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INTRODUCTION
A smart grid delivers electricity from suppliers to consumers
using two-way digital technology to control appliances at
consumers' homes to save energy, reduce cost and increase
reliability and transparency. It is capable of assessing its health
in real-time, predicting its behavior, anticipatory behavior,
adaptation to new environments, handling distributed
resources, stochastic demand, and optimal response to the
smart appliances. It is a tool that allows electric utilities to
focus on evolving true business drivers by enabling cost
containment, end-to-end power delivery control, and a more
secure infrastructure. The grid is considered to have
observability with nodes data integration and analysis to
Tolerant
Provides
that provides a quality of power consistent with consumer and industry needs.
Accommodates
Fully
A SMART GRID deliver selectricity from supplier to consumers using twoway digital technology to control appliances at consumers homes to save
energy ,reduce cost and increase reliability and transparency. It overlays the
electricity
distribution grid with an information and net metering system. Power travels
from the power plant to your house through an amazing system called the
power distribution grid.Such a modernized electricity networks is being
promoted by many governments as a way of addressing energy
independences, global warming and emergency resilience issues. Smart meters
may be part of smart grid, but alone do not constitute smart grid
A smart grid includes an intelligent monitoring system that keeps track of all
electricity flowing in the system. It also incorporates the use of
superconductive transmission lines for less power loss, as well as the
capability of the integrating renewable electricity such as solar and wind.
When power is least expensive the user can allow the smart grid to turn on
selected home appliances such as washing machines or factory processes that
can run at arbitrary hours. At peak times it could turn of selected appliances to
reduce demand.
1)Variable-Tariff-Based Loa
The key idea of this is a variable price profile given to the customer day ahead before
the delivery by a retailer. This profile is considered fixed after transmission to the
customer and, as such, the customer can rely on it. The price profile will look different
for each day, reflecting market conditions that vary from day to day. These variations
will likely further increase with expanding generation from fluctuating sources like wind
power and photo voltaics. Generally, this concept allows for integration of loads as well
as of generation units at the customer site as it is up to the customer which devices are
allowed to be managed according to the variable tariff. To enable in-home energy
management, a suitable domestic system is required together with an automatic home
management device coupled to an intelligent meter.
for the BRP referred to as imbalance costs. This business case scenario focuses on the
balancing actions by a BRP in the near-real time (i.e. at the actual moment of delivery).
Traditionally, these real-time balancing actions are performed by power plants within the
BRP portfolio. The key idea of this function is the utilization ofreal-time flexibility of
end-user customers to balance the BRP portfolio
POWERSYSTEM
The utilities get the ability to communicate with and control end user
hardware, from industrial- scale air conditioner to residential water heaters. They use
that to better balance supply and demand, in part by dropping demand during peak usage
hours.Taking advantages of information technology to increase the efficiency of the
grid, the
delivery system, and the use of electricity at the same time is itself a
smart move. Simply put, a smart grid combined with smart meters enables both
electrical utilities and consumer to be much more efficient.
A smart grid not only moves electricity more efficiently in geographic terms,it also
enables electricity use to be shifted overtime-for example, from period of peak demand
to those of off-peak demand. Achieving this goals means working with consumers who
have smart meters to see exactly how much electricity is being used at any particular
time. This facilitates two-way communication between utility and consumer. So they can
cooperate in reducing peak demand in a way that its advantageous to both. And it allow
to the use of two way metering so that customer who have a rooftop solar electric panel
or their ownwindmill can sell surplus electricity back to the utility.
6. Green :Slowing the advance of global climate change and offering a genuine path
towards significant environmental improvement
1.Integrated communications
Some communications are up to date, but are not uniform because they have been
developed in an incremental fashion and not fully integrated. In most cases, data is being
collected via modem rather than direct network connection. Areas for improvement
include: substation automation, demand response, distribution automation, supervisory
control and data acquisition(SCADA), energy management systems, wireless mesh
networks and other technologies, power- line carrier communication s and fiber optics.
Integrated communication will allow for real time control, information and data
exchange to optimize system reliability, asset utilization, and security.
3.Smart meters
A smart grid replaces analog mechanical meters with digital meters that record usage in
real time. Smart meters are similar to Advanced Metering Infrastructure meters and
provide a communication path extending from generation plants to electrical outlets
(smart socket) and other smart gridenabled devices. By customer option, such devices
can shut down during times of peak demand.
