAL TOLERANCE Fi 3

6P_II_

TRUE t. AS SPECIFIED
ON CONTRACT DRAWINGS

i I

, I

I'
, I _J--- STIFFENER /
I

....

DIAPHRAGM

A)

TUBES
FIG. I

TRUE

AS

SPECIFIED ON

1 - - - - - - - - 1 - - - - - CONTRACT DRAWINGS

B) NODES

-P
10

uP

C)

FIG.2
N.B. THIS STIFFENER
CLASSED WITH CONE
STIFFENERS IF WITHIN
150 mm OF INTERSECTION
POINT 'P'

CRUCIFORM

JOINTS

FIG. :3
LOCATION
LAUNCH LEG, NODE CONES
8 CRUCIFORMS
NODES
OTHER TUBES

6
+

>

3mm

+
- 6mm
-+ IOmm

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OUT OF STRAIGHTNESS FOR LONGITUDINAL OR DIAPHRAGM STIFFENERS (Fig 5)

LATERAL

L
OOS
LATERAL
RESTRAINT

>

RESTRAINT

15~o L OR

3 mm WHICHEVER IS
THE

LARGER

LIMITATIONS ON SPACING OF LONGITUDINAL WELDED SEAMS AT NODES Fi 6

LONGITUDINAL SEAM
SHALL NOT BE IN
SHADED AREA.

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