Network Theory Electrical GATE IES PSU Study Materials

Network Theory-EE
Postal Correspondence
SAMPLE STUDY MATERIAL

Electrical Engineering
EE/EEE
Postal Correspondence Course
GATE , IES & PSUs

Network Theory
CONTENT
Network Theory-EE
1.
BASIC CIRCUIT ELEMENTS AND THEORY .
2.
NETWORK LAWS AND THEOREMS
3.
MESH AND NODAL ANALYSIS
4.
GRAPH THEORY .
24-29
5.
TWO PORT NETWORK ...
30-43
6.
RLC CIRCUIT TRANSIENT AND STEADY ANALYSIS ..
44-51
7.
RESONANCE .
52-56
8.
NETWORK FUNCTION ...
57-58
9.
NETWORK SYNTHESIS 59-68
10-21
10. COUPLED CIRCUIT AND 3-PHASE CIRCUITS

11.
PRACTICE SET-I IES
3-9
69-74
12.
PRACTICE SET-II (GATE)
13.
CIVIL SERVICES EXAM QUESTIONS .
14.
GATE PREVIOUS PAPERS [ELECTICAL 2005 TO 2013] .....
15.
IES CONVENTIONAL QUESTIONS SOLUTION (2003-2012) EE
22-23
75-104
105-121
122-157
158-191
192-254
Network Theory-EE
CHAPTER-1
BASIC CIRCUIT ELEMENTS & THEORY
1. INTRODUCTION TO CIRCUIT ELEMENT:

The circuit elements can be divided into two parts:
1. Active Elements: When the element is
capable of delivering the energy, it is called
active element.
Example: Voltage source, Current source,
Transistor, Diode, Op-amp etc
2. Passive Elements: When the element is not
capable of delivering the energy, it is called
passive element.
Example: Resistance, capacitor, inductor etc.
Resistance: The ohms law can be given as:
The voltage across a two terminal of a network is
directly proportional to the current flowing through it
as:
V I
V IR
or,
This constant of proportionality is called resistance.

Key Points:
Power in resistor is given by
P vi i 2 R
v2
R
t2
t2
t1
t1
1 t2 2
v dt
R t1
Resistance consumes energy and converts

electrical energy into heat energy.
Resistance depends on the geometry of
material and also on nature of material as:
energy over one cycle. 500 rad/sec

Solution: Given that i 2.5sin( t ) A
V iR
V 2.5sin( t ) 4 10sin( t ) volt
P i 2 R [2.5 sin( t )] 2 4
P 25sin2 (t ) W
t2
t2
t1
t1
Energy E Pdt 25sin 2 t dt
Energy is then determined as the integral of

instantaneous power as :
E Pdt R i 2dt
Unit of conductivity: mho/m or siemens/cm

If length of wire is doubled and Radius is
halved, then resistance of wire becomes 8
times larger.
Resistivity of wire is materialistic property
i.e. It does not vary with circuit geometry.
Extension of wire result in increase in length
& decrease in cross-sectional area therefore
resistance of wire increases.
When circuit is short circuit means, R 0.

When circuit is open, R .
Example: A 4 resistor has a current
i 2.5sin( t ) A. Find the voltage, Power and
E 25
t2
t1
1
1 cos 2 t dt
2
t sin 2t
E 25
J
4
2
The plot of i, P and E is as shown:
l
A
Where = Resistivity (.m)

= 1/
( = conductivity)
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Network Theory-EE
This illustrate that P is always positive and

that the energy is always increasing. This is
the energy dissipated by resistor.
2. CAPACITANCE:
The circuit element that stores energy in an electric
field is called capacitor. When variable voltage is
applied to a terminal of capacitor, the energy is stored
during one part of cycle and discharge during next
half cycle.
The charge across the capacitor is directly
proportional to the applied voltage:
Q V
Q
V
Unit of C Farad
8.854 r A
pF
d
(b.) The charge q on capacitor results in an

