03 SEP674 RET670 Differential Protection

Substation Automation Products
Transformer protection RET670

Differential protection
1MRG019259
Chapter 03
Contents
ABB Group
September 10, 2015 | Slide 2
Application
Factors that affect a transformer protection
Differential protection function
Differential and bias currents
Zero sequence elimination
Operating characteristics
Blocking criteria
Internal external fault discriminator
On-load tap-changer compensation
Switch onto fault
Supervision Open CT and differential current
In and output signals
Settings
Monitored data
Chapter 03
Application
Transformer differential protection
ABB Group
The majority of all transformer failures

are caused by winding faults
The differential protection is
the main protection in case of winding

failure
a unit protection limited by used CTs
fast, sensitive and secure
2nd harmonic and waveform block restraint

to avoid unwanted tripping for inrush
5th harmonic to avoid unwanted tripping for

overexcitation
Chapter 03
Application
Differential protection (TxWPDIF, 87T)
Phase differential protection function
single or multi-breaker arrangement,
protects one or two objects,
with or without tap-changer position

monitor,
with or without loaded delta winding,
Power transformer,
ABB Group
Two or three windings
Auto-transformer,
Shunt reactor,
Generator transformer block,
Phase shifting transformer
Chapter 03
Application
Differential protection (T2WPDIF, 87T)
RET670
Two-winding differential protection

function with
Up to 4 three-phase CT inputs
Up to 2 instances
One on-load tap-changer
. . .
RET670
ABB Group
RET670
Chapter 03
Application
Differential protection (T3WPDIF, 87T)
RET670
Three-winding differential protection

function with
Up to 6 three-phase CT inputs
Up to 2 instances
Up to 2 on-load tap-changers
. . .
RET670
RET670
ABB Group
Chapter 03
Application
Low impedance type
Low requirements on CTs
No need for interposing transformers

magnitude, phase angle correction and zero
sequence is implemented in the IED
ABB Group
Using the fundamental frequency components
Features to detect
turn-to-turn faults
open CT
Tap-changer position monitoring for increased

sensitivity
Differential current supervision
Switch on to fault feature
Chapter 03
Common unbalances Overview

Unbalances to be handled due to other

factors than faults in the transformer
Currents that flow on only one side of

the power transformer
Magnetizing currents that flow on only the

power source side
Normal magnetizing currents
Inrush magnetizing currents
Overexcitation magnetizing currents
Currents that cannot be transformed to

the other windings
ABB Group
Zero sequence currents
Error in the power transformer turns ratio

due to OLTC
Chapter 03
Common unbalances Overview

Unbalances to be handled due to other

factors than faults in the transformer
Inequality of the instrument current

transformers
Different ratings of current transformers
Different types of current transformers
Different relative loads on

instrument transformers
Different relative currents on

CT primaries
Different relative burdens on

CT secondaries
Different DC time constants of the

fault currents
ABB Group
Different time of occurrence, and degree,

of CT saturation
Chapter 03
Inrush current
ABB Group
Source impedance
Size of the transformer
Location of energized winding
Inner 10 to 20 times of Irated
Outer 5 to 10 times of Irated
Connection of windings
Point of wave when the switch closes
Magnetic properties of the core
Remanence of the core
Pre-insertion resistors or switch-synch
Chapter 03
Energizing inrush
IL1
IL2
IL3
Switch-on
High current peak and long DC time constant
Risk for CT saturation
Phase currents may differ considerably
Different harmonic levels in different phases
2nd harmonic
ABB Group
Typical magnetizing
inrush current
waveform
60 MVA, 140/40 kV,
YNd
Chapter 03
Sympathetic inrush
T2
T1
Energizing transformer T2
Inrush at T1 can appear and long DC time constant
Maximum after some delay
Oscillations between T1 and T21MRG004868
2nd harmonic
ABB Group
T1 inrush current
waveform
Chapter 03
Recovery inrush and overexcitation

