Running head: THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN MOOD AND EXERCISE

The Relationship between Mood and Exercise

Kace McKenna Winters

Example: Published online: 14 April 2016

The Society of Behavioral Medicine 2016

MOOD AND EXERCISE

Abstract
Background
Prior research has found that exercise can
alter mood. Which mood subscales of mood
are changed is unclear. An individuals
perception of exercise and the impact on their
mood change is also unclear.
Purpose
The purpose of this empirical study was to
answer these four questions. First, will
perception of exercise increase or decrease
post-exercise mood? Second, will exercise
intensity increase or decrease post-exercise
mood? Third, will exercise type increase or
decrease post-exercise mood subscales?
Lastly, what will be the change in mood for
each of the subscales? Will this change be
positive or negative?
Methods
Participants (7 men, 1 woman) were given a
survey to complete pre and post exercise.
Results
Participants were shown to be angrier before
exercise, more tense before exercise, more
depressed before exercise, less vigour before
exercise, less fatigue before exercise, more
confused before exercise, less happy before
exercise, and less calm before exercise. The
perception of exercise had a positive increase
on mood.
Conclusion
Weight bearing exercise, as well as the
individuals perception of exercise, was
Kace McKenna Winters
The Pennsylvania State University, University Park,
PA, USA

shown to have a positive increase on mood.

The results suggest that there may be an
association between intensity and type of
exercise with a changed mood state.

Exercise can be a very daunting task to some

ordinary folks; however, exercise can also be
thoroughly enjoyed. Even the thoughts of
exercise may bring specific feelings to
individuals. Some people may like exercising,
others not so much; some people may like the
way it makes them feel, others feel awful
afterwards; some like the emotional and
hormonal benefits associated with exercise,
and others may feel negatively towards and
after a workout. Although this topic is
concerned mostly about healthy individuals, it
is important to understand not only the factual
identities of the topic, but also how they relate
to people and their everyday lives.
This research addresses mood and
perception. Mood is characterized by a
persons state of mind. Perception, in this
study, is characterized as the way that an
individual evaluates change, no matter if the
assumption is incorrect, and even if there is
no evidence to support the perception. It is
common knowledge that exercise has been
shown to increase, and/or decrease an
individuals mood; however, it is unclear to
the naked eye which states of mood are
affected. This research is important because it
could help people lead healthier, happier lives
even for people who do not currently partake
in any type of exercise in their lifestyle.
Changing affect and expectation can not only
get people to exercise, but it can also help
them to continue to exercise; which is an
activity that everyone must take part in to
maintain a healthy lifestyle.
There has been numerous amounts of
research done investigating the relationship
between mood and exercise; however; upon
investigation of other researchers work, it was
not obvious that research teams used specific
mood scales, at least where the results could
be interpreted by the public, to study
participants and the change in their mood, and
how those individuals felt about a change in
their mood. It is also unclear why research

MOOD AND EXERCISE

teams did not study healthy participants with

little confounders.
This study chose to focus on four
questions, specifically refined and worded in
order to not contradict previous evidence;
however, so that they may add more insight
on the subject at hand. First, will perception
of exercise increase or decrease post-exercise
mood? Second, will exercise intensity
increase or decrease post-exercise mood?
Third, will exercise type increase or decrease
post-exercise mood subscales? Lastly, what
will be the change in mood for each of the
subscales? Will this change be positive or
negative? These questions were changed and
refined numerous times across a period of
time to identify specific results.
Perception of Exercise on Mood State

A research study done by Jane L. Harte, et al.

(1995) in The effects of running and
meditation on beta-endorphin,
corticotrophin-releasing hormone and
cortisol in plasma, and on mood, from
Biological Psychology helped to establish
physiological effects of exercise on the body
and mood, as well as answer some further
questions that which sparked further
investigation. In the article, researchers were
interested in looking at the similarities and
differences between two activity groups,
running and meditation. These researchers
first looked at positive and negative mood,
and perceived exertion during controlled and
sample points.
Using an ANOVA statistical analysis,
the researchers confirmed that there was a
change in perceived exertion while the
subjects performed a fifteen kilometer run.
Using a Scheff test, they represented a

significant rise (in perceived exertion)

