ANNOTATED BIBLIOGRAPHY

Rising Tuition and Student Debt

1. Avery, Christopher, and Sarah Turner. "Student Loans: Do College Students
Borrow Too MuchOr Not Enough?" The Journal of Economic
Perspectives 26.1 (2012): 165-192.
Christopher Avery and Sarah Turner claim that enrolling in a college is
most likely the first capital investment made by young people. They
compare it entering a friendlier version of the lottery because just as
there is chance for success there is also a chance of failure. The article
claims that depending on the student, it can be decided if they are
borrowing too much or too little. Avery and Turner say that low tuition
schools have lower graduation rates because students do not have a
sense of urgency and that is why students that are in higher debt are
more likely to graduate.

2. Baum, Sandy, and Saul Schwartz. "How much debt is too much? Defining
benchmarks for manageable student debt." (2006).
This article discusses how student loans should be specified to the
ability in which a student at a university will be able to pay it off. For
example a student majoring in psychology should only be allowed a
lower amount of federal student loans compared to a student loan for a
medical field major because of the average income of a person in the
field of psychology compared to someone going into the workforce in

the medical field. This would reduce the governments debt and help
the economy.

3. Brown, Meta, et al. Student Loans and the Dynamics of Debt. New York
City: GPO, 2014. Social Science Research Network. Web. 26 Feb. 2016.
The article states that the importance of attending college has not
decreased, however, because tuition keeps rising student debt has
become a much bigger issue. Student loans have become the major
solution to finance higher education. The authors research found that
in the years between 2004 and 2012, student debt almost tripled in
the U.S, going from $364 billion dollars to $966 billion. The authors
conclude that the value of education has not diminished but it will if
student debt continues to rise.

4. Burdman, Pamela. "The student debt dilemma: Debt aversion as a barrier

to college access." Center for Studies in Higher Education (2005).
The article talks about ways to offer more grants and other financial
aid to help with the enrollment. The idea is that instead of lower prices
to offer more financial aid and help with paying for college although
this isn't solving the real problem because students just end up with
more student debt to pay off. Another real solution to the problem is
to provide more pathways that a student can take if they are part
time. It overall stays optimistic and does not directly change the

problem of the initial price because the money is coming from the
individual one way or another.

5. Carey, Kevin "Sanders's Charming, Awful Plan To Save Colleges" Chronicle

Of Higher Education 61.41 (2015):A60. Academic Search Premier. Web.
23 Feb. 2016.
Carey discusses the plan that senator Bernie sanders has proposed to
reduce tuition cost. The plan would require at least 75% of teaching to
be done by "tenured or tenure-track faculty". The plan would also
require that any extra money after eliminating tuition to go towards
faculty improvement, such as office space and increasing full time
professors. The money could not be used towards campus
improvements such as stadiums, salary for administrators, or financial
aid. Carey talks about the risks involved with tenure, and having an
overabundance of tenure faculty.
6. Davies, Emma, and Stephen EG Lea. "Student attitudes to student
debt."Journal of economic psychology 16.4 (1995): 663-679.
Emma Davies and Stephen E.G. Lea conducted an experiment to find
what students thought about student debt. Students who were of low
income, and were in the most debt, had a less negative perception of
debt. They also found that men were more likely to be in, and have
higher debt, than women. Students who had attended college for a
longer period of time also have a more positive view of student debt.

Davies and Lea conclude that the perception of student debt depends
on many factors, but the most important is what socioeconomic group
they belong to.

7. Dwyer, Rachel E., Laura McCloud, and Randy Hodson. "Debt and
graduation from American universities." Social Forces 90.4 (2012):
1133-1155.
Throughout the reading the authors discuss the many effects of debt
and graduation for American universities looking through the idea of
free higher education by the government. The article talks about how
although student loans can be an amazing resource to increase one's
general income in the future, they must be repaid which limits
opportunities. They found that statistically student loan debt for lower,
middle, and upper class student are all the same and universities
should stop categorizing some students different from others. The
opportunities and risks for all students are the same.

8. Ehrenberg, Ronald G. Tuition rising. Harvard University Press, 2000.

This article discusses the rising tuition costs and the reason for them.
Ehrenberg argues that universities have chosen to maintain quality by
paying for it straight up and not by just simply making things more
efficient. If universities are going to increase tuition costs this article
argues that deans and alumni need to be educated on what the well

being of their universities are and where the money is going in order to
create a more efficient use of student's money.

