Chapter 14 Review Q.

Answers

1. a) When a substance is heated, its particles gain thermal energy and begin to move faster.
b) The temperature of a substance is an indicator of the average kinetic energy of its particles.
The faster the particles move, the more kinetic energy they have, and the higher the temperature
of the substance.
2. a) The more kinetic energy particles have, the father apart they can move from each other. The
physical state of a substance is linked in part to the relative distances between particles.
b) Particles in a solid can only vibrate and have very little kinetic energy. Particles in a liquid can
flow past each other and have little more kinetic energy. Particles in a gas are free to move far
apart from each other and have the most kinetic energy.
3. As you drive a car, the air inside the tires heat up, but the volume of the tires does not change
very much. When the temperature of a gas is increased, the pressure of the gas also increases if
the volume remains the same.
4. a) The cold water cools down the gas inside the tank. At a lower pressure, the gas molecules
have less energy to collide with one another and their container, so the gas pressure decreases.
b) Substance As particles have more mass than those of substance B. More massive particles
have more kinetic energy than smaller particles moving at the same speed.
c) At high temperatures, the particles in a gas have a great deal of kinetic energy that enables
them to collide with each other and move far apart from each other. The farther apart gas
molecules inside a balloon move, the less dense the gas becomes. When the gas in a balloon
becomes less dense than the air outside the balloon, the balloon will rise in the air.
d) There are many more water molecules in a swimming pool full of water than in 1 L of water.
The number of particles affects the total energy of the substance. Therefore, it takes much more
energy to warm up all the water molecules in a swimming pool even 1 degree Celsius than to
raise the temperature of 1 L of water to 100 degrees Celsius and keep it there until all the water
boils away.
5. Earths atmosphere and clouds absorb 19% of the incoming solar radiation. The atmosphere
reflects about 6% (about 26% including clouds) of the incoming solar radiation. Earths
atmosphere transmits about 75% of the incoming solar radiation.
6. C
7. A

8. A
9. a) IV

b) VI

c) VII

d) I

e) III

f) V

g) II

10. The metal used to make the train tracks expanded on the hot July day. This is called thermal
expansion and means that an object at a high temperature has a greater volume than the same
object at a lower temperature. Thermal expansion is caused by particles moving faster and with
more energy at higher temperatures.
11. The blossoms might have been watered to protect them from the subzero temperatures. Water
must lose a great deal of thermal energy before it freezes. As the air temperature dropped, heat
moved from the water into the cold air. The water essentially acted as an insulator for the
blossoms. The air absorbed heat from the water instead of from the blossoms. This protected the
blossoms from frost damage.
12. a) Placing the main heating element on the bottom of an oven warms the air near it, which
becomes less dense than the cooler air surrounding it. The warmer, less dense air rises and the
cooler, denser air sinks near the heating element. The heating element warms the cool air and the
process continues, allowing the food to cook evenly.
b) Convection ovens cook food in less time than conventional ovens because the fan in a
convection oven is continually forcing hot air near the surface of the food. Since the food is in
constant contact with hot air instead of relying on normal convection to heat the food, the food
cooks faster.
13. When fiberglass insulation is fluffy, air fills the gaps between the fibers. Air is a good
insulator, so the air-filled gaps increase the insulating ability of the fiberglass. When fiberglass
insulation is squished, the gaps between the fibers much smaller, allowing less air in and
reducing the insulating ability of the fiberglass.
14. B