gvt kvn& Rvgvj

08| AvaywbK c`v_wevbi m~Pbv

mnKvix AavcK (c`v_wevb wefvM )

we G Gd kvnxb KjR XvKv

(Introduction to Modern Physics)

dvb: 016 70856105, 9125630, 9115369

m
al

AvcwKZvt Kvb welq Ab Kvb wKQyi mvc weewPZ nevi bvgB AvcwKZv| AvcwKZvi wekl Z Abymvi
Pig MwZ wbi_K, me MwZB AvcwK|
cms KvVvgvt Kvb ei MwZi eYbvi Rb wgvwK vb h mywbw` vbv eev weePbv Kiv nq hvi mvc ewUi
MwZ eYbv Kiv nq ZvK cms KvVvgv ej|
Ro cms KvVvgvt ciii mvc aeeM MwZkxj h mKj cm KvVvgvZ wbDUbi MwZm~ ARb Kiv hvq
Zv`iK Ro cms KvVvgv ej|
AvcwZvi wekl Zi gwjK w^Kvh `ywU t
c_g ^xKvht Ro KvVvgvZ c`v_wevbi m~mg~n Awfb _vK|
evLvt wbDUbi MwZi 1g m~ h cm KvVvgvZ chy nq, ZvK RoZvi KvVvgv ej| hw` Kvb e wwZ ev MwZ
RoZvq _vK, Ze Gi Dci evwnK ej chy bv nj Gi Aevi Kvb cwieZb ne bv| G ^xKvh Abymvi `yRb
cheK GKB iwLK eM PjZ _vKj h Kvb fZ m~i Aev GKB _vKe|
D`vniYt mgMwZ mb Kvb Ubhvx Kvgivi wfZii Kvb cixvi mvnvh cgvb KiZ cvieb bv Ub wi iqQ bv
PjQ| c`v_wevbi mKj cixvi dj Ub wi _vKjI hv ne mgeM PjjI ZvB cvIqv hve|

C
op

yr
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ht

Sh

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Ja

wZxq ^xKvht k~bvb mKj cm KvVvgvZ Avjvi `wZi gvb GKB _vK|
evLvt G ^xKvh Abymvi B_vii AwZ ^xKvi Kiv Kvb gZB me bq| Zv Qvov gvBKjmb-gwji cixv Ges bvbv
cixvi mvnvh cgvwYZ nqQ h, k~bvb Avjvi eM Drm I cheKi AvcwK eMi Dci wbfikxj bq| GwU
GKwU ae ivwk|

Md. Shah Jamal Asst. Professor of Physics, BAF Shaheen College Dhaka, Phone No. 9125630, 9115369, 016 70856105,

http://teachingbd.com

teachingbd.com

08| AvaywbK c`v_wevbi m~Pbv (Introduction to Modern Physics)

C
op

yr
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ht

Sh

ah

Ja

m
al

Md. Shah Jamal Asst. Professor of Physics, BAF Shaheen College Dhaka, Phone No. 9125630, 9115369, 016 70856105,

http://teachingbd.com

teachingbd.com

08| AvaywbK c`v_wevbi m~Pbv (Introduction to Modern Physics)

ckt `N msKvPb wK? `LvI h, L L0 1

v2
GLvb, cwKZwj cPwjZ A_ enb Ki|
c2

`Ni AvcwKZv ev `N msKvPbt

AvcwKZvi Zvbymvi e ev `i `N AvcwK MwZi Dci wbfi Ki| cheKi mvc MwZkxj Kvb `i
`N L Ges wbj Aevq ` `N L0 nj, AvcwKZvi Zvbymvi, L me`v L0 Acv QvU ne| GKB `Ni
AvcwKZv ev `N msKvPb ej|
`N msKvPbi mgxKiY cwZcv`b (ji icvii 1g djvdj )t
gb Kwi S KvVvgvZ S KvVvgvi mvc v ae MwZZ +X A eivei MwZkxj iqQ| S KvVvgvZ GKRb cheK
+X A eivei kvwqZ AB `i `ycvi vbvsK wbYq Kijb x1 I x2 ; Zvnj, GB KvVvgvZ `i `N ne,

Ja

m
al

L0 x2 x1... ... ... (1)

1 v / c

L0

1 v2 / c2

x1 vt
1 v2 / c2
x2 x1

1 v2 / c2
L

Gevi (1) bs mgxKiY x1 I x2 Gi gvb ewmq cvB,

1 v / c

L x2 x1

yr
ig

L0

x2 vt

Sh

1 v2 / c2
x2 vt

Ges x2

L0

x1 vt

ht

x1

ah

GLb aiv hvK, S KvVvgvZ Aci GKRb cheK AB `i `ycvi vbvsK wbYq Kijb x1 I x2 ; GB KvVvgvZ
`i `N ne, L x2 x1... ... ... (2) Avevi, ji- Gi wecixZ icvi Abymvi cvB,

L L0 1

v2
... ... ... ... (3)
c2

C
op

(3) bs mgxKiYK `N msKvPb mwKZ mgxKiY ej| GB mgxKiY nZ `Lv hvq h, L<L0 ; A_vr, MwZkxj Aevq