electric field in the dielectric which is the
mechanism of energy storage.
(c.) Power and energy relation for capacitance
are as:
P vi vc
P
dv d 1 2 cdv
cv
i
dt dt 2
dt
d 1 2
cv
dt 2
t2
t2
t1
t1
Energy wc P dt v c dv dt
dt
1
wc c v22 v12
2
(d.) The energy stored in the electric field of
1
2
2
capacitance is wc cv
Q CV
C
(e.) Ideal capacitor:
Key Points:
(a.) Capacitors retain the charge & thus
electric field after removal of the source
applied. (While inductors do not retain
energy). For parallel plate capacitor, the
capacitance can be given as:
Practical capacitor:
Example: In the interval 0 > t > 5 ms, a 20 f

capacitor has a voltage V 50sin 2(t )V . Obtain
the charge, power and energy. Plot work wc
or A
d
Where A = cross-sectional area of plate

r Relative permittivity of dielectric
o Permittivity of free space
d = distance between plates
assuming w = 0 at t = 0. 100rad . / sec

Solution: q cv 20 50sin 2t
q 1000 sin 2 t C
dv
0.2cos 2t A
dt
P vi 50sin 200t 0.2cos2t
P 5sin 4t W
ic
Network Theory-EE
wc
t2
t1
P dt 5 sin 400t dt
w c 12.5 1 cos 400 t m J
Voltage induced across the inductor is
di
.. (A)
dt
{Voltage is induced when flux is varying}
V L
(c) For an inductor of N no of turns:
This indicates that in the internal 0 > t > 2.5 ms, the
energy is stored to value of 25 mJ and then it returns
to zero, as the energy is returned to the source.
3. INDUCTANCE:
The circuit element that stores energy in a magnetic
field is called an inductor.
M0 N 2S
l
S = Cross sectional area

l = Length of coil
(d) Proof of equation A: According to
faradays law, the emf induced across a
inductor is directly proportional to the rate
of change of flux through it.
e N
d
{N = no of turns in the coil}
dt
e N
d LI

dt N
e L
dI
dt
-ve sign indicates the opposition caused by

emf to change of flux (Lenzs Law)
(e) The power across the inductor is:
P vi L
When voltage is applied across a inductor, the flux is
induced in the conductor which is proportional to
current flowing through it, i.e.
N i
(f) Energy:
N
i
L Inductance
Unit Henry
Key Points:
(a) The flux linkage across inductor is N. Thus
N LI
(b) Inductor do not store energy when the

connected source is removed
t2
t2
t1
t1
P dt Li dt
1
w L i22 i12
2
N Li
di
d 1
i Li 2
dt
dt 2
Energy stored in magnetic field by inductor

is
1
w Li 2
2
Example:

In the interval 0 t s, a 30 mH inductance
50
has a current i=10sin50tA. Obtain the Voltage, Power
& Energy for the inductance.
Network Theory-EE
vL
Solution:
Voltage & Current Source:

The sources are of two types, one is independent
sources and other is dependent sources:
Independent sources:
The voltage or current source in which the value of
voltage or current remains constant, and does not
vary with other circuit element.
Ideal voltage and current sources:
di
15 cos 50 t V
dt
p vi 75sin(100t )W
t
w P dt 75sin100t dt
w 0.75(1 cos100t ) J
The Plot indicate that the energy is zero at t = 0 and

t
sec. Thus while energy transfer occurred over

50
the interval, this energy was first stored and later

returned to the source.
Relationship of parameters:
Element
Units
Voltage
Ohms
()
Resistance
v Ri (
ohms
law)
Henry
(H)
v L di
dt
Farad
(F)
Current
v
R
Capacitance
Power
P vi
i2 R
i 1 vdt P vi
L
inductance
i c dv
1
idt
dt
c
Non ideal voltage and current sources:
Ldi
dt
P vi
vc dv
dt
(a) In non ideal voltage source, the internal

resistance of voltage source is of finite value
and is always in series with voltage source.
(b) In non ideal current source, the internal
resistance of current source is of finite value
& is always in parallel with current source.
(c) V-source in series
Network Theory-EE
Distributed and Lumped Network:

In Lumped network, we can separate resistance,
inductance, and capacitance separately or single
element in one location is used to represent a
distributed resistance.
Example: A coil having large number of turns of
insulated wire has resistance throughout the length of
wire but only resistance at single plane represents the
distributed resistance.
In Distributed network, the circuit elements are not at
one location rather they are distributed.
Example: Transmission line, the resistance,
inductance and capacitance are distributed
throughout the length of Transmission line.
Note: In distributed network, the circuit elements
are represented as per unit length.
(d)
(e)
Dependent Voltage and Current Sources:

These are voltage and current sources whose value do
not remain constant, rather varies with circuit
elements or independent sources:
Non Linearity of circuit elements:

1. Resistance Non Linearity: If the current
voltage relationship in an element is not
linear, then the element is modeled as non
linear resistor.
Example: Diode, filament lamp (This at
higher voltage droves proportional less
current) etc.
(a) The non linear resistance can be given as:
V
I
Note: Ohms law is valid for linear circuit

elements. Also it is not valid for open circuit
element because for open circuit:
I = 0, R =
So V =
V IR
2. Inductors non linearity: When the

inductance of inductor depends on the
current magnitude, then the inductor is
called non linear inductor:
Example: Iron core inductor.
Only air core inductor linear
Network Theory-EE
Key points:
(a) N LI L
N
Variable
I
As the slope of the curve in both cases is C (inductance)

and C is variable. So, the curve is not linear.
l
MMF
S Reluctance=
a
S
NIa
N 2 a
L
l
l
Average and rms (effective value):

Average value: The general periodic function y(t)
with period T has an average value Yav given as:
Self
inductance
(b) Also we know;
V L
di
V
L
Variable
dt
di / dt
1
Yav y (t )dt
TO
Rms Value: The general periodic function y(t) with

period T has rms value Y rm s given as:
T
1
y 2 (t ) dt
T O
Yrms
Example: Find the average and rms value of

following sine series
y (t ) a0 b1 sin t b2 sin t ......
Solution:
As the slope of the curve in both cases is

L (inductance) and L is variable. So, the
curve is not linear.
The second curve shows that after certain
value of current, the flux does not
increase due to saturation of iron core.
3. Nonlinearity in capacitance: When the
capacitance of capacitor depends on voltage
magnitude, then capacitor is called non linear
capacitor.
Q CV C
iC
Q
Variable
V
dv
i
C
Variable
dt
dv / dt
1
Yav a0 b1 sin t b2 sin t ...... dt
T 0
Yav
1
a0T 0 0......
T
Yav a0
Yrms
1
T
a0 b1 sin t b2 sin t .......
Yrms
dt
0
T
Yrms
1 2 1 2
a0 b1 b22 ..... ..... dt
T 0
2
a 02
1 2 1 2
b1 b2 .....
2
2
Example: A single circuit element has the current

and voltage functions graphed in figure below.
Determine the element.
Network Theory-EE
V
3mH .
di / dt
Thus the element is inductor. (Examine the interval 4
< t < 6 ms L must be same)
Thus L
Example: Obtain the voltage V in the branch shown

in figure for
(a) i2 1 A (b) i2 2 A (c) i2 0 A.
Solution: v 10 v x for
Solution: The element cannot be a resistor since V

and I are not proportional. In a capacitor V is integral
of i, but in interval 2ms < t < 4msec, V is not integral
of i, hence element cannot be capacitor.
For inductor V
Ldi
dt
For interval 0 < t < 2ms:
V 15V and
di
10 / 2 5
dt
(a) i2 1 A
V 10 15 25V
(b) V 10 15 2 20V .
(c) V 10 15 0 10V .
Network Theory-EE
CHAPTER-2
NETWORK LAWS AND THEOREMS
10
Control System-EE
1. SOME BASIC TERMS:
1. Node: Any point in a circuit where the terminals of two or more elements are connected
together.
2. Branch: A branch is a part of circuit which extends from one node to other. A branch may
contain one element or several elements in series. It has two terminals.
3. Essential Node: If three or more elements are connected together at a node, then that node
sometimes called essential node.
4. Mesh: Any closed path which contains no other path within, called mesh.
5. Loop: A path which contain more than two meshes, called a loop. Thus a loop contains meshes
but a mesh does not contain loop.
Example 1: Consider the following circuit:
(a) Point 1, 2, 3, 4, and 5 are nodes.

