PHILOSOPHY

IN

THE

SERIES

COLUMBIA

AT

DELIVERED

LECTURE

ON

PHILOSOPHY,

SCIENCE,

MARCH

1908
4,

UNIVERSITY

AND

ART

COLUMBIA

UNIVERSITY

PRESS

SALES

AGENTS

NEW

YORK:

LEMCKE

"

80-82

WEST

BUECHNER

27TH

STEEET

LONDON
:

HENRY

FROWDE

AMEN

COKNEE,

E.G.

TORONTO
:

HENRY

25

FROWDE

RICHMOND

ST.,

W.

I LOSOPHY

PH

BY

MURRAY

NICHOLAS
PRESIDENT
MEMBER

COLUMBIA

OF
THE

OF

AMERICAN
AND

THIRD

BUTLER
UNIVERSITY
ACADEMY

OF

ARTS

LETTERS

THOUSAND

gorfe
THE

UNIVERSITY

COLUMBIA

1911
All

Rights

Reserved

PRESS

COPYRIGHT,

THE

BY

COLUMBIA

Set
up

J.

8.

and

1908,

UNIVERSITY

Printed

electrotyped.

Gushing

PRESS.

Co.

Berwick

"

"

Norwood,

Mass.,

May,

U.S.A.

Smith

19x1.

Co.

PREFACE

lecture

THIS
a

in

present
a

of

the

series,

each

philosophy
In

day.

of

the

away

the

garments

in

cut

have

writers

Some

of

the

They

thought
which

on

not

they

tiate
differenand

to

scientific

clothe

philosophy.

forms

of

to

wholly

are

philosophy

philosophy,
are

the

contemporary

some

passing

ject-matte
sub-

was

to

unfitting

and

its

science,

and

which

the

plane
are

odd

form

present

it

clearly

from

sought

philosophic

method,

lecture

philosophy

the

at

philosophy,

its

to

was

sciences

exist

outlining

of

one

compact

several

these

as

and
purpose

and

of

as

which

of

purpose

summary

of

view

delivered

was

travesties

"HU

nor

of

so-called
below
moves.

phies
yet philosoboth.

vi

PREFACE

No

who

one

has

between

thinking,
I

is

To

make

or

think,

to

what

or

it

so.

of

understand

something

call

the

ways

the

not

word

the

grasped
three

knowing,
what

of

orders

can

hope,

philosophy

philosophy
philosophy

tinction
dis-

means.

is

not

to

SYLLABUS

The
The

desire

knowledge

of

mythologies,
The

"

significance

The

three

stages

science,

knowledge,

Science

and

25

Greek

Ages,

The

"

Some

edge,
knowlcommon

knowing,

knowing,

16

of

13

tions
Objec-

"

science,

21

"

knowing,
is

in

in

and

24.

consciousness,

for

will,

of

terms

and

Images

"

30

28

phy
Philoso-

"

in

the

Thales

from

Fathers,

of

history

Socrates,

to

34

"

philosophy,

The

33

33
losophy
Phi-

"

meaning

of

the

36.
of

study

philosophy,

of

to

the

teachings

philosophic

31.

contributions
The

"

inquiry,

of

scientific

limitations

22.

energy

Church

history

German
39

of

movements

the

of

man,

common

Characteristics

"

The

"

world

thought
of

philosophic

18

The

"

theology,

Significant

Middle

thinking

philosophic

Interpretation

"

orders

philosophy,
of

Concepts,

and

or

of

Conditions

"

7.

of

of

critical

of

Socrates,

philosophy,

to

wonder

of

Characteristics

"

Characteristics

"

the

Beginnings

"

philosophy,

12

and

mind,

and

37

"

philosophy,
masters

great
aims

49.

vii

of

Greek

The

38
of

"

and

Immanuel

Kan,t,

philosophy,

philosophy,

the

45

42.
"

The

PHILOSOPHY

the

of

ONE

and

written,
-the

of

one

this

wonder

which

the

driving

power

that

with

we,

call

reactions

upon

have,

needs

the

altered

place
his

of

All

"

the
of

it

hopes

behind

are

as

other

endurance

of

and

Yet

The

Hannibal

their
and

wants

the
man's

as

insignificant,
are.