ILx
ABB Group
Clearing of external fault near the

transformer
The voltage at the terminals recovers to

its normal levels
Inrush currents
2nd harmonic
Overexcitation results from
Overvoltage and/or
Low frequency
Could be harmful and an overexcitation

protection should be considered
5th harmonic
Chapter 03
Current transformer saturation

ILw1x
ILw2x
Idiffx
2nd harmonic
False differential current during external faults due to CT saturation
DC offset will produce phase shift between primary and secondary current
Current includes harmonics that may disturb the protection operation
ABB Group
Chapter 03
Current transformer saturation

Delay for heavy internal faults as a consequence of harmonic distortion of

the fault currents
Due to initial heavy saturation, the harmonic restrain can delay/prevent

immediate operation of the restrained (percentage) differential protection
ABB Group
Chapter 03
Zero sequence current transformation

Three phase or two phase faults
Delta-Wye Winding Effects on Primary Current

Ref. ANSI/IEEE C37.91, IEEE Guide for Protective
Relay Applications to Power Transformers
ABB Group
Positive and negative sequence

components are transformed
between the windings (incl. phase
shift)
Single phase fault
Zero sequence currents is not

correctly transformed
False differential currents needs

to be eliminated
Chapter 03
References
Internal adaptation to power transformer

vector group, turns ratio and CT ratio
Magnitude reference
Yd
All currents (differential, bias) are transferred

to the reference side and expressed in
primary Amperes
Phase reference
Dy
Yy
Dd
ABB Group
First winding (usually HV)
first star-connected winding HV MV LV
if no star winding, first delta-connected winding

HV MV LV
All current currents are phase shifted with

respect to the reference side
Chapter 03
Differential currents
Phase segregated
Fundamental frequency differential currents is calculated as:

or
ABB Group
Where the coefficients A, B and C depend on
winding connection type,
transformer vector group and
zero sequence current elimination set on or off
Chapter 03
A, B and C matrices
Type and vector group
Zero sequence reduction
YN
0o
yn
0o
d1
-30o
Set Off
Set On
Matrix for reference

winding
Not applicable
yn2 -60o
d5 -150o
Not applicable
Not applicable
d11 +30o
ABB Group
Chapter 03
Bias currents
ABB Group
Higher currents might lead to unbalance currents other than faults
CT saturation due to high through fault currents
High load and tap-changer in end-position etc
Its necessary to stabilize the differential protection
The bias current is defined as
the highest fundamental frequency current amongst all phase currents (high,
medium and low voltage side)
and common for all three operate-restrain characteristics
referred to magnitude reference side (W1)
and specific for single breaker application:
Chapter 03
Bias currents
Bias currents in multi-breaker arrangements
Through-fault stability (external fault)
Ideal CTs, external current summation stable
+A
+B
Idiff
-A -B
To Diff Prot
+A -A -B -B
IDIFF = +B -B = 0
IBIAS = MAX(-B; +B)
ABB Group
Ibias
Chapter 03
Bias currents
Real CTs, external current summation loss of information and risk for
unwanted trip due to false differential current and insufficient stabilization
+A
+B
Idiff
-A -B
To Diff Prot
+A -A -B error -B error
IDIFF = +B -B error = error
IBIAS = MAX(-B error; +B)
ABB Group
Ibias
Chapter 03
Bias currents
Real CTs, internal current summation higher security
+A
+B
Idiff
-A -B
To RET 670
+A
-A -B error
TxWPDIF
Ibias
ABB Group
to IBIAS calculation
IDIFF = = +A -A -B error +B = error
to IDIFF & IBIAS calculation
IBIAS = MAX(-B error; +B; +A; -A -B error)
Chapter 03
Bias currents
The bias current for multi-breaker application is defined as
CT1
the highest fundamental frequency current amongst all phase currents from
CT1, CT2 and the sum.
If CT rating >> rated current of the winding a risk of unwanted desensitizing (over-biasing) of the differential protection.
There is a possibility to scale the bias contribution from CT1 and CT2
(parameter: CTxRatingWy) to prevent over-biasing.
Irated Wx
CT2
to IBIAS calculation
ABB Group
to IDIFF & IBIAS calculation
Chapter 03
Bias currents
The bias current for multi-breaker application is calculated
and the maximum value is selected (1 out of 27 for a 3 winding multibreaker arrangement).
ABB Group
Chapter 03
Bias currents
Multi-breaker application example
When 1pu primary current flows through the T-side CT, this should
contribute a 1pu component to the bias calculation
Irated_CT1: 1000 A
Irated_W1: 500 A
CT1
W1
Without action the bias contribution

