Vibrasi Level 2

FFT - How to select Freq.
Ranges, lines, Averages
Shaft
Rotating
Speed
Journal
Bearings
instability
Blades
2x
Rolling Element
Bearings
Gear
3x
1 KHz
3KHz
25KHz
Copyright 2004- PT. Putranata Adi Mandiri sole agent Prftechnik AG, Germany PART 2
Relative Sensitivity
Frequency Range
30
dB
20
Useful Frequency Range

10% limit -0.3f0 3dB limit -0.5f0
10
Frequency Response of Sensor
0
-10
-20
-30
-40
2Hz
10KHz
Frequency [xf0]
ConsiderSensorInstrumentCablesSensor Coupling
Sensitivity
Sensitivity vs Frequency Range
Frequency
Vibration Pickups
Journal
Bearings
instability
Shaft
Rotating
Speed
2x
Rolling Element
Bearings
Blades
Gear
3x
1 KHz
3KHz
25KHz
Non Contact Displacement

Velocity Probe
Accelerometer
Coupling vs Frequency Range
Threaded & bonded

stud
Threaded & bonded

transducer
VIB 6.10X
Hand held
probe
Magnetic
holder
curved
surfaces
VIB 6.12X
VIB 8.660
VIB 6.140
VIB 6.140
VIB 8.606
VIB
8.680
SET
VIB
8.685
SET
VIB 8.736
10
5
Hz
10k
36k
2
1
Hz
20k 36k
10
2
1k 2k
36k
Hz
15k Hz
Machine Signal Types
Stationary Signals
- Vibration from rotating machines
Non - Stationary Signals

- Vibration from reciprocating machines (short term)
- Vibration from run-ups and coast-down
Informasi penting tentang mesin
Amplitudo
vibrasi
frekuensi
Apa saja yang mungkin menyebabkan vibrasi ?

Analisa Amplitudo, Frekuensi dan Fase - 1

PENYEBAB
AMPLITUDO
FREKUENSI
FASE
KETERANGAN
GAMBAR SPECTRUM
1. Unbalance
Sebanding dgn
ketidak balance,
dominan pd
radial (2x aksial)
1 x rpm
Single
reference
mark
Kondisi sering
ditemui
f
1x
Ve = 13
Vf = 13
Pengukuran getaran :
Ae = 7
Af = 8
Va = 4
Vb = 3
Vc = 4
He = 15
Aa = 3
Ab = 4
Hf = 15
Ac = 5
Ad = 5
Ha = 4
Hb = 5
Hc = 3
Hd = 2
Vd = 4

PENYEBAB
AMPLITUDO
FREKUENSI
FASE
2. Misalignment
kopling atau
poros bengkok
Dominan pd
aksial, 50%
atau lebih dari
arah radial
Sering 1 x & 2 x Single

rpm. Kadang 3 x double
rpm
triple
KETERANGAN
GAMBAR SPECTRUM
Ditandai timbulnya vibrasi A

aksial. Gunakan alat laseralignment. Apabila mesin
baru dipasang terjadi
vibrasi, maka kemungkinan
besar karena misalignment.
Ve = 3
f
1x
2x
Vf = 4
Ae = 4
Af = 5
Va = 4
Vb = 10
Vc = 10
He = 4
Aa = 7
Ab = 15
Hf = 3
Ac = 15
Ad = 7
Ha = 5
Hb = 10
Hc = 10
Hd = 5
Vd = 4
10

PENYEBAB
AMPLITUDO
FREKUENSI
FASE
KETERANGAN
3. Anti friction
bearing buruk
Tidak stabil,
ukur percepatan,
gunakan
acceleration
probe
Sangat tinggi,
beberapa kali
Rpm, 1x, 2x, 3x,
4x 10x..
Tdk tentu,
Berubahrubah
A
Vibrasi akan timbul
apabila bearing sdh
parah. Gunakan
vibrotip / shockpulse u
deteksi awal
Ve = 5
GAMBAR SPECTRUM
f
1x
2x
3x
4x
Vf = 3
Ae = 4
Af = 2
Va = 2
Vb = 4
Vc = 5-10
He = 4
Aa = 4
Ab = 3
Hf = 4
Ac = 10-15
Ad = 5
Ha = 3
Hb = 3
Hc = 5-10
Hd = 4
Vd = 3
11