are

changes

began,
of

appearance

they

and

question-begging

dwelling-place.

changes

the

They

well

edge."
knowl-

satisfy

to

history

as

of

all

man's

since

nature

knowledge

progress.

man

opens

by

men

desire

careless,

inference,

influential

Aristotle

desire

the

ever

"

with

This

books

most

of

sentence,

actuated

are

the

the

Metaphysics

with

to

famous

most

the

great

Alps
are

wholly
dwellingrelation

physical
and

that
the

merous
nu-

tried
same

PHILOSOPHY

that

mountains
The
banked

shores

of

zephyr

of

man's

The

in the

the poems
on

the

bore
bard

could

reach

dug

and

in

the form

cast

sounds

painting,

moving
of

eyes

most

fixed

tongues.
what

once

Human

ears.

itself,chameleon-like,

of noblest

most

of

of fascinated

hundred

hundred

The

verse

fading

den
hid-

drawn

girdle.

group

whose

distant

deeply

deathless
a

only
bearer

his

once

million

but

aspiration has
of

the

now

Puck's

to

with

to

same

air, once

to

been

the

printed page
carry

music,

the

passed beyond recall,are

They

into

is

ore

into

hearers, and

the

by

Carthage,

and

the

But

crude

from

Homer

of

earth, has

that

words

triremes

message

fashioned

and

beaten

hurricane,

silent

fellow.

was

leon.
Napo-

fast-going,steam-driven

to-day.
or

skill of

surface

same

the

to

vessel
a

of the

the

presents

that

sea

oars

the

tested

verse,

of sweetest

oratory,

splendid

of

est
grand-

architec-

PHILOSOPHY

reflection, of freest

ture, of serenest

the

And

forces

The

wonder

and

and

world,

and

age

The

that
the
of

to

it,

that

of

the

and

his

that

proved

be

must

due

to

of

existence

forms

for

his

world.

macht

has

man

its

framework

necessary

man's

respect

and

consciousness

Kant

moving

consciousness
him

himself

moved

achievement.

great

told

knowledge

so

the

ernment.
gov-

yet.

for

desire

least

at

is not

have

so

are

naive

always

that

with

treated

end

the

"

were

picture

Long

before

Verstand

zwar

die Natur

aber

had

acted

instinctivelyon

the

The

world

that

his consciousness

through
of the
and
man

of

soul,

for

fashioned
his

schafft

poured

the senses,

was

what

er

into

senses

as

explanations

imagination.

windows

he

did

found

not

in

man

principle.

Locke's

accepted
the

sie nicht,

the

it,

reveal

forge

PHILOSOPHY

The

unseen

earth, of air and

thunderbolt,

and

of

and

of

wonder

each
that

mythology
facet

racial

which

it

ascribed

was

to

completeness

their

blessing;

So

the

was

the

mythologies
the

The

image
whole

these

of

by

Theogony,
the

shows

which

it
and

humanity's

Hesiod,

their

down

knowledge

reflected.

to

their

bearing
of

Offerings

curses.

made

man

they played

brought

for

desire

ambitions.

life.

and

aid

and

loves

events

superhuman

disdain

or

the

of

their

antagonism
that

and

human

had

curtain

giftswon

neglect

earthquake

jealousies and

the

their game

and

like himself, but greater,

were

hates, human
Behind

of

water,

They

grander.

heaven

of

powers

orderly

mythologies

attained.
The

mythologies

reflection
reveal

and

man's

busying

not

represent
little

simple,

itself with

naive

the

genuine

insight. They
consciousness

explanation

of

PHILOSOPHY

The

things.
their

and

by

known

the

death,

and

do

How

their

The

cause

do

O,

ye

whose

pain
the

who

cried

in

for

experience

that

which

are

we

"

they

them
?

after
these

is

answer

an

Indian

in

born

by
Where-

?
do

we

tell

offered

these
answers

go
us

abide, whether
To

his

the

Is Brahman

Brahman,
we

from?
do

whither

pleasure!

mythologies

"

know.

come

death

or

know

wonder
to

of

out

live, and

command
or

and

How

far-away

Whence
we

life

things

becomes

questions

Upanishads

processes

desire

made?

they

sought.

reality

man's

his

disappearance

the

of

arouse

and

What

grow?

mental

phases

men

are

and

decay, growth,

stimulate

Where

are

the

real,

were

them.

powerfully

most

heroes

uncritical

and

are

genuine,

were

genuineness

fashioned

Change

their

and

of

test
to

which

mythologies

gods

every

at

in

questions
which

PHILOSOPHY

sufficient

were

which

and

for

far

portion,perhaps by
of the
An

human

sought

the

appeared

and

them.