from CT1 is 1000 A (2pu)
By applying scaling factor:
CT1RatingW1: 1000
The bias contribution from the CT will be
I(RatedCurrentWy / CTxRatingWy) = 1000 (500/1000) = 500 A (1pu)
ABB Group
Chapter 03
Zero sequence elimination

Elimination of zero sequence currents is

necessary to avoid unwanted trips for
external earth faults when
zero sequence currents
1.
2.
ABB Group
1.
cannot flow to the other side of the transformer
2.
can only flow on one side of the transformer
Removing the zero sequence currents

decreases the sensitivity for internal faults but
the bias currents are treated in the same way

this compensates to some degree
Setting per winding:
On/Off
Chapter 03
Operating characteristic Unrestrained

Unrestrained, non-stabilized,
instantaneous limit
Independent of bias current
No doubt that the fault is internal
No blocking criteria
Setting: IdUnre
IdUnre
ABB Group
1.0 - 50.0 times IBase
IBase (RatedCurrentW1): rated

current of winding 1 (A)
Chapter 03
Operating characteristic Operate-Restrain

Operate unconditionally
Start:
IdMin
Section 3
Section 2
Section 1
Operate conditionally
Restrain
Section 1
IdMin, independent of bias currents
Normal currents
Natural differential currents due to

off-nominal on-load-tap changer
position
Section 2
ABB Group
Differential and bias currents are

above the operate-restrain
characteristic
Minor slope to cope with false

differential currents due to high
load
Chapter 03
Operating characteristic Operate-Restrain

Section 3
Operate unconditionally
Higher tolerance to substantial CT

saturation at high trough fault
currents
IdMin
ABB Group
The slope:
Settings:
Section 3
Section 2
Section 1
Operate conditionally
IdMin
Restrain
0.05 0.60 times IBase
Endsection1 and 2
SlopeSection2 and 3
IBase (RatedCurrentW1): rated

current of winding 1 (A)
Chapter 03
Operating characteristics Blocking criteria

IDL3
IDL2
Phase segregated feature
Waveform restrain or
Harmonic restrain
IDL1
IBias
ABB Group
Second or fifth harmonic blocking
All three work in parallel and can

block the differential protection
function phase-wise
Instantaneous differential currents are

calculated and used in the analysis
The same equations are used as for

the fundamental differential
calculations (IDL1-L3)
Chapter 03
Operating characteristics Waveform restrain

IL1
Typical magnetizing
inrush current
waveform
IL2
IL3
60 MVA, 140/40 kV,

YNd
Based on pattern recognition algorithm
Looks for intervals with low rate-of-change in the instantaneous

differential currents
Typical to power transformer and shunt reactor inrush currents
No settings
Bundled and phase segregated output signals (BLKWAVLx)
ABB Group
Chapter 03
Operating characteristics Harmonic restrain

1. Inrush
IL1
IL2
IL3
IN
1.
inrush currents or
2.
currents caused by overexcitation (high

voltage/low frequency)
Overexcitation could be harmful but this

phenomenon should be handled by the
overexcitation protection
The analysis is performed after operaterestrain-characteristic start
The ratio I2/I1 and I5/I1 is calculated per

phase
Bundled and phase segregated output

signals (BLK2HLx and BLK5HLx)
2. Overexcitation
ILx
ABB Group
Required to prevent unwanted tripping due

to magnetizing (false differential currents)
Chapter 03
Operating characteristics Cross-blocking