`i `N wbj Aevq `i `N Acv QvU ne| GB NUbvK vb msKvPb ej|

Kvj `xNvqbi mgxKiY cwZcv`b (ji icvii 2q djvdj )t

Kvj `xNvqbt `ywU cm KvVvgv hLb GKwU AciwUi mvc AvcwK MwZZ MwZkxj _vK, AvcwKZvi
wbqg Abymvi mgqi eeavbiI cwieZb nq| Kvb cheKi mvc wi Aevq _vKj GKwU Nwo H
cheKi wbKU `ZZg nvi Pj ej gb nq| wK cheKi mvc NwowU v eM Pjj NwowUi Pjvi
nvi

v2
1 2
c

AbycvZ Kg hvq| GUvB Kvj ev mgq `xNvqb bvg cwiwPZ|

Kvj ev mgq `xNvqbi mK cwZcv`bt

aiv hvK, MwZkxj S KvVvgvi x we`yZ GKwU Nwo AvQ| S KvVvgvi GKRb cheK Kvb mgq t1 wbYq Kij S
KvVvgvZ AewZ GKRb cheK Zv wbYq Kieb t1| wKQyKvj AwZevwnZ nIqvi ci S Gi cheK mgq wbYq
Kijb t 2 Ges S-Gi cheK mgq wbYq Kijb t2|
Md. Shah Jamal Asst. Professor of Physics, BAF Shaheen College Dhaka, Phone No. 9125630, 9115369, 016 70856105,

http://teachingbd.com

teachingbd.com

08| AvaywbK c`v_wevbi m~Pbv (Introduction to Modern Physics)

MwZkxj KvVvgvi cheKi Nwo Abymvi mgq Kvj eeavb t0 nj|

t 0 t 2 - t1 ... ... ... ... (1)
wK S KvVvgvi GKRb cheK GB Kvj eeavb wbYq Kijb t , hLvb t t 2 t1 | wecixZ ji icvi nZ

Avgiv Rvwb h,
vx
vx
t 2 2
2
c
c
Ges t 2
t1
2
2
2
1 v / c
1 v / c2
Avgiv Rvwb, t t 2 t1

m
al

t1

vx
vx
t1 2
2
c
c
t

2
2
2
1 v / c
1 v / c2
vx
vx
t 2 2 t1 2
c
c
t
2
2
1 v / c
t 2 t1
t
1 v2 / c2
t0
t
... ... ... (2) Kvb MwZkxj ei Rb 1 v 2 / c 2 ivwkwU me mgq 1 Gi Pq QvU ZvB t
2
2
1 v / c

Sh

ah

Ja

t 2

yr
ig

wbj fi I mPj fii ga mKt

ht

memgqB t0 Gi Pq eo| mgxKiY (2) Kvj`xNvqb cKvkKvix mgxKiY|

C
op

fii AvcwKZvt
Avgiv Rvwb fi GKwU ae msLv| vb, Kvj I MwZi cwieZbi Dci Gi Kvb cwieZb nq bv| wK AvBbvBbi
AvcwK Z m mo Abymvi `LZ cvB, ei fi ae bq, fi AvcwK| ei MwZeM ewi mv_ mv_ eyi
1

v2
c2

fi I ew cvq| GK fii AvcwKZv ej|

MwZkxj ei fii mgxKiYt

gbKwi S I S `ywU Ro cm KvVvgv| S KvVvgvwU +X Ai AwfgyL S KvVvgvi mvc v eM MwZkxj| KvVvgv
`yUvZ AewZ `yRb cheK mgvb fii `ywU KYv A I BGi msNl cheb KiQb|
msNli c~e A KYvwU S Ges B KYvwU S KvVvgvZ wi Aevq AvQ| GKB gyn~ Z A KYvwUK vA eM +Y Ai
w`K Ges B KYvwUK vB eM Y Ai w`K wbc Kiv nj| GLvb vA= vB | msNli ci A KYvwU Y Ai Ges B
Md. Shah Jamal Asst. Professor of Physics, BAF Shaheen College Dhaka, Phone No. 9125630, 9115369, 016 70856105,

http://teachingbd.com

teachingbd.com

08| AvaywbK c`v_wevbi m~Pbv (Introduction to Modern Physics)

KYvwU + Y Ai w`K h_vg vA I vB eM wdi Avm| wbci gyn~Z KYv `ywUi gaeZx `~iZ y nj Dfq
cheK `Leb h KYvwU 1 y `~i msMwVZ nQ|
2

y
......................(1)
vA
y
Ges S KvVvgvZ B KYvi gb Kvj ne, t o ........................(2)
vB
S KvVvgvZ fieM hw` msiwZ _vK Ges A I B KYv `ywUi fi h_vg mA I mB nj,
mAvA= mBvB........ (3) GLvb, vA = S KvVvgvZ A Gi eM I vB = S KvVvgvZ B -Gi eM |
y
GLb S KvVvgvZ B Gi gbKvj t nj, v B ........................(4)
t
Avevi Kvj `xNvqbi mK gZ S KvVvgvZ B Gi gbKvj to I S KvVvgvZ B Gi gbKvj t Gi ga mK nj,

S KvVvgvZ A KYvi gb Kvj ne, t o

(4) bs mgxKiY t Gi gvb ewmq cvB,

v2
1 2
c

vB

to

m
al

to

v2
c 2 ... ... ... ... (5)