between pre-test and post-test 1 and a
decrease at post-test 2. (Harte, J., Eifert, G.,
& Smith, R. (1995). When looking at mood,
there was a significant interaction between
positive and negative affect in both the
control and sample points. Again, using the
Scheff tests, researchers recognized no
significant differences at pre-test, and
significantly higher levels of positive affect
at post-tests 1 and 2, compared to the
control. (Harte, J., Eifert, G., & Smith, R.
(1995). This finding confirms that subjects,
performing the exercise, experienced
symptoms such as joy, interest, and alertness
post-exercise. Further supporting evidence
that which also sparked further investigation
came from an article by Helfer, S., Elhai, J., &
Geers, A. (2014) in Affect and Exercise:
Positive Affective Expectations Can Increase
Post-Exercise Mood and Exercise Intentions,
from Annals of Behavioral Medicine.
The work done by Helfer, S., Elhai, J.,
& Geers, A. helped to refine the first question
for The Mood and Exercise Project.
Researchers from this study mention a
relationship between affect and expectation in
participants in regard to exercise. This
particular article aimed to look at changing
variables to intervene on expectations about
post-exercise affect in regards to peoples
feelings. These researchers found that those
participants in the groups that exercised and
who received positive affect reported greater
intentions to exercise, positive-exercise mood,
and displayed more behavioral intentions to
exercise. This result shows that positive affect
can indeed change feelings and intentions
simply by altering the mind state. This
research also points out that there
manipulation of variables can lead to positive
expectations about future exercise (Helfer, S.,

MOOD AND EXERCISE

Elhai, J., & Geers, A. (2014). Unlike the

article from Jane L. Harte, et al. (1995), this
research did not look at affect during the
exercise itself, only after the exercise, due to
the manipulation of the exercise intensity or
vigor itself changing the perception of mood.
In addition to the research done by
Jane L. Harte, et al. that which investigated
physiologic effects of exercise, the research
team from Affect and Exercise: Positive
Affective Expectations Can Increase PostExercise Mood and Exercise Intentions, also
looked hormonal variables. These variables
are not as important to The Mood and
Exercise Project, but it helps assist in gaining
more background knowledge of the effects
that exercise has on the body physiologically.
Researchers founded their information using
an ANOVA statistical analysis, which helped
them to identify an association between
conditions and sampling points for both betaendorphin and corticotrophin-releasing
hormone. The results identified that there was
a change in the hormonal variable after posttest 1, but not after post-test 2, indicating a
spike after exercise, but no subsequent spike
after more exercise. Further, there were no
interactions between conditions and sampling
points in cortisol in plasma in the runners;
however, there was a significant difference
between pre-test samplings in test and the
control group conditions (Helfer, S., Elhai, J.,
& Geers, A. (2014). This article identified
mood change, hormonal elevation in B-EP
and CRH, CRHs correlation with positive
mood changes after running, a rise in cortisol
levels due to exercise, and an association
between positive affect with plasma CRH
immunoreactivity.

Intensity and Type of Exercise on Mood

State
From the Scandinavian Journal of Medicine
& Science in Sports, came an article called,
Stress responses to short-term intensified
and reduced training in competitive
weightlifters, that which helped refine
question two for The Mood and Exercise
Project. In this article written by A. G. Storey,
et al (2015), researchers were interested in
finding the tolerance to, and consequences
of, short-term variations in training load in
competitive weightlifters. (Storey, A., Birch,
N., Fan, V., & Smith, H. (2015). Prior to this
study, these researchers recognized from
Warren et al., 1992; Fry et al., 1993, 1994,
2000; Stone & Fry, 1998, that serum
hormones are greatly varied in response to
training load. They also noted that
weightlifting changes the levels of
testosterone in the body according to specific
weight-bearing training loads (Storey, A.,
Birch, N., Fan, V., & Smith, H. (2015).
Although this information is not new, it at
least gives a foundation to go back to keep up
to date as to why and how this phenomenon
occurs. This particular study looked at a
multitude of variables, but the variable that is
most interesting in regards to The Mood and
Exercise Project is that of the effect on mood
state.
During this study, subjects completed
questionnaires, the Daily Analysis of Life
Demands of Athletes (DALDA), and the
Profile of Mood States questionnaire
(POMS). Their use of DALDA came from
Rushall, 1990, and their use of POMS came
from POMS, McNair et al., 1971. DALDA
evaluated potential life stressors and
symptoms of stress. POMS provided a
recording of six different mood states.
According to these researchers, these
questionnaires had been proven to be
meaningful and useful in evaluating athletes
during training (Storey, A., Birch, N., Fan, V.,

