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Name
: Raymond Thomas
Student number
:27788903
: 6 December
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II
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Title
Page numbers
Abstract
Introduction
2-3
Theory
-
4-8
Methodology
9-13
Results
14-17
Discussion
18-20
Conclusion
21
References
22-23
III
Abstract
Introduction
The term Specific Heat is defined by amount of heat required by a
1kg substance to increase its temperature by one degree celcius.Heat
capacity is also a synonym term for specific heat.The relationship
between heat and changes in temperature can be expressed as shown
in Below:-
Q = mcT
Q = Heat energy.(J)
m = Mass of the substance.(kg)
c = Capacity of the substance.(oJ kg-1
K-1)
T = Change is temperature.(K)
conductors have the lower heat capacity value than the insulators.The
total energy of a substance depends on its mass and temperature.
Theory
Q = mcT
This theory is very commonly used to find the value of specific heat
capacity for a particular substance. This theory is already explained in
the introduction. For further information, this theory was founded by
William Cleghorn. He discovered about the difference between
intensity of heat ,the temperature and the amount of heat. From
there,he derived and created the concept of specific heat.
Q = m
4
D,where the substance changed its phase to liquid from solid during
the previous BC melting process. When it reaches D,the substance will
still in form of liquid. There is a process occurs from D to E,which
known as vapourisation. Vapourisation occurs to break the bond in
liquid and change its phase to gas form. There are no changes in
temperature too (same as BC).Beyond E, further heating the gas may
increase the temperature. From the graph above, latent heat cannot
be used to calculate the specific heat of a substance since specific heat
needs changes in temperature for its calculation.
Thermodynamic relations
To get the exact values of specific heat for copper and aluminium
from the experiment, this theory was very useful since there were
energy lost from some apparatus to another. This phenomena happens
because,when two or more different materials with different
temperature in contact,the heat move from warmer to cooler place(the
heat transfer occurs) until these substance are at the same
temperature.
Figure
1.1:
solar
gain
The
above
figure
shows
a solar
gain. From the figure, sun light release heat energy to the earth
surface via radiation. When the radiation energy hit the surface of the
glass, there are three different phenomena happen which are
reflection, transmission and absorption. Some of the energy reflected
on the glass surface,some energy is absorbed by the glass and some
energy pass through the glass via transmission. Where, the total
energy of sun is equals to the energy gained by reflection,absorption
and transmission. :-
Ia = Absorbed energy
Methodology
Variables
From the experiment,the independent variable was temperature.
Because, Temperature was not constant since transfer of heat occurred
when calculating the specific capacity of the metal pieces as shown in
figure below.
Figure 2.0:Specific
heat experiment
The dependent
variable was the
heat energy gain or loss by the experiment. Temperature affect the
heat energy because,when there was a changes in temperature,the
heat energy change too. While,the control variable was specific heat of
substance. Specific heat will be the same even the the temperature is
different.Because, Specific heat of a body depends on its physical
surface and properties.
The list of apparatus used :
Apparatus
Insulated calorimeter
Function
To measure the physical changes in chemical
reaction.
10
Hot water
Metal pieces(copper
and aluminium)
Thermometer
Stirrer
Gloves
copper.
To measure the changes in temperature.
To stir the mixtures in the calorimeter.
To avoid hot water pour on the surface of
Beaker
hands.
To measure the volume of the hot water before
Tongs
Sieve
Mathematics expressions
Data
There were some important data given which known as constants. Such as :-
11
1.
2.
12
Precaution
1. Wear gloves when handling the hot beaker and metal piece. It may
injure the researchers hand if the precaution is not taken so
serious due to the hot water in the beaker.
2. Do not drop the any other metal into glass beaker. When other
metals drop into the beaker,the value of specific heat of the metal
pieces may go wrong and wasting the time spent on this
experiment.
13
Results
Metals
Copper
Data
14
Aluminium
Mass of calorimeter
Water (112g)
26 gram
112 gram
26 gram
118 gram
28oC
28oC
80oC
80oC
29oC
28.5oC
Initial temperature of
water
Initial temperature of
hot water
Stabilised
temperature of
system
There was a difference between in the mass of water for copper and
aluminium because, we did the same experiment twice for aluminium
piece and copper piece. There was a small difference in the volume of
water between two metal pieces experiment.
Analysis questions
1.Determine the changes in temperature of water (Twater) and of the
metal pieces (T
Calculations
15
peices
= 80oC - 29oC
=51OC
=Twater
=29oC - 28oC
=1OC
383.844 J = 0.153C
C = 383.844 J
0.153
C = 2508.78 J kg-1 K-1
16
The specific heat of copper is 2508.78 J kg-1 K-1 from the calculation
above.The same formula need to use again to gain the specific heat of
aluminium piece.
aluminium piece
=80oC - 28.5oC
=52oC
=Twater
=28.5oC - 28oC
=0.5oC
To find the specific heat capacity of aluminium,
Heat loss by water and calorimeter = heat gained by aluminium piece
17
204.492 J = 0.206 C
C = 204.492 J
0.206 C
C = 992.38 J / kg K
Discussion
The reading of temperature went wrong due to the scale.The
calculation went wrong and the actual value of specific heat did not
match the actual value of specific heat in this experiment.After the was
a mistake, the same experiment needed to do again for copper after
the first result did not satisfied the value of specific heat.Then, the
experiment carry out for aluminium to get the specific heat of
aluminium. The errors occurred during this experiment has been
written down in the below.
Errors
18
Experimental error
The reading of the
Why?
The thermometer was
Solutions/ fixes
Replaced the
thermometer in the
accurate.
piece. It suppose to
right position.
be read the
temperature of heat
The outcome result
transfer in water.
The calculation went
wrong.
again.
expected result.
Wrong value in
temperature changes.
perpendicular to the
perpendicular to the
reading scale.
The volume of water
scale.
Increased the volume
experiment 1 and
second experiment.
experiment 2.
little.
The value get from the experiment:Experimental heat specific of copper: 2508.78 J /kg K
Experimental heat specific of Aluminium: 992.38 J / kg K
901 J / kg K
Aluminium = 10.15%
The percentage value of copper is far different from its actual
value. To prevent this problems occur again,there are few steps need
to take to improve the method of investigation:-
20
Conclusion
21
References
NAVE,R.(2000) Specific heat [online] Guelph,Canada. Available
from http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/thermo/spht.html
[Accessed 1 December 2015]
SIMMONS,J.(2015) How to Calculate Specific Heat Capacity [online]
York,United States. Available from
http://study.com/academy/lesson/how-to-calculate-specific-heatcapacity-for-different-substances.html [Accessed 1 December 2015]
BOUNDLESS.(2015) Specific Heat and Heat Capacity [online]
Boston,United States. Available from
https://www.boundless.com/chemistry/textbooks/boundlesschemistry-textbook/thermochemistry-6/calorimetry-60/specific-
22
Figure2.0:
https://www.google.com/search?
q=specific+heat+experiment&biw=602&bih=527&source=lnms&tbm=isch&sa=X&sqi=
2&ved=0ahUKEwjOguPQqMvJAhWJ0hoKHUyhDUkQ_AUIBygC#imgrc=0igqEUA9b
23
-rW7M%3A
Figure 2.1:
https://www.google.com/search?
q=specific+heat+capacity+of+water&biw=1242&bih=606&source=lnms&tbm=isch&sa=
X&sqi=2&ved=0ahUKEwiU5rrQxcvJAhWDqxoKHS65BNoQ_AUIBigB#tbm=isch&q=
specific+heat+capacity+of+metal+diagram&imgrc=6oI3fo0N6QS49M%3A
24