Ja

y 1

y
......................(6)
to
(5) bs I (6) bs mgxKiY _K vAI vB Gi gvb (3) bs mgxKiY ewmq cvB,
y 1

ah

Avevi (1) bs mgxKiY _K cvB, v A

v2
c2

yr
ig

ht

Sh

y
v2
m A mB
ev, m A mB 1 2 ...............(7)
to
to
c
mA
mB
................(8) gbKwi wi Aevq ei fi mA= mo Ges MwZkxj Aevq ei fi mB=m
v2
1 2
c
m0
myZivs (8) mgxKiY nZ cvB, m
v2
1 2
c

A_vr AvcwK Z gZ Kvb ei fi I AvcwK| MwZkxj ei fi wi ei fii Pq ekx|

C
op

fi kwi mgxKiY E = mc2 Gi cgvY:

ei fi m I Avjvi `wZ c nj gvU kw, E = mc2 ne|
cgvY: Avgiv Rvwb, ej nj fi eMi cieZbi nvi| fieM P nj ej, F
F

dP
dt

d
mv ... ... ... (1)
dt

P mv

Avgiv AviI Rvwb, Kvb eK wbj Aev _K MwZkxj Aevq AvbZ h cwigvb KvR KiZ nq ZvK ZvK ei
MwZ kw ej| Kvb eZ F ej cqvM Kiv nj ewU eji w`K dx cwigvb `yiZ Mj
x

ei MwZkw, E K F . dx
0
x

d
mv . dx
dt
0

EK

(1) bs _ K F Gi gvb ewm q|

Md. Shah Jamal Asst. Professor of Physics, BAF Shaheen College Dhaka, Phone No. 9125630, 9115369, 016 70856105,

http://teachingbd.com

teachingbd.com

08| AvaywbK c`v_wevbi m~Pbv (Introduction to Modern Physics)

x

E K d mv .
0

dx
dt

E K d mv . v
0
v

E K v. d mv
0
v

E K v vdm mdv
0
v

E K v 2 dm mvdv ... ... ... ... (2)

0

v2
1 2
c

G j m0 `kKi mvc wi Aevq ewUi fi; v `kKi

m
al

m0

fii AvcwK Z _K Avgiv Rvwb, m

v 2 m02

... ... ... (3)

c2 m2

Dfq cK wWdviwqkvb Ki cvB,

ah

Dcii mgxKiY nZ, 1

Ja

mvc ewUi AvcwK eM; m = `kKi mvc MwZ mb Aevq ewUi fi|

2vdv
m02 - 2m -3 dm
2
c
vdv m 2 dm
2 02
... ... ... (4)
c
m
m

m02
vdv v 2 dm
2 1 2
(3)
bs
mgxKiY
n
Z
Gi gvb ewm q|

2
c
m
c m

Sh

yr
ig

ht

vdv c 2 v 2 dm

c 2 c 2 m
mvdv (c 2 v 2 )dm ... ... ... (5)
(5) bs mgxKiY nZ mvdv Gi gvb (2) bs mgKiY ewmq cvB,

C
op

EK

dm (c 2 v 2 )dm

m0

EK

v dm c dm v dm
2

m0
m

E K c 2 dm
m0

E K c 2 mm0
m

E K c 2 ( m m0 )
E K mc 2 m0 c 2
m0 c 2 E K mc 2
wbj kw + MwZkw = mc2
gvU kw, E = mc2 (cgvwYZ)

[ moc2 = wbj kw I EK = MwZkw]

Md. Shah Jamal Asst. Professor of Physics, BAF Shaheen College Dhaka, Phone No. 9125630, 9115369, 016 70856105,

http://teachingbd.com

teachingbd.com

08| AvaywbK c`v_wevbi m~Pbv (Introduction to Modern Physics)

K weei I Gi mwt
Kweeii cyivZb msvt GKwU ZviKvi hw` h_ cwigvb fi I NbZ _vK, Zvnj Zvi gnvKlkw GZ kwkvjx nq
h, AvjvK mLvb _K wbMZ nZ cvie bv| mB ZviKvi c _K wbMZ AvjvK iwk ekx `~I hvIqvi AvMB
ZviKvwUi gnvKl AvKlY ZvK wcQb Ub wbq Avme| H me ZviKv _K Avjv AvmZ cvibv ej Avgiv G`I
`LZ cvwibv| GB mg e wcK Avgiv K weei ev K Mnei ewj|

m
al

Kweeii bZzb msvt gyw eM m~hi Mo NbZ I evmvai Dci wbfi Ki| Kvb ei NbZ hw` m~hi mgvb Ges
evmva hw` m~hi 500 b nq, Ze H ei c _K gyw eM ne Avjvi `wZ c Gi Gi Pq ekx| myZivs AvjvK
m wbRi w`K Ub ivLe, H e _K wbMZ Avjv eZB wdi hve, wK e _K eiZ cvie bv| G aibi
eK K weei ev K Mnei ej| |