(b) a, b, c, d, e, f and g are branches.
(c) Meshes are: 1 2 5, 2 3 5, 3 4 5
(d) Loop are: 1 2 3 5 1, 2 3 4 5 2, 123451
(e) Essential node: 2, 3, 5
2. KIRCHHOFFS VOLTAGE LAW:
For any closed path in a network, Kirchhoff Voltage Law (KVL) state that the algebraic sum of the
voltage is zero.
Key points:
(a)
v ( t ) 0; for Closed Path
(b) While going in direction of current, voltage drop is taken as ve.
V iR 0
(c) While going opposite to direction of current, voltage drop across resistor is taken as positive
(+ve).
Postal Course ( GATE & PSUs) 2015 ENGINEERS INSTITUTE OF INDIA . All Rights Reserved
11
Control System-EE
iR V 0
(d) This law applies equally to DC, time variable sources.

Example: Write KVL equation for the circuit shown:
Va V1 Vb V2 V3 0
Or Va iR1 Vb iR2 iR3 0

Va Vb i ( R1 R2 R3 )
3. KIRCHOFFS CURRENT LAW:

KCL states that the algebraic sum of currents at a node is zero. Alternatively the sum of currents entering
a node is equal to sum of currents leaving that node.
Key Points:
(a) It is based on the conservation of electric charge.
(b) i (t ) 0
(c) Sign convention is arbitrary.
(d) Current entering node are assigned +ve sign and current leaving node are assigned ve sign.
Example: Write the KCL equation for the principal node shown in fig below:
Solution: Principal node: Same as essential node.

i1 i2 i3 i4 i5 0
i1 i3 i2 i4 i5.
4. CIRCUIT ELEMENTS IN SERIES:
12
Control System-EE
The 3 passive circuit elements in series connection have same current i. The voltages across elements
are v1 , v2 , v3 .
Total voltage v v1 v2 v3 .
(a) Equivalent Resistance: When element is resistance :
v i ( R1 R2 R3 )
v i R eq .
R eq. R1 R 2 R 3
(b) Equivalent Inductance:
When element in above circuit is inductor then :
di
di
di
L2 L3
dt
dt
dt
di
v ( L1 L2 L3 )
dt
v L1
Leq L1 L2 L3
For any number of inductance: Leq L1 L2 L3 L4 ........

(c) Equivalent Capacitance :When the circuit element is capacitor in above circuit then,
1
1
1
i dt i dt idt
c1
c2
c3
1 1 1
v idt
c1 c2 c3
v
1
i dt
Ceq
Then
1
1 1 1

Ceq c1 c2 c3
5. CIRCUIT ELEMENTS IN PARALLEL:

13
Control System-EE
The 3 element are connected as shown in figure
(a) Equivalent Resistance: i i1 i2 i3
v
v
v
R1 R2 R3
1 1 1
i v
R1 R2 R3
Then
1
1
1
1
R eq R1 R2 R3
(b) Equivalent Inductance :

1
1
1

.....
Leq L1 L2
For two inductance
L eq
L1 L2
L1 L2
(c) Equivalent Capacitance :

C eq c1 c 2 ......
This is of the same form as resistor in series.
6. VOLTAGE DIVISION:
A set of series-connected resistor is referred as a voltage divider.
This concept is applicable to n number of resistance.
14
Control System-EE
v1 v
R1
R2 R3 R1
v2 v
R2
R1 R2 R3
In voltage divider, voltage across one branch
=Total voltage
Resistance of that branch

.
total resistance
7. CURRENT DIVISION:
A Parallel arrangement of resistors results in a current divider.
v
v
v
v
and i1
R1 R2 R3
R1
1
i1
R1
1
1
1
i
R1 R2 R3
Thus
i1
R 2 R3 i
( R1 R 2 R 2 R3 R3 R1 )
For two branch current divider:

i1
R2 i
R1 R2
For 2 branch circuit, the current in one branch is equal to the :
Totalcurrent
Resistance of Other Branch