MOOD AND EXERCISE

& Smith, H. (2015). This studies use of the

Daily Analysis of Life Demands of Athletes
(DALDA), and the Profile of Mood States
questionnaire (POMS) also helped The Mood
and Exercise Project focus its attention on
using a mood scale that was much easier to
interpret so that it may actually be useful to
recognize patterns and real life effects.
The major results of this study
included that changes in stress response were
associated to cellular stress, damage and
inflammation, a more negative mood state,
and performance decrements, were induced
by the INT (intensified) training, and largely
resolved after the RED (reduced) training.
(Storey, A., Birch, N., Fan, V., & Smith, H.
(2015). Further, with regard to the
questionnaires, researchers found that during
the first week of the intensified training, a
period where the training load had been
doubled, the symptoms of stress, as evaluated
using DALDA, confirmed an impact
indicated by physiologic variables and affect.
This effect included the perception of the
subject on the physiologic change. Subjects
with a more negative global mood state, and a
higher frequency of training, also showed
more stress symptoms, tapering off as the
reduced training took place (Storey, A.,
Birch, N., Fan, V., & Smith, H. (2015). This
finding is further supported in Zhang, Y.
(2013), Mood and Exercise Enjoyment of
College Students When Jogging at Preferred
Exercise Intensities, where Zhang indicates
that college students had the most drastic
change in perceived health benefits were
created by those students choosing to exercise
at their preferred intensity levels.
Another article, by Eduardo Lattari et
al., (2014) represents a correlation between
cortical activity on mood states and exercise.
In Acute Effects on Mood and EEG Activity
in Healthy Young Subjects: A Systematic
Review, researchers suggest that the best
positive responses on mood has been well
described in literature. (Lattari, E., Portugal,

E., Moraes, H., Machado, S., Santos, T., &

Deslandes, A. (2014). This study aimed to
look at EEGs of subjects to investigate a
relationship between cortical activity and
exercise on the mood in relatively healthy,
young adults. These researchers looked at 11
different studies investigating symmetry of
the brain in EEGs. The results were too
inconclusive to predict or modulate
psychological mood states through exercise
intervention; however, they did manage to
recognize that four specific studies showed
causality on mood improvements where the
results were dependent upon both the
configuration of the exercise, and the subjects
fitness levels (Lattari, E., Portugal, E.,
Moraes, H., Machado, S., Santos, T., &
Deslandes, A. (2014).
One of the big things this study
mentioned was that of the effect of intensity
on the mood state. Results indicated that there
was higher positive affect after exercise when
subjects were exposed to intensities close to
their peak cardiovascular output. These results
primarily indicated that mood is altered by
exercise, and there may be an association
between vigor, intensity, and the length of
exercise. This particular study mentions that
participants had a decrease in anger, tension,
and anxiety. Further, these researchers also
indicated that there is contradictory evidence
that supports that a lower intensity is best for
post-exercise positive affect (Lattari, E.,
Portugal, E., Moraes, H., Machado, S.,
Santos, T., & Deslandes, A. (2014).
Further, an article written by Zhang, Y.
(2013), Mood and Exercise Enjoyment of
College Students When Jogging at Preferred
Exercise Intensities, supports that exercise
intensity can change the mood state. This
study found that preferred exercise intensity
levels can produce a desirable mood change
after just 15 minutes (Zhang, Y. (2013). This
supporting evidence suggests that there is a
very strong, positive correlation between the
intensity of exercise, and the positive change

MOOD AND EXERCISE

in mood state, something that can be

beneficial to include in the research projects
to follow.

subjects specific characteristics, for the

subjects were no posed to any further harm,
and therefore the subjects did not need any
type of consent form.

Methods
Design
Participants
Only subjects from The Pennsylvania State
University had the opportunity to respond to
this studys inquiry. Students from
Biobehavioral Health 411W, English 202A,
Biology 141, Biobehavioral Health / Health
and Policy Administration 440, and
Biobehavioral Health 316 were asked to
participate; however, there was not a single
response from any of the 600 or so students.
There were just eight participants, of whom
were chosen based off of a specific selection
of those people that the researcher knew
would respond, and who actively exercised.
There was no ideal sample size for this
particular study, although just eight subjects
participated; which, made it difficult to
identify significance. Each subject that
participated should be considered very
healthy, and very athletic. This study may
have benefited from more subjects; however,
it appeared that the results were following a
trend no matter the number of individuals,
considering this survey all but required the
individual to actually exercise on a routine
basis. It was unnecessary to obtain each