When

asked,

What

of

cause

the

desire

the
is

era

know.

off

with
with

man's

his

Thales

the wise

tellingtales
an

and

examination

direct

place
Wise

reflection

dawn

his

first asked

Men

an

answer

head

of

of Greece.

of Greece

busied

upon

every

and

the

at

men

of

amid

to

wonder

first offered

and

first

was

about

in

beyond

underlies

was

list of the Seven

After

than

persists

Thales, who

it, deserves

the

that

that

and

new

question

question

it

which

laws

of and

outside

in

decay

things,rather

history of
to

in the

its

first

man

and

change

and

forces

changes

change?

to

greater portion,

when

taken

was

to govern

powers

this

great

race.

things themselves

in

the

time,

important step, far-reachingin

consequences,

all

for

to-day sufficient

are

of

long periods

left

themselves

experience
it.

and

PHILOSOPHY

It is

be

to

accepted

something
the
of

the

its

at

that

themselves

appearances
them.

by

But

that

nature

he
was

to

his

implied,

but

Consciousness

knowing
To
to

inward,
his

of

from

change

to

desire

to

nature

Iservice

man's

turn

of

to

be
its

own,

the

know,

and
and

That

that

tested
that

of

sciousness
con-

and

be

ined.
exam-

of

his

gravity
wonder,

was

man

knowledge
by

conduct

the

outward] (5)

from

center

the

tioned.
unques-

himself,

Socrates.

examined

own

to

gaze

man

reasoning animal,

of

itself

remained

process

was

gaze

relation

observed

the

is concealed

and

The

is

tion
assump-

behind

yet, man's

as

outward.

wholly

the

lies

explanation

It

explanation

with

appear,

Thales

view.

for the

the

longer

no

With

into

search

that

the

value.

comes

systematic

is

senses

face

new

things

that

noticed, however,

of

evidence

standards
must

the
is

a;

must

of
be

PHILOSOPHY

founded

rational

on

teachings of Socrates,

immortal
needed

them.

mark

They

Socrates

it

of

stately verse
I

brought

Concealed

at

the

Among
Teacher

truly

the

spark

first,and

of art

and

of

and

life.

Of

said, in

the

heavenly fire,
spreading

burning
fount

and

use,

maxim,

worth

not

of

to

who

have

The

beings

who
across

have
the

superior

An

the

the

who
are

heard

have

the

of

life is

priceless legacy

stood

voice

The
cattle.

of

this

upon

those, and

centuries.

kind

Vinctus, 109.)

generations
him

followed

on,

unexamined

living/'is

Socrates

summit

"

soon

of power.

(Prometheus

The

the

as

"

small, but

of men,

sons

be

^Eschylus

earth

to

forever

intellectual

may

much

as

first unfolded

him

the

of

discoverer

he

when

as

now

the

principles,are

on

men

earth.

ity's
human-

only those,
of

Socrates

others

are

PHILOSOPHY

The

intellectual

life, once

who

have

done
of

thought

noble

of

powers
of

use

Aristotle

the

men

observation,
subtlest

the

Plato

and

that

it

they

had

problem

else

authority

of

its feet for

all recorded

general
were

way,

marked

the

and

The

great

so

was

to

which

offered.

prevented the spiritof

half

For

little

find

proposed

than

and

scholars

the

had

rising to

wide

reflection,

Aristotle

from

In

of

results

problems

their

the

for

the

of

weight

synthetic

than

which

solutions

ently
persist-

out

years

could

them

and

sympathy.

thousand

world

occupy

and

profound

two

the

and

rapid

For

insight

poured

intellectual

nearly
of

brilliant

analytic

accurate

the

World.