Total Resistance
Example: 1: Find all branch currents in the network shown below:
Solution: Circuit can be simplified as
15
Control System-EE
12 8
9.8
20
63
2
Req. (Right)
9
Using current divider theorem:
Req. (Left) 5
2
13.7 2.32 A
9.8 2
9.8 13.7
I4
11.38 A.
9.8 2
I3
I 3 I1 I 2
8 2.32
0.93 A, I 2 2.32 0.93 1.39 A.
12 8
I 4 I5 I6
I1
3 11.38
3.79 A. I 6 11.38 3.79 7.59 A
36
Example: 2: In the circuit shown, what is the power absorbed by each element.
I5
Solution: Writing KVL for the loop:

120 30 I 2V A 15 I 0; V A 15 I
Thus
120
8 A.
15
P120V 8120 960W (Power delivered)

P30 i 2 R 82 30 1920W (Power absorbed)
P15 82 15 960W (Power absorbed)
Pvoltage source 2VA I 2(15 8) 8 1920W ( Power delievered )

Total power absorbed
960 1920 960 1920 0 W .
Note: Power absorbed by source = (Power delivered by source)
16
Control System-EE
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Network Theory Electrical GATE IES PSU Study Materials

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Network Theory Electrical GATE IES PSU Study Materials

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Network Theory-EE

SAMPLE STUDY MATERIAL

Postal Correspondence Course

GATE , IES & PSUs

BASIC CIRCUIT ELEMENTS AND THEORY .

NETWORK LAWS AND THEOREMS

MESH AND NODAL ANALYSIS

TWO PORT NETWORK ...

RLC CIRCUIT TRANSIENT AND STEADY ANALYSIS ..

NETWORK FUNCTION ...

NETWORK SYNTHESIS 59-68

10. COUPLED CIRCUIT AND 3-PHASE CIRCUITS

PRACTICE SET-I IES

PRACTICE SET-II (GATE)

CIVIL SERVICES EXAM QUESTIONS .

GATE PREVIOUS PAPERS [ELECTICAL 2005 TO 2013] .....

IES CONVENTIONAL QUESTIONS SOLUTION (2003-2012) EE

1. INTRODUCTION TO CIRCUIT ELEMENT:

This constant of proportionality is called resistance.

Resistance consumes energy and converts

energy over one cycle. 500 rad/sec

Energy E Pdt 25sin 2 t dt

Energy is then determined as the integral of

Unit of conductivity: mho/m or siemens/cm

When circuit is short circuit means, R 0.

Where = Resistivity (.m)

This illustrate that P is always positive and

(b.) The charge q on capacitor results in an

(e.) Ideal capacitor:

Example: In the interval 0 > t > 5 ms, a 20 f

Where A = cross-sectional area of plate

d = distance between plates

assuming w = 0 at t = 0. 100rad . / sec

w c 12.5 1 cos 400 t m J

Voltage induced across the inductor is

(c) For an inductor of N no of turns:

S = Cross sectional area

-ve sign indicates the opposition caused by

(b) Inductor do not store energy when the

Energy stored in magnetic field by inductor

Voltage & Current Source:

The Plot indicate that the energy is zero at t = 0 and

sec. Thus while energy transfer occurred over

the interval, this energy was first stored and later

Non ideal voltage and current sources:

(a) In non ideal voltage source, the internal

Distributed and Lumped Network:

Dependent Voltage and Current Sources:

Non Linearity of circuit elements:

Note: Ohms law is valid for linear circuit

2. Inductors non linearity: When the

As the slope of the curve in both cases is C (inductance)

Average and rms (effective value):

Rms Value: The general periodic function y(t) with

Example: Find the average and rms value of

As the slope of the curve in both cases is

a0 b1 sin t b2 sin t .......

a0 b1 b22 ..... ..... dt

Example: A single circuit element has the current

Example: Obtain the voltage V in the branch shown

Solution: The element cannot be a resistor since V

For interval 0 < t < 2ms:

Postal Correspondence Course

(a) Point 1, 2, 3, 4, and 5 are nodes.