In order to accurately capture changes in

mood states and its subscales, this study
incorporated a well-known, publically
available questionnaire. The Brunel Mood
Questionnaire, known in short as BRUMS, is
a 24-item questionnaire. BRUMS contains the
mood descriptors such as angry, nervous,
unhappy, and energetic. The BRUMS has six
subscales: anger; confusion; depression;
fatigue; tension; vigour. Each subscale
contains four mood descriptors. Participants
answered the questionnaire using a 5-point
Likert scale, as known as: 0 = Not at all; 1 =
A little; 2 = Moderately; 3 = Quite a bit; 4 =
Extremely. The BRUMS typically takes 1-2
minutes to complete, and asses how
participants feel at a given point (i.e. right
now). Each subject filled out a version of this
questionnaire in a survey before and after
exercise. Surveys, with forced choice
questions, were sent out via email. Each
subject downloaded an attached Word
Document, filled out the questionnaire to the
best of their abilities, saved the document, and
returned the document to the researcher.

Results
Figure 1
Subjec
t
1
2
3
4

Time

Anger

Tension

Depression

Vigour

Fatigue

Confusion

Happy

Before
After
Before
After
Before
After
Before

1
0
12
2
0
8
1

1
1
11
1
8
6
3

0
0
12
2
0
2
0

8
12
6
14
14
4
6

5
7
10
9
0
16
3

0
0
11
2
0
3
0

9
13
1
14
11
5
4

Calmnes
s
9
12
4
16
16
2
7

MOOD AND EXERCISE

5
6
7
8

After
Before
After
Before
After
Before
After
Before
After

0
5
4
4
4
2
4
7
0

7
0
9
4
16
10
4
4
0
0

0
5
4
4
0
2
4
1
0

16
6
11
9
14
11
14
1
16

7
6
5
0
0
3
12
11
4

0
6
4
0
0
3
5
5
0

13
7
11
5
12
8
10
4
12

12
7
8
1
9
7
7
11
5

Figure 1: The results of the BRUMS survey is pictured. This table identifies each subjects score for each category
before and after exercise.

The subjects exercise type and intensity are also indicated where it was provided. All but one
subject noted that they felt that mood increased, and this change was positive. This was subject 3.
Subject 3 had very high anger and fatigue scores after exercise. The subjects responses are as
followed:
Subject 1: Perceived positive increase with weight bearing medium
Subject 2: Perceived positive increase with weight bearing medium
Subject 3: Perceived negativity with medium cardio
Subject 4: Perceived positive increase
Subject 5: Perceived positive increase with weight bearing medium
Subject 6: Perceived positive increase with weight bearing intense
Subject 7: Perceived positive increase with weight bearing intense
Subject 8: Perceived positive increase with medium cardio
Figure 2

Category
Anger
Tension
Depression
Vigour
Fatigue
Confusion
Happy
Calmness

Total Count Before

32
52
25
61
38
25
49
62

Total Count After

22
26
12
86
60
19
90
71

Result
More angry before
More tense before
More depressed before
Less vigour before
Less fatigue before
More confusion before
Less happy before
Less calm before

Figure 2: These are the summary of the scores found from the scores of each subjects response according to each
of the categories. The scores were gathered using the recommended method created by the founders of the BRUMS
questionnaire.

Discussion

MOOD AND EXERCISE

According to the results shown in Figure 2,

the participating subjects were recorded as
being angrier before exercise, more tense
before exercise, more depressed before
exercise, less vigour before exercise, less
fatigue before exercise, more confused before
exercise, less happy before exercise, and less
calm before exercise. There were exceptions
in these results here and there, but these
results are a summation of each subjects
scores per category. These results indicate that
there may have been an association between
exercise and a positive increase in mood
subscales, rather than just mood as a
generalized idea. To further support the
significance of these findings, it is worthy to
note that participants had a decrease in anger,
tension, and anxiety in the Lattari, E.,
Portugal, E., Moraes, H., Machado, S.,
Santos, T., & Deslandes, A. (2014) study.
Furthermore, the participating
subjects, with the exception to subject 3 who
perceived a negative change in mood, noted
that they perceived a positive mood increase
after exercise. This piece of the survey
provided significance in that other research
has shown a similar results, such as that
shown in Lattari, E., Portugal, E., Moraes, H.,
Machado, S., Santos, T., & Deslandes, A.
(2014), where researchers mentioned that
there may be an association between vigor,
intensity, and the length of exercise, and
therefore it shows that the subjects from this
study were not having some outstanding
effect that does not relate to any other
possible subjects.
Any additional significance cannot be
determined without incorporating serious
descriptive statistics, although involving those
statistics would not show much significance
considering the sample size is so miniscule
and hardly representative of any kind of larger
population. This significance would be of the
upmost importance in the science field;
however, each of the subjects responses made
each of the subscales grow exponentially in