Plato

of

imagery

men

shape

Western
the

two

to

most

the

generations

two

the

by

eagerly pursued

was

discovered,

inquiry

new

period longer

history.
different
off from

types
each

of

other

PHILOSOPHY

io

whole

the

during

and

development

that

distinction

often

not

of

and

to

to

logical processes,

unseen

laws

and

and

from

one

before

time

long

stem,

sciences

that

able

follow

them.

had

indicated

to

Aristotle

the

between

neither

they

orders

that

what

any
we

philosophy, and
for

long

time

but

chanics,*
me-

by

one

it

was

separate
were

Plato

and

distinction
of

human

all-controlling,but

their

nor

consistently by

were

the

most

the

maintained

successors

call

is

mingled.
inter-

know,

Both

different

off

other

moderns

which

thinking

natural

mathematics,

the

we

to

broke

parent

as

power,

curiously

medicine

the

were

Questions

as

were

of

lines

to-day

superior

Astronomy,
and

the

followed.

as

objects

clear

or

of

long period
but

study,
seem

noticed

an

this

what

distinction

I So

means.

call

influential

it

science,
what
we

call

pened
hapwe

theology

inextricablymixed.

PHILOSOPHY

To

inconsiderable

no

To

to-day.

so

first

ii

disentangle

them

orders

of

At

first

the

only

certain

comfort

are

with

in

the

themselves

reality.
object,an
"
*

their

no

wise

Each

grouped
visible

and

possible
subordinate

and

elm

integer,an

what
tree

of

they
unlike-

ships
interrelation-

importance.

limit,alter,or

with

in

pleasure or pain,

separateness
or

man.

independent

likenesses

their

of very

the

or

sees

discomfort, that

or

and

mind

marked

by

by

human

objects are

or

ways,

nesses

These

These

but

manifested

separate and

of

to

separate stages

stage, the

roughly

audible

cause;

thinking

world

objects.

the

three

are

what

it has

philosophy is and what

part
play in the intellectual life.
There

is the

comprehending

toward

step

remain

they

extent

the

interfere

objects
their

is called
seems

real

independent thing.

PHILOSOPHY

12

fallingapple suggests

law

of

but

nature,

individual

an

one

to

have,

if

even

This

they

the

is

of the

of

but

its

This
the

course,

often

which

is

name;

it is

The

intellectual

kind

of

second

world

has

been

common-sense,

is

common

is

sound

not,

judgment
by

that

unreflecting and

the

life

of

millions

characterized

of

all.

characteristic

is

It

good,

the

ordinary

begins

when

man.

this 7

is left behind.

common-sense

the
the

It

at

horizon

common-sense

unanalyzed opinion

At

the

name

merely

dary,
secon-

uncritical!

naive,

designation

proper

ignorance.
of

of

adults.

the

dignified by

quite

as

of the countless

unreflecting

appears

apprehended

are

life.

and

child

relations

things

It lies below

intellectual

universal

gratifying

Such

upon

stage

knowledge.
the

of

separate

looked

are

means

appetite.

these

of

as

not

stage

appears

or

as

order

of thinking

something quite

PHILOSOPHY

definite

and
are

everything

whose

the

mind

is

elm

The
and
an

form

cells, of

no

eye

can

mind

longer

no

gratificationof
the

which

laws

unity.
is

staggered by

higher
and

form

insists

of
that

comprehension
object

is

the

the
A

the

it illustrates
into

herent
co-

common-sense

that

presses

accept, with

independent.

tored
untu-

merely

revelations

is

of

falling

universe

knowing
It

of

unaided

the

grasp.

the

as

oxygen,

less

So-called

it

of

appetite ;

bind

ple
sim-

congeries

suggests

an

ing.
controll-

recognized

now

much

see,

massive

are

which

of

other

being

carbon,

one

human

apple

they

being,

of

atoms

hydrogen,
human

of

is

that

sees

of

are

that

fixed

every

tree, far from

single unit,

organic

now

to

relations

significance;indeed,

of

interrelations

relation

in

that

and

world

objects

unimportant,

thing

of

Instead

different.