Sh

ah

Ja

K weeii mwt hLb ekx cwigvb gnvRvMwZK evqy wbR^ gnvKlxq AvKlbi Pvc wbRi DciB Pzcm hZ _vK,
ZLbB GKwU ZviKvi mw nq| ZviKvwU msKzwPZ nIqvi mv_ mv_ evqyi cigvYyjvi ga gvMZ msNl nZ _vK
Ges Gi dj evqy D nq| kl ch evqy GZ D nq h, nvBWvRb cigvYy jv cii _K wQUK bv hq
GK wgk wnwjqvg cwiYZ nq| Gi dj h Zvc Drcb nq Zvi Rb ZviKvwU Avjv wewKiY Ki| evqyi G evowZ
Dvc cwiwai w`K GKUv evqy Pvci mw Ki| evqyi G Pvc I gnvKlxq AvKKlY hLb mgvb nq, ZLb evqyi msKvPb
cmviY e nq hvq| cvigvYweK cwqv _K m Dvci dj msNwUZ cmviY kw Ges cej gnvKl kwi dj
msNwUZ msKvPb kw GB `yB kwi fvimvgi dj ZviKvjv e Kvj ch mywZ _vK|

ht

cvRgv Aevt
wb Pvc MvmK D Kij H Mvm chv kw MnY Ki Mvm myY AvqwbZ Aev cv nq| ZLb Mvm mgvb msLK
abvZK Avavb I gy BjKUb _vK| Mvmi G AevK cvRgv Aev ej| Zvnj `Lv hvQ Mvmi gvU PviwU
Aev, h_v t (1) KwVb Aev (2) Zij Aev (3) evqexq Aev I (4) cvRgv Aev c`v_i cvRgv Aevi fZ
bvejx KwVb, Zij I evqexq c`v_i bvewj nZ AbK Avjv`v|

C
op

yr
ig

Kv_vW iwkt Kv_vW iwki Drcv`b, Gi ag I eenvit

Kv_vW iwkt ZworiY bj evqyi Pvc Kg 10-3mm _K 10-5mm cvi` Pvc nj mg bj AKvivQb nq hvq
Ges bj Kvb Avjv _vK bv| ZLb A`k iwki GKwU exg Kv_vW _K Awfj^ fve wbMZ nq KvPi bji `qvj
meyR cwZcfvi mw Ki| GB iwkK Kv_vW iwk ej|
Kv_vW iwki Drcv`bt AwZ wbPvc h e KvPbji evqy ev Mvmi gaw`q we`yr iYi eev Kiv nq ZvK iY
bj ej| iY bji gaKvi evqyPvc 10-3mm nZ 10-5mm cvi` Pvci
mgvb nq Ges bji wfZi BjKUvW q hLb 30,000 _K 40,000 fv
we`yr Pvci cv_K _vK ZLb bjwUi wfZi myYic AKvivQb _vK|
GB mgq Kv_vW nZ j^fve GK cKvi iwk wbMZ nq Ges GB iwki
Avjvi Avfv Kv_vWi wVK wecixZ iY bji `Iqvj `Lv hvq|
GK dvimU ej| cixv viv cgvY nqQ h, H iwkjv FYPvR hy gwjK KYvviv MwVZ| Kv_vW nZ GB
iwkjv wbMZ nq ej evwbK zK GK Kv_vW iwk bvg w`qQb| GB Kv_vW iwk FY PvRhy BjKUbi mvZ
viv MwVZ| K_vW iwk nj Kv_vW nZ wbMZ DP MwZeM mb BjKUbi mvZ|

Md. Shah Jamal Asst. Professor of Physics, BAF Shaheen College Dhaka, Phone No. 9125630, 9115369, 016 70856105,

http://teachingbd.com

teachingbd.com

08| AvaywbK c`v_wevbi m~Pbv (Introduction to Modern Physics)

m
al

Kv_vW iwki agt

1| Kv_vW iwk mij c_ Mgb Ki|
2| Kv_vW iwk FbvZK PvR wewk| Gi PvR -1.6 10 19 C |
3| Kv_vW iwk wi Zwor i ga w`q Mj Gi c_i wePywZ NU|
4| P^K i cfve G iwki c_ eK hvq|
5| Kv_vW iwk Pvc cqvM Ki|
6| Kv_vW iwki MwZkw AvQ|
7| G iwki fieM AvQ|
8| Kv_vW iwki f`b gZv AvQ|
9| G iwk ciiK weKlY Ki|
10| `Z MwZ mb Kv_vW iwk Kvb avZzi Dci AvcwZZ nj G-i Drcb nq|

ah

Ja

Kv_vW iwki eenvit

1| Kv_vW iwki mvnvh BjKUbi PvR, fi Ges AvcwK PvR wbYq Kiv hvq|
2| ib iwk ev G-i Drcv`b Kv_vW iwk eenvi Kiv nq|
3| Avqb mwi KvR Kv_vW iwk eenvi Kiv nq|

Sh

G-iwk, G-iwki Drcv`b, Gi ag I eenvi t

ib iwk (ev G-i)t
`Z MwZ mb BjKUb Kvb avZzK AvNvZ Kij Zv _K DP f`b gZv mb h wewKiY Drcb nq, ZvK
G-i ev ib iwk ej| GwU GKwU we`yr Pz^Kxq Zi Ges mvaviY Avjvi mv_ Gi cv_K Zi `Ni| G-i
Gi Zi `N 10 10 m cvq|

yr
ig

ht

G-iwki Drcv`bt
`Z MwZmb BjKUb hLb Kvb avZe cwZeK viv evavcv nq, ZLb BjKUbi wKQy MwZkw G iwkZ
icvwiZ nq| G iwk Drcv`bi GKwU AvaywbK hi g~j Ask jv wP `Lvb nj|