IDL2/3
IDL1
Phase L1
blocked
cross-block
Not affected
Ibias
Ibias
Inrush currents in separate phases of a power transformer may differ

considerably and
each phase will most likely have different harmonic levels and waveform
If a blocking condition is active in one phase (harmonic or waveform)
ABB Group
This condition can block the differential protection in other two phases
But only if the differential protection in that phase have started
Chapter 03
Blocking criteria Summary

Waveform inrush
ABB Group
Settings: None
Second harmonic inrush, CT

saturation
Settings: Settable level in % of

fundamental frequency
Default setting: 15.0%
Fifth harmonic overexcitation
Settings; settable level in % of

fundamental frequency
Default setting: 25.0%
Cross-blocking between phase
Settings: On/Off
Default setting: On
Chapter 03
Internal external fault discriminator - Overview

The level of negative sequence currents

are normally very low in a healthy
system
Increasing levels is a fault indicator
Positive and negative sequence

quantities follow the same laws
Transformed in the same way by a power

transformer
The same way to compensate for vector

group and turns ratio
Possible to compare the currents on HV

and LV (MV) side
RET670
ABB Group
The point of fault is a fictitious source of

the negative sequence current
Chapter 03
Internal external fault discriminator - Overview

The fault position can be determined by

comparing the flow directions on all sides
Theoretically a symmetrical fault will not

cause negative sequence currents but
due to the DC component the component

will be present
The protected transformer must be

loaded, if not its not possible to
determine direction
Objective
RET670
ABB Group
Three direction comparisons for a three

winding transformer
Use negative sequence currents
Create a sensitive internal/external fault

discriminator
Chapter 03
External fault
RET670
ABB Group
External fault
The negative sequence currents are 180o out of phase (IED reference
direction: towards the object)
Magnitude are close to identical
Chapter 03
Internal fault
RET670
Internal fault
ABB Group
The residual currents are approximately in phase
Chapter 03
Operating characteristics
The directional comparison is
performed if the magnitude of both

phasors are > IMinNegSeq
not performed during transformer

energization
To guarantee good sensitivity:
ABB Group
IMinNegSeq must not be set too high
Settings:
Relay operate angle (NegSeqROA)

30 90o
Minimum current (IminNegSeq)

0.02 0.20
Chapter 03
CT saturation
4
CT saturation might cause

phase angles 180o or 0o
Approximately 5 ms time to
saturation of the main CT is
sufficient
2
5
ABB Group
The figure shows a test

1.
7 ms: Internal fault declared
2.
12 ms: Trip command issued
3.
Definitely an internal fault
4.
Excursion due to CT
saturation
5.
External fault region
Chapter 03
Internal external fault discriminator Features

Discriminates between internal and

external faults with high dependability
Detects even minor faults with high

sensitivity and high speed
The feature is used in two sub

functions:
1. Unrestrained negative sequence
differential protection (NSUNR)
Turn-to-turn fault at the end of the

common winding
(Courtesy of Croatian Utility HEP)
ABB Group
2. Sensitive negative sequence protection

(NSSENS)
Chapter 03
Traditional differential protection

Simplified logical diagram
ABB Group
1MRG004867
Chapter 03
Unrestrained NS differential protection

Dependent on the traditional differential protection
A restrained start is required and the internal / external fault discriminator

categorizes the fault as internal Trip
The blocking supervision is bypassed if the fault is declared: Internal
ABB Group
Chapter 03
Sensitive NS turn-to-turn fault protection

Blocking condition:
2nd harmonic, 5th harmonic,
waveblock and crossblock
Negative sequence
internal/external
fault discriminator
Internal
I- start &
internal
&
&
>1
Bias
<150%
TRIP
Unrestrained
Restrained
START
Independent of the traditional differential protection, no restrained start is required
The decision must be confirmed several times in order to secure the decision before
a trip is placed
Nevertheless, the operating time is about 40 ms for very low level turn-to-turn faults
The protection is blocked when the bias currents >150%
ABB Group
Chapter 03
On-line compensation for OLTC General