13

now

Each

or

this
it

upon

without
that

no

depends

on

seen

PHILOSOPHY

i4

other, and

every

is
dependence, relativity,

controlling principle of

the

the

of

discoveries

Kelvin, this
now

stage
far

so

goes

and

of

order
to

as

reenforced

Helmholtz

or

relativity,is

say

knowing

that

ence,
dependif

that

absolute,

so

tlie slightest of objects be disturbed

even

in

universe.

the'guidanceof Newton,

Under

by

the

position

of the

rim

affected

only
able

"

the

It

or

there

of

task.

The

point

order

of

knowing

be

now

science

That

is

seen

this

is

wholly

from

were

the

second
^

little truth
dictum

common-sense.

science

different

is

not

kind
and

common-sense,

common-sense

if

so,

science.

are

how

organized

precisely what

knowledge

of

be

will

of view,

-Huxley's much-quoted
is

most
outer-

precision

results

that

contradicts

measurably

the

is in

Science

and

and

can

the

mass,

universe

instruments

method,
stage

in

material

thereby ;

our

for

altered

or

at

almost

of
it

PHILOSOPHY

To

point.

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PHILOSOPHY

16

and

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PHILOSOPHY

pendent,

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PHILOSOPHY

i8

Just

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common-sense

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PHILOSOPHY

the

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PHILOSOPHY

20

reasonable
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21

power

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PHILOSOPHY

22

and

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PHILOSOPHY

natural

phenomena
mind

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23

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PHILOSOPHY

24

sentatives

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PHILOSOPHY

to

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or

PHILOSOPHY

26

of

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PHILOSOPHY

of water.

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27

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PHILOSOPHY

28

When
of

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point

philosophy

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PHILOSOPHY

that

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PHILOSOPHY

30

of

necessity referred
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as

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find

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PHILOSOPHY

originated

and

There
for

is, I

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of
It

religion.
philosophy

admitted,

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of

mind

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phibe

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Kant,

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PHILOSOPHY

32

is

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as

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but

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find

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which
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"

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intellectual

his intellectual
as

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syntheses,

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apprehension
God

Whom

PHILOSOPHY

whole

the

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the

in

and

religion,the

that

stand

for

this

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to

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of

the

Church

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the

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philosophy,

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ology.
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struct
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philosophy

periods

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Socrates,

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ophy

which

relation

its

are

purpose

philosophy

what

in

above

out

of

with

beginner

and

really is

history
material

for

searched

33

pretation
inter-

phenomena
is

so

it is

orderly
able
invalu-

an

study
second
enriched

of

sophic
philoperiod
by

the

PHILOSOPHY

34

contributions

literally
huge
the

and

the

about

building

Christian

of creeds

great system
has immortalized

of Athanasius

and
and

life of

For

years.

the

of

than

fortunate
in

his

the

The

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thousand

to-day

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modern

discreditable.

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his

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ries
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toward

period

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of

use

describe

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ignorance

philosophy

attitude

very

is sufficient
are

of

student

has

great practicalvalue,

most

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ory,
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intellectual

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of

student

have

both

The

Ages

nearly

names

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to

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developments
and

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the

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Augustine,

and

color

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tenets

thought which
Jerome

totle,
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Stoics, intertwining itself

simple
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group

evidence

that

understood
world

at

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name

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centuries

those

centuries

nor

appreciated.

the

time

of

its

PHILOSOPHY

reacted

beginnings
emphatically

of

centuries

the

time

for

break

The

the

for

It

and

language
which
with

of

the

evolution
made

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Ages

modern

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to

its

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uniformity
the

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at
to

ening
sharp-

is

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each

view

of

then

taught

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consciousness
who

sees

and

making

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field

Europe

theology

peoples
the

be

to

anew.

refining language,

of

and

past

civilization

thought.