9. Fry, Richard. "A record one-in-five households now owe student loan
debt." Pew Research Center, September 26 (2012).
The article discusses the trend of rising student loan debts not only on
individual students themselves but the effect it has on households.
These effects include the ability to pay off student loan debts based
on age of household head, their annual income, and education level.
Throughout the article, facts with specific numbers demonstrated by
graphs and charts are shown to clearly support the articles point of
rising student debt trend throughout previous the current year in which
the article was written.

10. Gale, William, et al. "Student loans rising: an overview of causes,

consequences, and policy options." Washington, DC: Urban-Brookings
Tax Policy Center (2014).
Throughout the past two decades, taking out students loans has
become overwhelming more popular. Federal student loans allow
students to get the opportunity to attend higher levels of education
and get more advanced degrees in whatever financial situation they
are in at the time. Although loans are great and convenient at the
moment, they must be paid off eventually. The student loans have

major negative outcomes on households and students individually but

because of the big push for higher education in todays society,
massive debt to achieve a degree is being over looked.

11. Giordano, Rita. "Obama Proposes Tuition Free Education at Community

Colleges." McClatchy - Tribune Business NewsJan 10 2015. ProQuest.
Web. 1 Mar. 2016.
Giordano talks about Obama's announcement in January of 2015 about
a plan for free tuition at community colleges. The plan involves federal
government paying for 3/4 of the cost, while the state pays for the
remainder. It would also require students to be at least half-time, and
maintain a 2.5 GPA. However, there have been doubts about where this
money is coming from.

12. Hemelt, Steven W., and Dave E. Marcotte. "Rising tuition and enrollment
in public higher education." (2008).
In this Article, the authors talk about the trends in the recent past of
rising tuition, along with the effect it has on enrollment and how
students view it. Although a lot of articles on rising tuition are about
cause and effect of debt specifically on finances, throughout this article
it argues that the rising tuition among four-year universities, defers
students from even enrolling full time or part time in fear of the debt
that will come along with it.

13. "The Ivies' Curious Surge To Aid Needy Students." Chronicle of Higher
Education 54.27 (2008): B2 Academic Search Premier. Web. 24 Feb.
2016.
This article discusses the decision by multiple Ivy League schools to
create free tuition for low income students. Harvard's cutoff for low
income is $60,000 a year. They also have reduced tuition for families
that make more than that, but less than $200,000 a year.

14. Kelderman, Eric. "Tuition Rises As Spending On Instruction Slows."

Chronicle of Higher Education 54.35 (2008): A14. Academic Search
Premier. Web. 23 Feb. 2016.
Kelderman discusses the rise of tuition in recent years, and how less
money is being put into instruction, and more into research and public
services. Kelderman is talking about a study that claims that college
spending is not in areas that benefit the public or prepare graduates.
The study shows that the fastest area of spending is in financial aid,
and instructional spending is declining. This is an important topic that
affects every student, regardless of major. There is less money being
spent on improving the education each year.

15. Kwong, Jeff C., et al. "Effects of rising tuition fees on medical school class
composition and financial outlook." Canadian Medical Association
Journal 166.8 (2002): 1023-1028.
The article talks about the effects of tuition on specifically medical
students although the numbers can be used as an example of how
drastically things have changed for all students. One of the facts from
the article is that the average tuition has doubled in the last 18 years.
This information along with a lot of other facts and figures was
retrieved surveying medical schools in and around Quebec Canada.
This is a valuable source because it can quantify what is happening
and put it into a more real time perspective.

16. Landolph, Ryan. "Tuition, Housing Costs Still at Forefront of Presidential

Campaign." University WireDec 09 2015. ProQuest. Web. 1 Mar. 2016.
Landolph discusses the importance of tuition in this years presidential
campaign. He also compares tuition and housing costs between
countries and Europe and Kent State University. Landolph argues that
free tuition would help more students attend college, having benefits
far beyond just having more students achieve a degree. He argues that
free tuition would help the community as a whole.

