Monday, June 27.

2011

CHAPTER 11
P.P.11.1

i (t ) 33 sin(10t 60) 33 cos(10t 30)

v(t ) 330 cos(10t 20)

p(t ) v(t ) i (t ) (330)(33) cos(10t 20) cos(10t 30)

1
p(t ) 10890[cos(20t 20 30) cos(20 (30))]
2
p( t ) (3.5 + 5.445cos(20t10)) kW
1
P Vm I m cos( v i ) 3.5 kW
2
P.P.11.2

V I Z 13208

1
V I cos(v i )
2 m m
1
P (1320)(33) cos(8 30) 20.19 kW
2

P.P.11.3
3

32045 V

j1

32045
101.1926.57
3 j

For the resistor,

I R I 101.1926.57
VR 3I 303.626.57
1
1
PR Vm I m (303.6)(101.19) 15.361 kW
2
2

For the inductor,

I L 101 .1926.57
VL j I L 101.19( 26.57 90) 101.19116.57
1
PL (101.19) 2 cos(90) 0 W
2

The average power supplied is

1
P (320)(101.19) cos(45 26.57) 15.361 kW
2
P.P.11.4

Consider the circuit below.

8

40 V

I1

j4

I2

-j2

j20 V

For mesh 1,
- 40 (8 j2) I 1 (- j2) I 2 0
( 4 j) I 1 j I 2 20

(1)

- j20 ( j4 j2) I 2 (- j2) I 1 0

- j I 1 j I 2 j10

(2)

For mesh 2,

In matrix form,
4 j - j I 1 20

-j
j I 2 j10

2 j4 ,
I1

1 -10 j20 ,

1
553.14 and

I2

2 10 j60

2
13.6 17.11

For the 40-V voltage source,

Vs 400
I 1 5 53.14
-1
Ps (40)(5) cos(-53.14) - 60 W
2
For the j20-V voltage source,

Vs 2090
I 2 13.6 17.11
-1
Ps (20)(13.6) cos(90 17.11) - 40 W
2

For the resistor,

I I1 5
V 8 I 1 40
1
P (40)(5) 100 W
2

The average power absorbed by the inductor and capacitor is zero watts.
P.P.11.5
We first obtain the Thevenin equivalent circuit across Z L . Z Th is
obtained from the circuit in Fig. (a).
-j4

j10

Z th

(a)
Z Th 5 || (8 j4 j10)

(5)(8 j6)
3.415 j0.7317
13 j6

VTh is obtained from the circuit in Fig. (b).

-j4

j10
I

12 A

+
V th

(b)
By current division,
I

8 j4
(12)
8 j 4 j10 5

VTh 5 I

(60)(8 j 4)
37.5 - 51.34
13 j 6

Z L = (Z Th )* = [3.415j0.7317]
Pmax

P.P.11.6
Let

VTh

8 RL

(37.5) 2
51.47 W
(8)(3.415)

We first find Z Th and VTh across R L .

Z 1 80 j60

(90)(- j30)
9 (1 j3)
90 j30
(80 j60)(9 j27)
Z1 || Z 2
17.181 j24.57
80 j60 9 j27

Z 2 90 || (- j30)
Z Th

Z2
(9)(1 j3)
(12060)
(12060)
Z1 Z 2
89 j33
35.98 - 31.91

VTh
VTh

R L Z Th 30

The current through the load is

VTh
35.98 - 31.91

0.6764 - 4.4
I
Z Th R L 47.181 j24.57
The maximum average power absorbed by R L is
1
1 2
Pmax I R L (0.6764) 2 (30) 6.863 W
2
2
P.P.11.7

0 t 1
16t
i(t )
32 16t 1 t 2

2
1 T 2
1 1
i dt (16t ) 2 dt (32 16t ) 2 dt

2 0
T 0
2
256 1 2

t dt (4 4t t 2 ) dt

1
2 0
1
t 3 256
128 4t 2t 2 12
3
3
3

I rms
2
I rms

2
I rms

T2

I rms

256
9.238 A
3

2
P I rms
R 9.238 2 (9) 768 w

P.P.11.8

T , v(t ) 100 sin(t ), 0 t

1 T 2
1
v dt (100 sin(t )) 2 dt

0
T 0
4
10 1

1 cos(2t ) dt 5000
0 2

2
Vrms

2
Vrms

Vrms 70.71 V
P

P.P.11.9

2
Vrms
5000

833.3 W
R
6

The load impedance is

Z 60 j40 72.1133.7

The power factor is

pf cos(33.7) 0.8321 lagging
Since the load is inductive
V
32010
I
4.438 - 23.69 A
Z 72.1133.7
The apparent power is
S = V rms (I rms )* = 0.5(320)(4.438)(10(23.69)) = 71033.69 VA
P.P.11.10