Christian

its way

of

attempt

learning
of

that

nations

civilization

contemplation.

is

tools

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and

before, that

laws

Middle

mind

the

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with
of

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philosophy, however,

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study

school.
use

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and

and

methods

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the

history

student

in the

that

completely

begin

the

guided

being

forgotten

were

to

had

the

sharply

so

against

which

ideals

35

had

civilization

life

working
of
both
and

those
thrown
over-

been

PHILOSOPHY

36
overwhelmed

by it,and
in their

power
To

be

can

to

invite

one's
No

attention

the

and

of

limitations

of

sympathy.
that

sense

of

scholars

Hrabanus

and

cities; that
the

and

St. Francis

Cid,

of the
and

that

Dante;
Gothic

Bracton.
not

the

and

Such
one

St. Dominic

and

to

those

them

upon
of

siasm
enthu-

divine

that

still
; or

Clarendon,

legal
an

with

age

guilds

the

Holy Grail,
the

at

Maurus;

by

birth

witnessed

Constitutions

Charta,

of

gave

architecture

that rests

fired

was

zeal

; that

lungenlied,

eye

only

the rise of universities, of

saw

of the

is

true

assembling

the feet of Alcuin

dark,

and

in any

this

as

age

as

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to

dark

was

witnessed

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an

knowledge

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control-

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suppose

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was

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comedy

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triumphs

of

delight each

that

knew

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the

Magna

Commentaries
as

story

of

this

is

any

century

haps
per-

PHILOSOPHY

seventeenth

the

since

sympathy,

but

middle

age.

of

value

its
of

in

of

the

philosophy

Any
while

for

what

rich,

reflection.

the

in

of

aration
prep-

but

and

domains
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literature.
does

and

the

poor,

culture

philosophy

study
will

of

overlook

not

of the

historical

influence

the

the

activities

crude

world

men,

beginnings by
Sails

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of

placidi

crowded,
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vultum

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is worth

emphasis

philosophic thought.

upon

that

philosophy

lay strong

knowledge

to

it is not

and

nor

age

fact.

this

of

Europe

particularlytrue
of

dark

close

significance

of

mind

of

student

in

It witnessed

own.

evidences
is

has

It

and

This

stands

it is neither

come,

to

was

37

on

development
It

will

philosophy

from

the

the shores

time
of

dwell
upon
of its

Virgil's

fluctusque quietos

hastening, electric-bound

to-day.

For

the

history

of

PHILOSOPHY

38

Professor

philosophy is,in fact,as

said

once

it

its

taking

of

he

the

and

is

and

The

the

been

two

the

German

method

of

together

in

insights of

languages

synthesis,offer
Greek

expression

of

the

that

reason

powers

racial

being.

groups
In

to

and

psychological

us

brought
the

has

deepest
yet been

the

and

most

most

Greek

humanity

the

are

and

when

other,

which

mination
illu-

cosmological

the

and

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the

German

adequate

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to

philosophic thinking,
these

and

languages

characteristics

that

making

to

which

splendid

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one

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capable.

the

of

ground
back-

easily seen

are

work

of the

in

efforts

greatest

minds.

method

man's

out

enduring achievements
have

the

explain Totality,of

to

part, stand

Against

centuries

itself

through

seen

glass."

magnifying

grasp

"philosophy

was,

time,

Ferrier

brought
their

for

mirror
of

them

weighty

the
into
con-

PHILOSOPHY

tributions
the

Hegel
above

peaks
who

have

St.

Their

and

others

have

climbed

Difficultyas

of

student

also

Descartes,
No

behind.
far

Hill

the

up

of

sense

know

must

is the

it with

his

good

proach
ap-

proportion,
Max

Kant.
:

lingua franca

of

to

some

one

was

ment
move-

and

thought,

upon

proper

tiller's phrase

language

Aquinas,

significancethe

contemporary

aspirations.

these.

judgment
to

so

in fullest

grasp

systematic form,

distance

little

others

all

Thomas

perhaps

four

mountain

intellectual
St.

Augustine,

follow

like

in

to

Aristotle,

plain, over

highest

Spinoza,

the

given voice,

man's

the

language-

Plato,

tower,

"

and

give expression

to

representatives

Kant,

pass

Greek

profoundest thoughts.

chief

To

the

evolved

peoples

competent

their

to

philosophy,

to

German

forms

39

"

Kant's
modern

PHILOSOPHY

40

philosophy."