C
op

eYbvt
G-i Drcv`bi Rb evqyk~b KzwjR bj eenvi Kiv nq| G bji
ga C njv Uvsb wbwgZ mi Zvii Kzjx| GZ Zwor cevn
Pvjbv Ki D Kiv nq| dj D Kv_vW _K cPzi cwigvb
BjKUb wbMZ nq| AvbvW A j^v GKwU Zvgvi PvO| G PvO
DP Mjbv wewk avZe cvZ (Uvsb ev gwjeWbvg) AvUKvb
_vK| G avZzi cvZK UvMU ejv nq| Kv_vW I AvbvWi ga
DP wefe cv_K (cvq 30,000 _K 50,000 volt) mw Kiv nq| Kv_vW C K wNi _vK GKwU gwjeWbvg bj (FF)|
G bj BjKUb cevnK UvMUi Dci dvKvm Ki| Kv_vW I AvbvWi ga DP wefe cv_Ki Rb Kv_vW _K
wbMZ BjKUb ZwiZ nq Ges DP MwZ mb nq| G me BjKUbi MwZ kwi mvgvb Ask (0.1% _K 0.2%) X
iwkZ icvwiZ nq, evwK Ask Zvc icvwiZ nq| Zvgvi AvbvW G Zvc `Z cwienb Ki Ges Vvv cvwb viv GK
kxZj Kiv nq|
G-iwki ZxeZv wbfi Ki UvMU AvNvZKvix BjKUbi msLvi Dci| ZvB Kv_vW wdjvgUi gaw`q
cevwnZ Zwor cevni cwigvbi mvnvh G iwki ZxeZv cwigvc Kiv nq| G iwki f`b gZv wbfi Ki chy
wefe cv_Ki Dci|
Md. Shah Jamal Asst. Professor of Physics, BAF Shaheen College Dhaka, Phone No. 9125630, 9115369, 016 70856105,

http://teachingbd.com

teachingbd.com

08| AvaywbK c`v_wevbi m~Pbv (Introduction to Modern Physics)

aiv hvK, AvbvW I Kv_vWi ga wefe cv_K = V
BjKUbi PvR = e
BjKUbi fi = m
UvMU AvNvZKvix BjKUbi eM = v
BjKUbi MwZkw,

1 2
mv eV ... ... ... ... (1)
2

GLb, Avgiv Rvwb h, Xiwk nQ DP MwZkwi dvUbi cevn| KvqvUvg Z Abymvi Gi kw,
E h h

C
... ... ... ... (2)

m
al

GLvb, Kv
h = cvi ayeK = 6.63 10 34 Joule sec
C = Avjvi eM
= dvUbi Zi `N

aiv hvK, GKwU BjKUb UvMU AvNvZ Ki X-iwk (dvUb) Drcb KiQ| BjKUbi MwZkwi wKQy Ask
AZGe,

Ja

dvUbi kw wnmve Avwef~Z nq, evKx Ask Q Zvc kwZ icvwiZ nq|

hC

1 2
hC
mv eV
Q ... ... ... ... (3)
2

ah

hw` Kvb BjKUbi mg MwZ kw G iwkZ icvwiZ nq, m cwZlw Zi `N ne b~bZg, m

Q = 0, AZGe mgxKiY (3) _K cvB,
hC
GLvb, min = b~bZg Zi `N
min
hC

... ... ... (4) A_vr X iwki bj wewfb Zi `Ni X iwk wbMZ nq| Zba
eV

AZGe, min

Sh

eV

ht

b~bZg Zi `N (4) bs mgxKiY viv wbavwiZ nq|

yr
ig

X-iwki Gi ag (ewk)t

C
op

1| G-iwk mij iLvq Pj| k~b gvag Gi eM Avjvi eMi mgvb|

2| G-iwk Avavb nxbKwYKv, dvUb viv MwVZ|
3| Avjvi gZ G-iwk Zwor Pz^Kxq Zi| wK G-iwki Kv `kgvb Avjvi Kv Acv 1000 Y ekx|
4| Avjvi gZ G-iwki I cwZdjb, cwZmiY, ewZPvi, AceZb I mgeZb nq|
5| Avjvi gZ k~b vb Gi eM 3 10 8 ms -1 |
6| G-iwk dUvMvwdK cU wewqv NUvq|
7| G-iwk cwZ cfv mw Ki|
8| G-iwk Pvgov gvsk BZvw` f` Ki hZ cvi|
X-iwki eenvit

1| wPwKrmv t ivM wbYq G-iwki Ae`vb Ab^xKvh| G-iwki mvnvh `ni Afi h dUvMvd bIqv nq
ZvK iwWIMvd ej| iwWIMvdi mvnvh fvv nvo, kixii ga Kv_vI Z ev Kvb AevwZ ei DcwwZ `LZ
cvIqv hvq|
2| wk t wk KviLvbvq wbwgZ avZe ei ga wU wbYq G iwk eeZ nq; wekl Ki XvjvB ev SvjvB Gi
ci dvUj ev wU wbYqi Rb G iwk eeZ nq|
Md. Shah Jamal Asst. Professor of Physics, BAF Shaheen College Dhaka, Phone No. 9125630, 9115369, 016 70856105,

http://teachingbd.com

teachingbd.com

10
08| AvaywbK c`v_wevbi m~Pbv (Introduction to Modern Physics)
3| evwbK Melbvqt G iwki eenvi AZ evcK, iZc~Y I my`~icmvix| cigvYyi MVb welqK Melbvq G
iwki AceZb iZc~Y f~wgKv iLQ| Kjvmi MVb msv wewfb cixv I Melbvq G iwk eeZ nq|