4.Advanced components
Innovations in superconductivity, fault tolerance, storage, power electronics, and
diagnostics components are changing fundamental abilities and characteristics of grids.
Technologies within these broad R&D categories include: flexible alternating current
transmission system devices, high voltage direct current, first and second generation
superconducting wire ,high temperature superconducting cable,
distributed energy generation and storage devices ,composite conductors, and intelligent
appliances.
ENERGY CONSERVATIONTECHNIOUES
1.ENERGY CONSERVATION IN TRANSMISSIONSYSTEM
Transmission losses can be reduced as follows:-
1) BY REDUCING RESISTANCE -
Losses are directly proportional to I2r in conductor. So, if we reduce urs from this
surely the losses will be reduced. For this we can use stranded or bundled conductors or
ACSR conductors. And even this method is been adopted and also successful.
ACC
ACSR CONDUCTOR
STABILIZER
electrical losses and magnetic losses. Hence the efficiency of conventional transformer
is high around 95-98%.Thus, energy conservation opportunities for transformer are
available only in design and material used. Also optimizing loading of transformer can
increase efficiency of system.
A.OPTIMIZATION OF LOADING OF TRANSFORMER: The environmental
protection agency (EPA) brought study report that nearly 61 billion K WH of electricity
is wasted in each year only as transformer losses. Study of typical grid system showed
that, power transformer contributes nearly 40% to 50% of total transmission and
distribution losses. Maintaining maximum efficiency to occur at 38% loading (as
recommended by REC), the overall efficiency of transformer can be increased and its
losses can be reduced. The load loss may be even reduced by using thicker conductors.
Transformer ratings
25KVA
63KVA
100KVA
Typically, core loss can be 7080% less than itsMolten metal mixture when cooled
to solid state at a very high speed rate, retain a random atomic structure that is not
crystalline. This is called Amorphous.
is done by considering
following points:-
SMART METERS
A smart meter generally refers to a type of advanced meters that identifies
consumption in more detail than a conventional meter and communicates that
information back to the local utility for monitoring and billing, a process
known as telemetering.
Future
In the new future, will not be any vast development.
Risky because of financial developments and regulations.
In the long run, attitudes will change, wide spread usage of the smart grid
from every business to every home just like the internet.
RELIABILITY
Renewable resources, while supplementing the generation capability of the grid and
addressing some environmental concerns, aggravate the reliability due to their
volatility. Demand response and electric storage resources are necessary for addressing
economics of the grid and are perceived to support grid reliability through mitigating
peak demand and load variability. Electric transportation
resources are deemed helpful to meeting environmental targets and can be used to
mitigate load variability. Balancing the diversity of the characteristics of these resource
types presents challenges in maintaining grid reliability Reliability has always been in
the forefront of power grid design and operation due to the cost of outages to
customers. In the US, the annual cost of outages in 2002 is estimated to be in the order
of $79B [5] which equals to about a third of the total electricity retail revenue of $249B
[6]. A similar estimate based on 2008 retail revenue would be of the order of $109B.
Much higher estimates have been reported by others. The reliability issues in modern
power grids are becoming increasingly more challenging. Factors contributing to the
challenges include: Aggravated grid congestion, driven by uncertainty, diversity and
distribution of energy supplies due to environmental and sustainability concerns. The
power flow patterns in real-time can be significantly different from those considered in
the design or off-line analyses.More numerous, larger transfers over longer distances
increasing volatilityand reducing reliability margins. This phenomenon is aggravated
by energymarkets.
The grid being operated at its edge in more locations and more often because of:
Insufficient investment and limited rights of way
necessary to find the location of the fault. The goal of this function is to
quickly determine the section of the feeder where the fault occurred. This is
performed by analyzing the information sent from fault indicators to the
control center. Operators can then intervene and isolate the fault area by
remotely opening the corresponding switches. The degree of accuracy depends
on the density of fault indicators on the MV network.
3)The Service Restoration Function:After locating the fault, this function finds
CONCLUSION
With the increasing world population, thereby increasing
demand, and depleting resources the need to be smart and
efficient in our energy usage has become an imperative.
Resources of information
Articles
Websites:www.nima.com
www.howstuffworks.com
www.wikipedia.com
www.xcelenergy.com/smartgridcity
www.schneider.com
www.powersmiths.com
www.renewableenrgyworld.com