It is not

without

that

to

thought

is

the

by
the

The

for

the

thinking

is to

method*

method.

be

straight forward
the

almost
On

Hume.

the

other

which

of

methods,
resulted,
than

at

the

itself to

The

hundred

contradictory sets

end

of

into

cartes
Desthe

conflicting
Rationalism,

something
in

see

Dogmatism

two

and

years,
of

may

necessity

Empiricism

of

rationalistic

all-inclusive

Wolff.

Christian

march

one

the

commended

full-fledgedand

phatic
justlyem-

Skepticism

hand,

of

is

logicalconclusion

how

developed

Kant

Bacon

unlimited

clearly enough
method

the

of
its

most

philosophical

watch

to

this

primarily

and

of

may

of

tested

it pursues,

reformer
One

reason

adequacy

Empiricism

in

Kant

of modern

that

great

of

say

just appreciation

closed.

is

judgment
modern

to

understanding

an

door

the

much

too

two

more

mutually

conclusions,

Skepti-

PHILOSOPHY

cism

and

abuse

the

the

other, but
An
the

century

it found

as

hand
hand

this

deadlock

new

method

the

method

from
a

his

one

point

Vernunft,
human

is

of view

illuminating
thinking.

reallycome
his

method,

to

an

and

the
of

in

Empiri-

method

the

The

until

one,

der

reinen

most

instructive

whole

history

student

who

of

has

of

Kant,

contribution

to

understanding
his

climbed

philosophy

Kritik

the

opment,
devel-

he
in

is
Kant

inclusive

more

one

which

to

so

intellectual

steps by

and

That

some

Immanuel

own

finallyhe produced

and

of

the

higher

of

extremes

of

break

To

mediate,

the

on

could

Rationalism.

story of

up
to

which

the

on

and

need

was

was

eighteenth

expression

there

critical

The

of the

thought

between

refute

deadlock

chieflyin Germany.

and

the

might

could

chieflyin England,

other

cism

neither

absolute

presented by

speak,

Each

Dogmatism.

other.

one

41

42

PHILOSOPHY

philosophy,

is

reflection

of Kant

his students

that

he

to

teach

them,

to

think

philosophically.

the

teaching
be the

to

of

correct

should
the

works

and

the

sought
how

philosophy, but

is

This

the

of

view

I hold

why

reason

of

the

dissipate

with

themselves

concern

genuine

philosophic thinking,and
time

he

philosophy, which
one,

tell

to

ginners
philosophy, particularly be-

of

students

not

that

used

that

Konigsberg

at

task

any

him.

put upon

can

It is said

for

ready

their

not

their

waste

energies

quasi-philosophical and

of

masters

upon

lously-phi
frivo-

the

ern
writing, chieflymodand

be

largely contemporary,
inappropriately

not

Great
of

Little
The

Journeys

which

described
to

the

may

volving
in-

as

Homes

Thoughts!

clever

of

intellectual

posing

Nietzsche, whose

and

body

tudinizi
attiand

PHILOSOPHY

alike

mind

is

The

travesty

barren

curiously

when

he

which

he

Even

the

form

of

for

Oxford,

Harvard,

the

howl

with

the

early

in
A

reading.

street

should

to

it

its

attempt

popular,
warning
to

time.

may,
of

blow

the

be

to

are

to

demic
aca-

unfolded

leads

him

he

last

at

late

to
derstands
un-

and

considerable

of

will

that

both

forgetful

Plautus,
and

fear

of

philosophical

background

have

matism,
Prag-

names

aid

just appreciation.

critics who
in

called

come

philosophical knowledge

in

little better.

when

student's

Haeckel,

Columbia

because

delight

ness,
ill-

science

great

which

and

things,
not

of

but

the
and

in

man

of

philosophy

which

sponsors,
to

field

adept, are

an

with

philosophy.

upon

efforts

the

leaves
is

stricken

sorely

were

only

43

in

There

are

Pragmatism,

profound
of

ing
giv-

the

suffer

from

swallow

at

and

ancient

ing
attemptthe

same

PHILOSOPHY

44

The

is in

philosophy

the

by
the

fact

English

Saxon

and

that

and

in

of

sharp

the

and

have
of

in

nineteenth

Wallaces,
alone

been

of

meager.