4| I cywjk wefvMt PvivPvjvb ei Rb G iwk eenvi Kiv nq| mvbv, e ev wbwl Kvb e `ni Kv_vI
jyKvb AvQ wKbv Abymvbi Rb G-i vwbs eenvi Kiv nq|
G-iwk I Kv_vW iwki cv_Kt
G iwk
1| G iwk Zwor-Pz^Kxq Zi| G iwk dvUb viv
MwVZ|
2| Zwor ev P^K i cfve wePyr nq bv|
3| G iwki f`b gZv ekx|

Kv_vW iwk
1| Kv_vW iwk FbvZK Avavb hy KYv BjKUbi
mvZ|
2| Zwor ev P^K i cfve wePywZ NU|
3| Kv_vW iwki f`b gZv AbK Kg|
4| G iwki eM Kv_vW I AvbvWi wefe cv_Ki
Dci wbfi Ki|
5| G iwki mvnvh wewKiY Drcv`b Kiv hvq|

m
al

4| k~b gvag Gi eM Avjvi eMi mgvb|

Ja

5| G iwki mvnvh wewKiY Drcv`b Kiv hvq bv|

Sh

ah

KKvqv wewKiY evLvq wPivqZ c`v_wevbi ev_Zvt

GKwU KKvqvK D KiZ _vKj GUv weY cvjvi wewfb Zi`Ni wewKiY wbtmiY Ki| Zvci cfve wbtmZ G
wewKiYK Zvcxq wewKiY (thermal radiation) ej| wewfb cixv wbixv nZ Zvcxq wewKiYi Zi `Ni cvjv
AejvwnZ Aj nZ AwZewb Aj ch wbwYZ nqQ|

C
op

yr
ig

ht

wPivqZ c`v_we`vi gZ Zvci cfve Kvb ei ci wbKUeZx PvwRZ KYv ZvwiZ nq Zvc wewKiYi Drcw
NUvq Ges QvU GvbUbvi (antena) gZ wewKiY wbtmiY Ki| Zvcxq fve DwRZ
PvwRZ KwYKv Ggb fve ZvwiZ nq h, e _K wbiwewQbfve wewKiY wbtmZ nq ev
eYvjxi Drcw NU| Dbwesk kZvxi kli w`K wevbx gnj my nq h, KKvqv
_K weY cvjvi wewfb Zi `Ni wewKiY kw webvmi avivevwnK evLv wPivqZ
c`v_we`vi Z _K cvIqv hvq bv| DZv ewi mv_ KKvqv nZ wbtmZ wewKiYi
kw ew cvq| wK h Zi `N mevwaK ZxeZvi wewKY kwi wbtmiY NU, Zv Zvcgvv
ewi mv_ nvm cvq (wP cvk), hv wfbi (Wein) miY m~ mT aeK gb Pj|
GLvb T KKvqvi cig Zvcgvv Ges m njv mB Zi`N, h Zi `N mevwaK
ZxeZvi wewKY kwi wbMgb NU| wfbi miY m~wU z` Zi `Ni ejvq ^Ztwm njI `xN Zi `Ni
Dchy evLv w`Z cvi bv| wevbx iwj-wRb&m `xN Zi `Ni eYvjxZ kwi webvm evLv KiZ mg_ nb
Ges Zuviv kwi mgwefvRb m~ cqvM Ki, h m~ cwZcv`b Kib Zv cixvj djvdji mv_ mwZc~Y| wK z`
Zi `Ni iwj-wRb&mi m~ cixvj djvdji mv_ mwZc~Y bq|
myZivs, wPivqZ c`v_we`vi Z cqvM Ki KKvqv wewKiY kwi webvmi mdj evLv cvIqv hvq bv|
ciewZZ cvi KvqvUvg Z _K GB mgmvi mgvavb cvIqv hvq|
dvUbt kwi wewKiY wbiweQb fve NU bv| eis wewQbfve GK GKwU Q wbMZ I kvwlZ nq| A_vr h Kvb
wewKiY cvKU AvKvi wbMZ ev kvwlZ nq| G cvKU jvK ejv nq KvqvUv ev dvUb|

Md. Shah Jamal Asst. Professor of Physics, BAF Shaheen College Dhaka, Phone No. 9125630, 9115369, 016 70856105,

http://teachingbd.com

teachingbd.com

08| AvaywbK c`v_wevbi m~Pbv (Introduction to Modern Physics)

11

dvUbi ewkt
1| h Kvb wewKiY AmsL wewPb dvUb viv MwVZ|
2| dvUbi eM Avjvi eMi mgvb|
3| dvUbi wi fi k~b|
4| dvUb Zwor wbic|
5| dvUbi Z ic AvQ A_vr Kvb Kvb mgq GwU KYvi bvq AvPiY Ki Avevi Kvb Kvb mgq GwU Zii bvq
AvPiY Ki|
6| cZK dvUbi kw wbw` Ges GB kwi cwigvb E h GLvb, E = dvUbi kw; h = cvi aeK;
= dvUb Kv|

m
al

dUv Zwor wqv ev Avjvi Zwor wqv (Photoelectric Effect)t

h_vchy DP Kv wewk AvjvK iwk Kvb avZe c AvcwZZ nj Zv _K BjKUb wbtmZ nq, G NUbvK dUv
Zwor wqv ev Avjvi Zwor wqv ej| dUv Zwor wqvi dj avZe c _K wbtmZ BjKUbK dUv BjKUb ej|

