FM Radio Transmitter

PBL REVIEW-1 ECE 203

Team Members:

Purushottam

14BEC1043

Rishabh Raj

14BEC1001

J Vaibhav Chandran -

Aman Garg

14BEC1029
-

14BEC1151

WHAT IS FREQUENCY MODULATION (FM)?

In telecommunications and signal processing,

frequency modulation (FM) is the encoding of
information in a carrier wave by varying the
instantaneous frequency of the wave. This contrasts
with amplitude modulation, in which the amplitude of
the carrier wave varies, while the frequency remains
constant.

WHAT ARE FM TRANSMITTERS ?

FM transmitter is a low-power FM radio transmitter

that broadcasts a signal from a audio device to a
standard FM radio. They broadcast the signal over an
FM broadcast band frequency, so that it can be picked
up by any nearby radio. They broadcast on any FM
frequency from 87.5 to 108.0 MHz in most of the
world

BLOCK DIAGRAM
Audio used to modulate frequency of RF oscillator

Technical Specifications:
- 1/4 Mile Radius Range
-Powered By A 9V Battery
- Lasts For Several Days
- Adjustable 87-108MHz
FM TRANSMITTER
CIRCUIT

 1M Ohm w Resistor
100K Ohm w Resistor
Resistors
Resistors 10K Ohm w Resistor (3x)

15pF or 40pF Trimmer Capacitor

100nF Ceramic Capacitor (2x)
Capacitors
Capacitors 10nF Ceramic Capacitor

MISC
MISC

1K Ohm w Resistor
100 Ohm w Resistor

4pF Ceramic Capacitor

2N3904 General NPN Transistor (2x)

Copper Clad PCB/ Perfboard

Electret Microphone

COMPONENTS REQUIRED

" Bolt
Solid Gauge # 18 Wire
0.1uH inductor

WORKING PRINCIPLE

Transmitted signal is Frequency Modulated (FM) which means that the

carriers amplitude stays constant and its frequency varies according to the
amplitude variations of the audio signal.
The circuit involves three stages (2 RF stages and one audio preamplifier for
the modulation).
The first stage is pre-amplification stage
The second(RF) stage is an oscillator.
The last (RF) stage is a tuned amplifier that boosts signals from the oscillator
Use of the additional RF amplifier increases the range of the transmitter.

ELECTRET MICROPHONE

What is an electret?
It is a permanently charged dialectric.
The diaphragm of the microphone acts as one of the plates in the
capacitor.
The movement of the plate changes the capacitance.
Amplified by a FET amplifier.

FIRST AMPLIFICATION STAGE

Standard self-biasing common emitter amplifier

The 0.1uF capacitor isolates the microphone from the base voltage of the
transmitter by blocking DC.

OSCILLATOR STAGE

Oscillator necessary to generate RF carrier waves

Varying L or C changes frequency

Drifts with temperature, supply voltage, output load

Nearby objects affect L or C

Modulated by supply noise and vibration

Requires rigid screened construction

Requires regulated & filtered supply

Needs to be calibrated

Either by adjusting the dial

Or by adjusting L & C with trimmers

FINAL STAGE AMPLIFICATION

This stage amplifies the RF signal.

A Q2 2N3904 RF transistor was used to do this efficiently.
L1 and the 4-40pF capacitor in parallel with it are designed to
reduce harmonics from the circuit.