PENYEBAB
AMPLITUDO
FREKUENSI
3. Anti friction
bearing buruk
Tidak stabil,
ukur percepatan,
gunakan
acceleration
probe
Sangat tinggi,
beberapa kali
Rpm, 1x, 2x, 3x,
4x,5 x,6x
PENYEBAB
AMPLITUDO
FREKUENSI
3. Anti friction
bearing buruk
Tidak stabil,
ukur percepatan,
gunakan
acceleration
probe
Sangat tinggi,
beberapa kali
Rpm, 3x
or greater
PENYEBAB
AMPLITUDO
FREKUENSI
3. Anti friction
bearing buruk
Tidak stabil,
ukur percepatan,
gunakan
acceleration
probe
Sangat tinggi,
beberapa kali
Rpm, 3x
or greater
KETERANGAN
Excessive
Internal
clearances
Bearing
turning on
shaft
GAMBAR SPECTRUM
A
Excessive Clearance
normally accompanied
by FTP modulating
other frequencies; can
also sifnificantly affect
balance sensitivity
f
1x
3x
4x
KETERANGAN
GAMBAR SPECTRUM
Frequency 3X or
greater is the
predominant multiple
f
1x
Bearing
turning on
shaft
2x
2x
3x
4x
KETERANGAN
GAMBAR SPECTRUM
Frequency 3X or
greater is the
predominant multiple
f
1x
2x
3x
4x
12

PENYEBAB
AMPLITUDO
FREKUENSI
FASE
KETERANGAN
7. Mechanical
looseness
(Housing
bearing aus)
Tinggi pada
aksial
2 x rpm
2 referensi Sering
agak kacau bersamaan dgn
unbalance /
misalignment
GAMBAR SPECTRUM
A
f
2x
13
Frequency
1-6X
Clearance
Defect
Remarks
Excessive internal
14
Why shock pulses for rolling bearing noise ?

c
m
fnat =
x
Machine vibration
1
m
1
l
1
d
1
a
c = stiffness
)
m = Mass
Material crack
plastical / elastical
deformation
Shock pulse range rolling bearing
Natural frequencies rolling bearing pieces

fnat,O
fnat,B
fnat,
2
1
Example
l
1
l = n m
f x 1/1m
fnat x 30 Hz
d = n 1 mm
f x 1/1 000 m
fnat x 30 000 Hz
a
f
fnat
1 000
10 000
36 000
100 000
= n m
x 1 / 1 00 000 m
x 3 00 000 Hz
flog / Hz
velocity
sound
shock pulses
Copyright
2004- PT. Putranata Adiacceleration
Mandiri sole agent Prftechnik
AG, Germany ultra
PART
2 emission 15
Pengukuran vibrasi dan jarak frekuensi

Component & Machine Vibration
Frictional Vibration (Sliding, Rolling, Shock, Rubbing Vibrations)
Size of machine component
Velocity
Acceleration
Speed /
Rolling speed
Shock
Pulses
16

PENYEBAB
AMPLITUDO
FREKUENSI
FASE
KETERANGAN
GAMBAR SPECTRUM
4. Sleeve, metal,
Jurnal bearing
(friction
bearing) /
eksentrik
Tidak besar,
aksial
lebih tinggi
1 x rpm, seolaholah seperti

unbalance
Single
pd rodagigi vibrasi segaris

dengan pusat kontak. pd
motor/gen vibrasi hilang
bila mesin dimatikan. pd
pompa/blower
kemungkinan unbalance
Ve = 4
f
1x
Vf = 4
Ae = 4
Af = 5
Va = 4
Vb = 7
Vc = 3
He = 4
Aa = 7
Ab = 15
Hf = 3
Ac = 4
Ad = 4
Ha = 3
Hb = 8
Hc = 5
Hd = 3
Vd = 5
17
Alignment pada sleeve bearing

Posisi pada saat
pekerjaan alignment
Sleeve bearing
Posisi seharusnya
pada saat setelah
alignment
Ball bearing
18

PENYEBAB
AMPLITUDO
FREKUENSI
FASE
KETERANGAN
GAMBAR SPECTRUM
5. Rodagigi
buruk atau
bersuara
Rendah, ukur
kecepatan &
percepatan,
gunakan
acceleration
Sangat tinggi
Jumlah gigi x
rpm
Tdk tentu
Awal rusak
bersuara, semakin
lama keras.
Vibrasi biasanya
dalam toleransi.
Ve = 7
f
2x
1x
3x
4x
tooth
Vf = 3
Ae = 8
Af = 5
Va = 4
Vb = 3
Vc = 7
He = 6
Aa = 3
Ab = 4
Hf = 4
Ac = 8
Ad = 9
Ha = 3
Hb = 2
Hc = 7
Hd = 7
Vd = 7
19