C
op

yr
ig

ht

Sh

ah

Ja

dUv Zwor wqvi cixv (Experiment of Photoelectric Effect)t

wP KvqvUR wbwgZ evqyk~b bj `ywU avZe cvZ A Ges C AvQ| cvZ `ywUK evBii GKwU eZbxi mvnvh GKwU
evUvix B, GKwU cwieZbkxj iva Rh I GKwU mA -Gi msM hy Kiv nqQ| cvZ `ywUi wefe cv_K gvcvi Rb
eZbxZ GKwU fvwgUvi V mshy AvQ| A cvZwU evUvixi FbvZK cvi mv_ mshy| GLb AvjvK iwk A -Gi
Dci AvcwZZ nj A I C Gi ga Zwor cevni m~Pbv ne hv wgwjAvwgUvi G cwigvc Kiv hve| GLb cvZ `ywUi ga
wefe cv_K gk evovZ _vKj Zwor cevnI evoZ _vKe| wK wefe
cv_Ki GKwU wbw` gvbi ekxi Rb GB cevn Avi evoe bv| Kvb
wbw` wefe cv_Ki Rb Zwor cevni GB mevP gvbK mw cevn
ej|
wK hw` cvZ A -K mvgvb abvZK wefe Ges C K FbvZK
wefe ivL A-cvZi Dci GKUv wbw` Kvi Avjv AvcwZZ nZ
`Iqv nq Zvnj wbMZ BjKUbi ga axi MwZ mbjv C-Z bv
cQ cybivq A -Z wdi Avm| A I C Gi ga wefe cv_K gk
ew KiZ _vKj AvjvK Zworcevn gk KgZ _vKe Ges GK mgq A -Gi wbw` Kvb wefei Rb Zworcevn e
nq hve| wbw` avZe c`v_i Rb A -Gi GB abvZK wefeK wbewZ wefe ej| GB mgq Avjvi ZxeZv ew KijI
Kvb BjKUb C -Z cQ bv| GB wefe cv_KK BjKUbi PvR viv Y Kij BjKUYi mevwaK MwZkw
K max eVo cvIqv hvq|
1 2
mvm eVo ... ... ... (1) GLvb, m BjKUbi fi,
2
vm= BjKUbi mevwaK eM, e = BjKUbi PvR, Vo = wbew wefe|
cybivq hw` A-K FbvZK C K abvZK wefe iL Avjvi Kv AcwiewZZ iL ZxeZv gk evovbv nq

ev,

Zvnj `Lv hve h wbewZ wefei gvb me mgq GKB _vKQ wK Zwor cevni gvb ew cve|
Aci c Avjvi ZxeZv GKB iL Kv cwieZb Kij `Lv hve h, Kv hZB evovbv nq wbewZ wefe
ZZB eo hvq wK Zwor cevni Kvb cwieZb nq bv| GZ eySv hvq, Kv ewi mv_ mv_ dUv BjKUbi
mevP MwZ kw ew cvq| Avevi Kv nvm KiZ _vKj `Lv hvq h, Kvb GKwU wbZg Kv H avZz _K Kvb
BjKUb wbtmZ nqbv| D b~bZg KvK H avZzi Q`b Kv ev m~Pb Kv ej|

Md. Shah Jamal Asst. Professor of Physics, BAF Shaheen College Dhaka, Phone No. 9125630, 9115369, 016 70856105,

http://teachingbd.com

teachingbd.com

12
08| AvaywbK c`v_wevbi m~Pbv (Introduction to Modern Physics)
AvjvK Zwor wqv evLvq wPivqZ Zi Zi e_Zvt
Avjvi Zi Z Avjvi Zwor wqv evLvq ev_ nqQ| ev_Zvi KviY mg~n wb DjL Kiv njt
(K) wPivqZ Zi Z Abymvi BjKUbK cigvby _K gy KiZ AbK mgq cqvRb| wK AvjvK Zwor wqv GKwU
ZvrwbK NUbv|
(L) wPivqZ Zi Z Abymvi wbtmZ BjKUbi cv_wgK eM Avjvi ZxeZvi Dci wbfikxj| wK AvjvK Zwor
wqvi cixvj djvdj _K `LZ cvB, wbtmZ BjKUbi cv_wgK eM ZxeZvi Dci wbfikxj bq; Kvi Dci
wbfikxj| cixvj GB djvdj Zi Zi mvnvh evLv Kiv hvq bv|
(M) h Kvb avZzi Gi m~Pb Kvi Pq ekx Kv wewk Avjv AvcwZZ njB BjKUb wbMZ ne| GB
m~Pb Kvi AwZ -wPivqZ Zi Z viv evLv Kiv hvq bv|
AZGe, AvjvK Zwor wqvi cixvj djvdj wPivqZ Zi Z viv evLv Kiv hvq bv|