the same direction, indicating a trend that

could solidify a real association.
In addition, there seemed to be no
obvious association between exercise type
and intensity in this group of participants,
although there is prior evidence, such as the
work done by Storey, A., Birch, N., Fan, V., &
Smith, H. (2015) and Zhang, Y. (2013), to
suggest that The Mood and Exercise Project
should have had these changes occur. A larger
sample size may have shown some sort of
relationship; however, all subjects had the
same responses no matter their intensity.
There was also no obvious association
between exercise type and mood change;
however, the only subject not to participate in
weight bearing exercise not only felt like he
had a negative reaction from exercise, but the
results of his responses also showed the same
dissatisfaction. This evidence is once again
contradictory to the research done by Storey,
A., Birch, N., Fan, V., & Smith, H. (2015);
however, to truly identify an association,
many more participants would be needed to
identify a true relationship. In this study, a
relationship could not be seen with just one
difference; however, it would be interesting
further down the line to identify if
cardiovascular exercise has a different mood
effect, keeping the mood effect within the
focus of the change in each subscales, than
weight bearing exercise. This would be an
interesting topic to look into as Storey, A.,
Birch, N., Fan, V., & Smith, H. (2015) looked
at exercise intensity, but not exercise type,
and Zhang, Y. (2013) looked at different
exercise types, but did not blatantly compare
cardiovascular and weight bearing exercise.
The largest and most prominent issue
that needs to be fixed for further investigation
comes down to selection bias. A subsequent
survey would need to target a much more
broad population and it would definitely need
to reach out to a lot more people; at least a
hundred people, more specifically 50 men and
50 women. Overall, the results indicated a

MOOD AND EXERCISE

positive change in each of the subscales in

those individuals participating in weight
bearing exercise, and that was the purpose of
this study, rather than to simply state that
exercise changed mood or go on about
specific hormones and bodily reactions that
most people would not comprehend.
References
1. Harte, J., Eifert, G., & Smith, R. (1995).
The effects of running and meditation on
beta-endorphin, corticotropin-releasing
hormone and cortisol in plasma, and on
mood. Biological Psychology, 40(3), 251265. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/03010511(95)05118-t
2. Helfer, S., Elhai, J., & Geers, A. (2014).
Affect and Exercise: Positive Affective
Expectations Can Increase Post-Exercise
Mood and Exercise Intentions. Annals of
Behavioral Medicine, 49(2), 269-279.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12160-0149656-1
3. Lattari, E., Portugal, E., Moraes, H.,
Machado, S., Santos, T., & Deslandes, A.
(2014). Acute Effects of Exercise on
Mood and EEG Activity in Healthy Young
Subjects: A Systematic Review. CNS &
Neurological Disorders - Drug Targets,
13(6), 972-980
http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1871527313666
140612125418
4. Storey, A., Birch, N., Fan, V., & Smith, H.
(2015). Stress responses to short-term
intensified and reduced training in
competitive weightlifters. Scand J Med
Sci Sports, 26(1), 29- 40.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/sms.12400
5. Zhang, Y. (2013). Mood and Exercise
Enjoyment of College Students When
Jogging at Preferred Exercise Intensities
(Unpublished masters thesis). Bowling
Green State University.

MOOD AND EXERCISE

10

Appendix A
The Mood and Exercise Project
*Before taking the questionnaire, please be advised as to what type of information
you are being asked. If at any time the first two questions do not pertain to you, you
may simply stop participating. Furthermore, it is crucial that one clearly identifies
the type, and the intensity of training for the purpose of this survey. Please
underline your responses to each question.

1. Do you participate in weight bearing exercise? (Yes / No)

*If you answered yes, please answer the following question as noted by a. If you
answered no, simply go to question 2.

a. Does your training intensity vary between light, medium, intense? (Yes / No)
i. Light and intense will work.
2. Do you participate in cardiovascular training? (Yes / No)
*If you answered yes, please answer the following question as noted by a. If you
answered no, simply go to question 2.

a. Does your training intensity vary between light, medium, intense? (Yes / No)
i. Light and intense will work.
If you answered yes to either 1 or 2, please complete the questionnaire before and
after your exercise. Be sure to identify your training as: W (weight bearing) or C
(cardiovascular), and L (light), M (medium), I (intense).