17. Monaghan, David, and Sara Goldrick-Rab. Is Community College Already

Free? N.p.: Wisconsin Hope Lab, 2016. wihopelab.com. Web. 1 Mar.
2016.
The authors discuss an argument that community college is already
free for students from low income households. The argument is that
student grants cover the cost of attendance for many students. The
authors discuss what factors go into tuition, and whether or not this
argument is true or not. They find that, based on the state, some
students are fully covered with grants, while others still end up paying
over $1000 a year.

18. Mueller, Thomas. "Changes to The Student Loan Experience:

Psychological Predictors and Outcomes." Journal of Student Financial
Aid 43.3 (2014): 4.
Thomas Mueller conducted an experiment on perception of student
debt of current students. He states that without student loans
completing higher education is almost an impossible goal. The most
common perceptions of student loans were duress and mandatory,
however, success was the third most common. Mueller claims that
using the found research academic advisors, loan companies, and
student advocates can learn how to focus on a more positive view of
student loans.

19. Paulsen, Michael B. College Choice: Understanding Student Enrollment

Behavior. ASHE-ERIC Higher Education Report No. 6. ASHE-ERIC Higher
Education Reports, The George Washington University, One Dupont
Circle, Suite 630, Dept. RC, Washington, DC 20036-1183, 1990.
This article discusses student enrollment and who attends for what
reasons. Going along with this of corse comes the financial reason and
this is becoming an increasing concern for anyone who wants to attend
college. Although there are still many other variations and reasons
why someone may or may not attend college and these reasons should
stay significant. The problem is that these real reasons get put on the
back burner more often than not because of these rising costs.

20. Reed, Matthew, and Debbie Cochrane. "Student Debt and the Class of
2011." Project on Student Debt (2012).
Mathew Reed and Cochrane are a part of The Project on Student Debt,
which was created by a non-profit, independent organization called The
Institute for college Access and Success (TICAS). The class of 2011 is
their seventh annual report. The report says that higher debt is in the
northeast and Midwest, and the lowest being in the west and south.
Reed and Cochrane claim that although recent college graduates enter
a very difficult job market, a college degree remains a very important
key to being successful.

21. United States. Congress. Senate. Less Student Debt from the Start: What
Role Should the Tax System Play?: Hearing before the Committee on
Finance, United States Senate, One Hundred Thirteenth Congress,
Second Session, June 24, 2014. Print.
This document emphasizes that the problem of student debt is of high
concern because the us government is taking notice and taking
action. The us government has a plan to change the system. To give
more incentive to college kids and their families to enroll in higher
education. The goal is to stop the ever growing amount of debt that
students take on. We can use it to show that the government does
realize the struggle that comes with paying for college and they are
actively trying got help the situation.

22. United States. Student Debt Crisis: Are Students Incurring Excessive
Debt? By Lee W. Hansen and Marilyn S. Marilin. Washington DC, Oct.8.
Print.
This article is from the us government and goes on to discuss some of
the proposals that will alter or change the way college students can
pay for college. The document is from 1985 so it can be used to
compare what was being kicked around now to what was being noticed
back then. It shows that this problem of rising student costs was
noticed ages ago and it has yet to me resolved. Also the numbers

contained in the document are significantly less which shows what has
changed from a numerical standpoint.

23. United States. Government Accountability Office,. Federal Student Loans,

Impact of Loan Limit Increases on College Prices Is Difficult to Discern:
Report to Congressional Committees. Print.
This is a document from the governments accounting office. It
discusses that the student loan limits from the government were
increased and because of that there were statistically less private
loans taken out. The article also discusses the enrollment rate vs the
price. The document also focuses on the years from 2000-2012, this
can be used to compare to the past and the changes within that span
of years. Based on that information we should be able to determine a
semi-accurate direction for the years to come.

24. Williams, Jeffrey J. "Student debt and the spirit of indenture." Dissent
55.4 (2008): 73-78.
Jeffrey J. Williams compares the indenture of early colonists to student
debt. He says they are similar because just as the colonist traveled
seeking religious freedom, students go to school in search of a brighter
future. Student loans are much like the contracts the colonists hd to
sign in order to board the ship, except student loans do not secure
students a job and will follow the students very far into their adult work

lives. Williams says student loan companies must lower interest rates
and the government should offer more financial aid.