ABB Group
Without OLTC information, fixed ratio is used when

calculating the differential currents
As turns ratio changes off nominal (due to OLTC

movement), the currents will change and false differential
currents will appear
TxWPDIF has a feature to monitor the tap-position and

dynamically compensate the equation above
i.e. if the tap-changer is placed on W1, the no-load

voltage Ur_W1 will be treated as a function of the actual
tap position
OLTC must be considered when selecting IdMin
Typically IdMin-setting is 0.30 - 0.40 but if position

information is available the settings could be halved
Chapter 03
On-line compensation for OLTC

YLTC (TCL or TCM) is the interface between the OLTC and

TxWPDIF
T2WPDIF can be compensated for one OLTC
T3WPDIF can be compensated for one or two OLTC
Inputs: Tap position information
mA input signal (requires MIM-input HW-module),
binary input signals (TCLYLTC, max 32 steps) or
coded binary, BCD or Gray coded
Outputs: to be used by TxWPDIF
Actual tap position (TCPOS TAPOLTCx, Integer)
OLTC alarm (POSERRAL OLTCxAL)
Whenever OLTCxAL = 1 (true)
ABB Group
Actual IdMin will be increased depending of the OLTC settings
Chapter 03
Switch on to fault feature

Typical magnetizing inrush current
waveform (red) and voltage (blue)
Built-in SOTF feature - only active when energizing the transformer
Ensures faster tripping when energizing a faulted transformer (severe fault)
Based on the fact: different shape of the current when energizing a healthy
transformer compared to switch on to a fault
Instantaneous increase in current
ABB Group
The waveform block will reset and temporary disable the blocking signals Fast
operation of the differential protection
When SOTF disabled: Waveform the other blocking features are completely
independent from each other
Chapter 03
Supervision Differential current alarm

The differential current level is continuously

monitored
When all three phase differential currents

are above:
IdMin
IDiffAlarm
ABB Group
IDiffAlarm (<IdMin) and
tAlarmDelay have elapsed
the output signal IDALARM is set
Application
warning if the differential level approaches

trip level (due to the tap-changer position)
desensitize the differential function using

logic and OLTCxAL input
Settings:
IDiffAlarm:
0.05 1.00 times IBase
tAlarmDelay:
0.00 60.0 s
Chapter 03
Supervision Open CT detection

Objective:
ABB Group
To prevent maloperation due loss of single phase

secondary current
The feature
must operate within 10 ms to ensure differential

protection blocking
is based on sudden drop to zero in one phase and

no change in the others
is enabled about 1 minute after entering normal load

conditions (IBias >10% of rated current)
and disabled at high currents (>110% of rated current

i.e. overload, external faults, inrush conditions)
Chapter 03
Supervision Open CT detection

When open CT detected
All differential functions, except the unrestrained

function, will be blocked immediately
The unrestrained function will be blocked after

tOCTUnrstDelay (< 6000 s)
An alarm will be given after tOCTAlarmDelay

(< 10 s)
Reset
ABB Group
A detected open CT condition will be reset

automatically once the condition has disappeared
Symmetrical bias current within 10 110% for at least

1 minute and
this must be fulfilled at least for tOCTResetDelay

(< 10 s) to prevent maloperation at reconnection
It is not possible to externally reset the open CT

detection
Chapter 03
In- and output signals

Phase currents W1 CT1

W1 CT2
Analog input signals
(SMAI group signal output)
W2 CT2
W3 CT2
Tap changer #1 position
OLTC input signal
#2 position
(YLTC function outputs)
Tap changer #1 alarm
#2 alarm
Block of function
Binary input signal
Block of restrained trip
Block of unrestrained trip
Block of unrestrained negative seq differential
Block of negative seq differential protection
ABB Group
Chapter 03

Binary output signals

General trip
Restrained differential trip
Unrestrained differential trip
Unrestrained negative sequence differential trip
Sensitive negative sequence differential protection trip
General start
Start signal from phase Lx
Second harmonic blocking
Fifth harmonic blocking
Waveform blocking
ABB Group
Chapter 03