The total impedance as seen by the source is

( j4)(8 j6)
Z 10 j4 || (8 j6) 10
8 j2
Z 12.6920.62

The power factor is

pf cos(20.62) 0.936 (lagging)
V
1650
I rms rms
13.002 - 20.62
Z
12.6920.62
The average power supplied by the source is equal to the power absorbed by the load.
2
P I rms
R (13.002) 2 (11.88) 1,062 W = 2.008 kW
or

P Vrms I rms pf (165)(13.002)(0.936) 2.008 kW

P.P.11.11
(a)

S Vrms I *rms (110 85)(0.4 - 15)

S 4470 VA
S S 44 VA

(b)

S 4470 15.05 j41.35

Q 41.35 VAR

P 15.05 W ,

(c)

pf cos(70) 0.342 (lagging)

Vrms 11085

27570
I rms 0.4 - 15
Z 94.06 j258.4
Z

P.P.11.12
(a)

If Z 250 - 75 ,

(b)

Q S sin

(c)

P.P.11.13

2
Vrms
Z

pf cos(-75) 0.2588 (leading)

Q
100 kVAR

103.53 kVA
sin
sin(-75)

Vrms S Z (103530 )(250) 5.087 kV

Consider the circuit below.

I

20
I1

(30j10)

+
Vo

Let I 2 be the current through the 60- resistor.

P 240
P I 22 R
I 22
4
R 60
I 2 2 (rms)

I2
(60+j20)

Vo I 2 (60 j20) 120 j40

I1

Vo
3.2 j2.4
30 j10

I I 1 I 2 5.2 j2.4

V 20 I Vo (104 j48) (120 j40)

V 224 j88 240.721.45 V rms
For the 20- resistor,
V 20 I 204 j48 114.5424.8
I 5.2 j2.4 5.72724.8

S V I * (114.5424.8)(5.727 - 24.8)
S 656 VA
For the (30 j10)- impedance,
Vo 120 j40 126.518.43
I 1 3.2 j2.4 4 36.87
S 1 Vo I 1* (126 .518.43 )( 4 - 36.87 )

S 1 = 50618.44 = [480j160] VA

For the (60 + j20)- impedance,

I 2 2 0
S 2 Vo I *2 (126 .518.43)( 2 - 0)

S 2 = 25318.43 = [240+j80] VA

The overall complex power supplied by the source is

S T V I * (240.6721.45)(5.727 - 24.8)

S T = 1378.33.35 = [1376j80] VA

P.P.11.14

For load 1,
pf 0.75 cos 1
1 -41.41
P1
P1 S1 cos 1
S1
2666.67
cos 1
Q1 S1 sin 1 -176.85
S1 P1 jQ 1 2000 j1763.85 (leading)
P1 2000 ,

For load 2,
P2 4000 ,
pf 0.95 cos 2
2 18.19
P2
S2
4210.53
cos 2
Q 2 S 2 sin 2 1314.4
S 2 P2 jQ 2 4000 j1314.4 (lagging)

The total complex power is

S = S 1 + S 2 = [6j0.4495] kVA
P
6000
pf

0.9972 (leading)
6016.18
S
P.P.11.15

pf 0.85 cos
31.79
Q
140
Q S sin
S

265.8 kVA
sin sin(31.79)
P S cos 225.93 kW

For pf 1 cos 1

1 0

Since P remains the same,

P P1 S1 cos 1

S1

P1
225.93
cos 1

Q 1 S1 sin 1 0

The difference between the new Q 1 and the old Q is Q c .

2
Q c 140 kVAR CVrms

140 10 3
30.69 mF
(2 )(60)(110) 2

P.P.11.16

Let

The wattmeter measures the average power from the source.

Z 1 4 j2

Z 2 12 || j9

(12)( j9)
4.32 j5.76
12 j9

Z Z 1 Z 2 8.32 j3.76 9.13 24.32

2

V
(120 ) 2
S VI *
1577 .224.32 VA
9.13 - 24.32
Z
*

P S cos 1.437 kW

P.P.11.17

Demand charge $5 32,000 $160,000

Energy charge for the first 50,000 kWh $0.08 50,000 $4,000
The remaining energy 500,000 50,000 450,000 kWh
Charge for this bill $0.05 450,000 $22,500
Total bill $160,000 $4,000 $22,500 $186,500

P.P.11.18

Energy consumed 800 kW 20 26 416,000 kWh

The power factor of 0.88 exceeds 0.85 by 3 0.01 . Hence, there is a power factor credit
which amounts to an energy credit of
0.1
416,000
3 1248 kWh
100
Total energy billed 416,000 1,248 414,752 kWh
Energy cost $0.06 414,752 $24,885.12