MOOD AND EXERCISE

11

The Brunel Mood Scale Questionnaire

Below is a list of words that describe feelings people have based on HOW YOU FEEL RIGHT
NOW. Make sure you respond to every word. Please use the table to input your responses
according to the questionnaire.

S
u
bj
ec
t
1

8. Calm
0
9. Cheerful
0
10. Composed
0
11. Confused
0
12.
Contented
0
Figure
1
13. Depresse
0
d
Ti
A
Te
Dep
14. Downhear
0
m ntednsi ressi
e15. Energetic
ge on
on0
16. Exhausted
0
r
17. Happy
0
18. Lively
0
B
1
1
00
19. Miserable
ef20. Nervous
0
21.
Panicky
0
or
22. Relaxed
0
e
23. Restful
0
Af
0
1
00
24. Satisfied
ter25. Sleepy
0
B 26.
12Tired
11
120
27. Uncertain
0
ef
28. Unhappy
0
or
29. Worn-out
0
e30. Worried
0
Af
2
1
20
31. Mixed-up
0
ter32. Muddled

B
ef
or
e
Af

1
1
1
1
1
1

2
2
2
2
2

3
3
3
3
3

4
4
4
4
4

Vi
1
go
ur
1

Fa Con H
2
3fusi 4 ap
tig
ue
2
3on 4 py

1
1
1
81
1
1
1
1
12
1
1
6
1
1
1
1
1
14
1
1

2
2
2
25
2
2
2
2
7
2
2
10
2
2
2
2
2
29
2

3
3
3
30
3
3
3
3
0
3
3
3 11
3
3
3
3
32
3

4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4

Cal
mn
ess

13

12

14

16

14

11

16

16

1. Active
2. Alert
3. Angry
4. Annoyed
5. Anxious
6. Bad
tempered
7. Bitter
8. Calm
9. Cheerful
10. Composed
11. Confused
12. Contented
13. Depresse
d
14. Downhear
ted
15. Energetic
16. Exhausted
17. Happy
18. Lively
19. Miserable
20. Nervous
21. Panicky
22. Relaxed
23. Restful
24. Satisfied
25. Sleepy
26. Tired
27. Uncertain
28. Unhappy
29. Worn-out
30. Worried
31. Mixed-up
32. Muddled

0
0
0
0
0

Extremely

Quite a bit

y Moderatel

A little

a. Please mention exercise

type (W or C) and intensity
1. Active (L,0M, I).
1
2
3
4
2.
0
1
3 mood
4
4. Alert
Do you think
that2your
was
3. Angry
0
1
2
3
4
(Positively / Negatively) influenced
4. Annoyed
0
1
2
3
4
by your exercise?
5. Anxious
0
1
2
3
4
6. Bad a. Please mention exercise
0
1
2
3
4
tempered type (W or C) and intensity
7. Bitter
1
2
3
4
(L,0M, I).

Not at all

Extremely

Quite a bit

A little

Do you feel that your exercise

(Increased / Decreased) your mood?
Not at all

3.

After
y Moderatel

Before

1
1
1
1
1

2
2
2
2
2

3
3
3
3
3

4
4
4
4
4

0
0
0
0
0
0

1
1
1
1
1
1

2
2
2
2
2
2

3
3
3
3
3
3

4
4
4
4
4
4

0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0

1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1

2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2

3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3

4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4

MOOD AND EXERCISE

4
5
6
7
8

ter
Before
After
Before
After
Before
After
Before
After
Before
After

1
0
5
4
4
4
2
4
7
0

12

3
0
9
4
16
10
4
4
0
0

0
0
5
4
4
0
2
4
1
0

6
16
6
11
9
14
11
14
1
16

3
7
6
5
0
0
3
12
11
4

0
0
6
4
0
0
3
5
5
0

4
13
7
11
5
12
8
10
4
12

Figure 1: The results of the BRUMS survey is pictured. This table identifies each subjects score for each category
before and after exercise.

Figure 2

Category
Anger
Tension
Depression
Vigour
Fatigue
Confusion
Happy
Calmness

Total Count Before

32
52
25
61
38
25
49
62

Total Count After

22
26
12
86
60
19
90
71

Result
More angry before
More tense before
More depressed before
Less vigour before
Less fatigue before
More confusion before
Less happy before
Less calm before

Figure 2: These are the summary of the scores found from the scores of each subjects response according to each
of the categories. The scores were gathered using the recommended method created by the founders of the BRUMS
questionnaire.

7
12
7
8
1
9
7
7
11
5