Sustained differential current alarm

Open CT detected
Open CT, delayed signal
Differential current, samples, phase Lx
Differential current, RMS-value, phase Lx

Bias current
Negative sequence differential current
ABB Group
Binary output signals

Analog output signals
HMI and Disturbance
recorder
Chapter 03
Differential protection settings

Overview
Two-winding
transformer
1st
instance
General settings
Rated values for winding 1
and 2 (3)
Winding 1 and 2 (3)
connection type
Phase angle between W1
and W2 (W1 and W3)
Zero sequence subtraction
on/off per winding
Multi-breaker and bias
correction W1 and W2 (W3)
On-Load tap-changer: Not

used, W1, W2 (W3)
Tap-changer data
ABB Group
Chapter 03
Differential protection settings OLTC

Overview
General settings
On-load tap-changer
1st instance
Conversion data
mA, BCD, BIN, Gray, Single

OLTC Ctrl settings
Setting group 1
ABB Group
Chapter 03
Differential protection settings

Group N settings
Specific settings
Operation On/Off
Switch onto fault function
Operation characteristic
Blocking
Negative sequence differential function
Open CT
Alarm settings
ABB Group
Chapter 03
Monitored data
ABB Group
Tests/Functions status/Differential
protection/ TransformerDiffxWind(PDIF,87T)
TRIP General trip
TRIPRES Restrained trip
TRIPUNRE Unrestrained trip
TRNSUNR Unrestrained NS trip
TRNSSENS Sensitive NS trip
START General start signal
STL1-3 Start signal from phase Lx
BLK2H, L1-3 Second harmonic blocking
BLK5H, L1-3 Fifth harmonic blocking
BLKWAV, L1-3 Waveform blocking
IDALARM Sustained differential currents

alarm
OPENCT Open CT detected
OPENCTAL Open CT delayed alarm
Chapter 03
Monitored data
ABB Group
Tests/Functions status status/Differential

protection/ TransformerDiffxWind(PDIF,87T)
IDL1MAG Magnitude of differential current,

phase L1 (A)
IDL2MAG Phase L2 (A)
IDL3MAG Phase L3 (A)
IBIAS Magnitude of bias current (A, Common

for all phases)
IDNSMAG Magnitude of negative sequence

differential current (A)
Chapter 03
ABB
SA-TGroup
Training

03 SEP674 RET670 Differential Protection

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Substation Automation Products

Transformer protection RET670

Factors that affect a transformer protection

Differential protection function

Differential and bias currents

Zero sequence elimination

Internal external fault discriminator

On-load tap-changer compensation

Switch onto fault

Supervision Open CT and differential current

In and output signals

The majority of all transformer failures

The differential protection is

the main protection in case of winding

a unit protection limited by used CTs

fast, sensitive and secure

2nd harmonic and waveform block restraint

5th harmonic to avoid unwanted tripping for

Phase differential protection function

single or multi-breaker arrangement,

protects one or two objects,

with or without tap-changer position

with or without loaded delta winding,

Two or three windings

Generator transformer block,

Phase shifting transformer

Two-winding differential protection

One on-load tap-changer

Three-winding differential protection

Low impedance type

Low requirements on CTs

No need for interposing transformers

Using the fundamental frequency components

Tap-changer position monitoring for increased

Differential current supervision

Switch on to fault feature

Common unbalances Overview

Unbalances to be handled due to other

Currents that flow on only one side of

Magnetizing currents that flow on only the

Normal magnetizing currents

Inrush magnetizing currents

Overexcitation magnetizing currents

Currents that cannot be transformed to

Zero sequence currents

Error in the power transformer turns ratio

Common unbalances Overview

Unbalances to be handled due to other

Inequality of the instrument current

Different ratings of current transformers

Different types of current transformers

Different relative loads on

Different relative currents on

Different relative burdens on

Different DC time constants of the

Different time of occurrence, and degree,

Size of the transformer

Location of energized winding

Inner 10 to 20 times of Irated

Outer 5 to 10 times of Irated

Point of wave when the switch closes

Magnetic properties of the core

Remanence of the core