the

obstacle

the

the

upon

philosophy

the

in

stones

permanent
Of

few.

are

last decades

century, the twoCairds,

Green, and

in their

Harris

ability to

ticism
skep-

obscure,

tendencies
but

their

osophic
phil-

unsatisfied

progress

English during

but

have

unsound

laid

of the

constructive

and

have
noble

to

offered

times

thinking,

they

much

importance,

criticism

to

Anglo-

politicalinstitutions
and

little

so

people

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thinking
at

is

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language.

positivecontributions

have

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of

capped
handi-

measure

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greatest value

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student

philosophical writing

themselves

expressed
poetry

small

no

first-class

genuinely
in

American

and

English

stand

reach

treme,
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osophic
philthat
ture
struc-

writers

of the
the two
almost

really

ex-

PHILOSOPHY

and
the

all

is

conspicuously

so

and

After

the

been

human

the

years,

who

be

to

end

be

of

less

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to

has

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of

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me

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con-

to

isfy
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tiest
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testimony

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seem

show

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of

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cer-

queer.

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aspirations, an

of the

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is the

work

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original,is pretty

to

eternal

deepest

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and

thousands

and

point

surest:

human
order

for

ignores

philosophy

the

than

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grateful task,

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has

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philosophy, namely,

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lacking

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man

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philo-

deep philosophical scholarship.

chief

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on

of

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broad

task

interpretation. They

have

enjoyed

the

in

ceptional heights
criticism

45

moral

ries
all theothe

nifica
sig-

human

PHILOSOPHY

46
heart

to

dependence

our

voiced

testimony

power,

opening

of

verses

Tully spoke,

and

of

music

the

while

written

Lord

and

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lives
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recorded

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somehow

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unconquer-

Hegel

good

goal

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temptations,
framing

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that

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upon

influences
will

full
"

thus

scheme

society

the

world

plain
of

ing
Cross-

countless

of

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education,

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der
ten-

his

optimism,
"

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Tennyson's

lived

lesson

and

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Lucre-

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testimony

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of

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Bar,

alike

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in

higher

Caesar

Kindly Light, of
the

on

for
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making

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meaning

the whole

of

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philoso-

PHILOSOPHY

phy
forms

thing

of

types

or

principle

has

only
that

things
or

and

hand

of

in the

mankind

the

course

World

saying

has
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and
of

facts

unified

; to

trace

made

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close

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and

the

logic
felt

down

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true

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the

how

from

and

follow

in

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Pythagoras

architecture,

; to

events

relations

religious institutions

Thucydides

philosophy
indicate

the

in

illustrate

to

unifies

sculpture, in poetry

politicaland

that

the

for

for

philosophy

painting, and

to prove

and

does

science

"

it possesses

does

combines

combined

things

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in

what

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philosophy

which

thought

trate
illus-

to

realityas

bring

; to

specific

and

Spinoza

much

so

"

fact

of

of

study

unity,"

the

power
the

the

but

nothing

is

47

is the

history

examples;
between

which
or

is

and

matics,
mathe-

suspected
Kant,

to

losophy
phi-

by
and

Plato, by Descartes

Leibnitz

is

and

to

PHILOSOPHY

48

suggest
does

and

lead

the

laws

vital

before

mathematics

from

binds

and

and

in which

ways

science

them

of

and

evolution
in

the

same

or

similar

sphere

; to

throw

Orient
the

philosophy

and

existence

the

history
-

Occident

cannot

that

and

longs

in, Nirvana,
which
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individuals, and
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be-

upon

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civilization

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ered
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nature

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to

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ab-

civilization

philosophy

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to

PHILOSOPHY

and

intellectual

moral

perfection.

more,

philosophy

much

this, and

than

seventy

years
the

Tocqueville expressed
in

less attention
the

United

the

in

country

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paid

that

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are

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edge,

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into

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THIS

BOOK

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INITIAL
BE

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DATE
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STAMPED

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SEVENTH

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PENALTY
FOURTH
DAY

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WOV

191936
8 0

NOV2

REC'D

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