ah

Ja

m
al

AvjvK Zwor wqvi Rb AvBbvBbi mgxKiY wbYqt

KvqvUvg Z Abyhvqx h Kvb wewKiY wewQb cvKU ev dvUbi AvKvi wbtmZ nq|
cwZwU dvUbi kw h GLvb, h = cvi ayeK Ges = wewKiYi Kv| AvBbvBbi gZ, cigvYyi mv_
GKwU dvUbi wwZvcK msNl nq Ges Gi cigvYyi GKwU BjKUb dvUbi mg kw kvlY Ki bq| KvRB
BjKUbi kw h cwigvb ew cvq| GLb BjKUbwU wbDwKqvmi AvKlb cigvbyZ Ave _vK| myZivs cigvby
_K wewQb KiZ nj wKQy kvwlZ kw eq KiZ nq|
awi, GB evwqZ kwi cwigvb = Wo
Avevi BjKUbwU wbtmviK cvZ cwiZvM Kivi mgq wKQ~ MwZkwmn wbtmZ nq| myZivs kwi wbZZvi mvnvh
1
2

Sh

jLvhvq, h Wo mv 2

GB mgxKiYK AvjvK Zwor mwKZ AvBbvBbi mgxKiY ejv nq|

ht

1
h h o mv 2
2

GLvb, m = BjKUbi fi Ges v = BjKUbi wbtmiY eM|

GLb avZe cvZ _K BjKUb wbtmiYi Rb cvi Kv o nj KvhcK Wo h o

C
op

yr
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jRvi iwk I Gi MVbt

eZgvb c`v_ evbi GKwU wekl iZc~Y Avwevi nQ jRvi (laser), LASER Light Amplification by
Stimulated Emission of Radition K_vwUi msw ic jRvi iwk
Drcv`bi wewfb evev AvQ| G`i ga iwe jRvi AbZg| 1 cm
evmi I cvq 5cm `N wewk AB GKwU iwe Kjvm| GwU GKwU
vwgqvg Wvwcshy Avjywgwbqvg AvBW| GB Kjvmi A cv myY
mygmY I myY wmjfvwis Kiv| Aci cv B I mygmY Ges A Gi mwnZ
mgvivj wK AvswkK wmjfvwis Kiv| Gevi GKwU Rbb evwZi mvnvh
Avjvi SjK Kjvmi Dci djj Kjvmi cigvYy jv DwRZ nq Ges jvj Avjv wbmZ nq| GB Avjv evievi A
Ges B Gi ga cwZdwjZ nq Ges DxwcZ nq| dj Zxe jRvi iwk B cv w`q wbMZ nq|
jRvi iwki ewk ev agt
1| G iwki ZxeZv Lye ekx|
2| G iwki `kv -mymsnZ|
3| G iwk cvq wbLuyZ fve mgvivj nq|
4| G iwk GK eYx|
5| G iwk cvwb viv kvwlZ nq bv|
Md. Shah Jamal Asst. Professor of Physics, BAF Shaheen College Dhaka, Phone No. 9125630, 9115369, 016 70856105,

http://teachingbd.com

teachingbd.com

08| AvaywbK c`v_wevbi m~Pbv (Introduction to Modern Physics)

13

jRvi iwki eenvi ev cqvMt

1| cixvMvi jRvi iwki mvnvh Avjvi wewfb ewk cgvY Kiv hvq|
2| hvMvhvM eevq jRvi iwk eeZ nq|
3| KwVb eZ MZKiv, Rvov ev SvjvB KvR
4| wPwKrmv m~ AvcPvi jRvi iwk eeZ nq|
5| jRvi iwki mvnvh mwVKfve `~iZ gvcv hvq| jRvi iwki mvnvh cw_ex_K Puv`i `~iZ cvq mwVKfve wbYq
me nqQ|

1eV 1.6 10 19 C 1Volt

1eV 1.6 10 19 Ryj ( J )

m
al

BjKUb fv (eV)t GKwU BjKUb GK fv wefe cv_K AwZg KiZ h cwigvb KvR mv`b Ki, A_ev h
cwigvb kw ARb Ki, ZvK BjKUb fv ej| 1eV = B jKU bi PvR 1 fv

ej| GK o viv cKvk Kiv nq| Gi gvb o

Ja

m~Pb Kvt dvUbi h Kvi wbP avZz _K BjKUb wbMZ ne bv, dvUbi m b~bZg KvK m~Pb Kv
Wo
GLvb, Wo = KvhvcKi gvb ev b~bZg eb kw I h =
h

ah

cvi aeK|

Sh

wbew wefet h wbw` wefei Rb dUv BjKUb wbtmiY e nq hvq ZvK H avZzi wbew wefe ejv nq| G wbew
wefei gvb AvcwZZ Avjvi cKwZ I dUv BjKUb wbtmiYKvix avZzi cKwZi Dci wbfi Ki|

C
op

yr
ig

ht

Kvh AcKt Kvb avZec _K BjKUb wbtmiYi Rb GKwU b~bZg kwi cqvRb _vK ZvK BjKUbi eb
kw ej| hLb eb kw b~bZg nq ZLb wbtmZ BjKUbi MwZkw mevP nq| G b~bZg eb kwK Kvh
AcK ej| Kvh AcKi gvb Wo h o GLvb, h = cvi aeK I o = m~Pb Kv|

Md. Shah Jamal Asst. Professor of Physics, BAF Shaheen College Dhaka, Phone No. 9125630, 9115369, 016 70856105,

http://teachingbd.com

teachingbd.com