PENYEBAB
AMPLITUDO
FREKUENSI
FASE
KETERANGAN
GAMBAR SPECTRUM
6. Gear mesh
buruk atau
bersuara
(pada saat
start / stop)
Rendah, ukur
kecepatan &
percepatan,
gunakan accel.
Sangat tinggi
Jumlah gigi x
rpm
Tdk tentu
Sering terjadi
pada saat
pemasangan
f
2x
1x
3x
4x
tooth
Ve = 7
Vf = 3
Ae = 8
Af = 5
Va = 4
Vb = 3
Vc = 7
He = 6
Aa = 3
Ab = 4
Hf = 4
Ac = 8
Ad = 9
Ha = 3
Hb = 2
Hc = 7
Hd = 7
Vd = 7
20

PENYEBAB
AMPLITUDO
FREKUENSI
FASE
KETERANGAN
7. Mechanical
looseness
(Housing
bearing aus)
Tinggi pada
aksial
2 x rpm
2 referensi Sering
unbalance /
misalignment
Ve = 3
GAMBAR SPECTRUM
A
f
2x
Vf = 3
Ae = 4
Af = 4
Va = 4
Vb = 12
Vc = 5
He = 4
Aa = 3
Ab = 15
Hf = 2
Ac = 5
Ad = 3
Ha = 3
Hb = 12
Hc = 5
Hd = 4
Vd = 5
21

PENYEBAB
AMPLITUDO
FREKUENSI
FASE
KETERANGAN
GAMBAR SPECTRUM
8. Mechanical
Looseness (Pondasi
kendor dudukan
lemah/karatan
baut kendor)
Tinggi pada
vertikal
Kurang dari
1 x rpm
Tdk tentu
Kencangkan baut
Untuk memastikan
f
<1x
Ve = 3
Vf = 2
Ae = 4
Af = 3
Va = 9
Vb = 10
Vc = 5
He = 3
Aa = 3
Ab = 4
Hf = 4
Ac = 2
Ad = 2
Ha = 2
Hb = 4
Hc = 2
Hd = 4
Vd = 3
22

PENYEBAB
AMPLITUDO
FREKUENSI
FASE
KETERANGAN
9. Mechanical
looseness
(Pondasi
melengkung)
Tinggi pada
vertikal,
horizontal &
aksial
2 x rpm
2 referensi Sering
unbalance /
misalignment
Ve = 3
GAMBAR SPECTRUM
A
f
2x
Vf = 3
Ae = 4
Af = 4
Va = 9
Vb = 12
Vc = 5
He = 4
Aa = 7
Ab = 6
Hf = 2
Ac = 5
Ad = 3
Ha = 13
Hb = 14
Hc = 5
Hd = 4
Vd = 5
23

PENYEBAB
AMPLITUDO
FREKUENSI
FASE
KETERANGAN
GAMBAR SPECTRUM
10. Drive belt

buruk
Tdk
tentu/berpulsa
1,2,3
atau 4 x
rpm belt
1 atau 2
tergantung
frekuensi,
tdk tetap
Biasanya terjadi
karena belt tdk berada
pada tempatnya secara
sempurna.
Belt
Ve = 8
f
1x
2x
3x
4x
Vf = 4
Ae = 8
Af = 3
Va = 3
Vb = 2
Vc = 10
He = 7
Aa = 2
Ab = 3
Hf = 2
Ac = 10
Ad = 10
Ha = 2
Hb = 4
Hc = 10
Hd = 8
Vd = 10
24
25

PENYEBAB
AMPLITUDO
FREKUENSI
FASE
KETERANGAN
GAMBAR SPECTRUM
11. Elektrikal
Tidak tinggi, ada

suara
berdengung,
lebih terasa bila
dimatikan
2 x rpm lebih
tinggi daripd
1 x rpm.
Single/
rotate
double
mark
Vibrasi & suara

hilang bila
mesin dimatikan
f
1x
Ve = 3
2x
Vf = 2
Ae = 3
Af = 3
Va = 7
Vb = 6
Vc = 4
He = 3
Aa = 6
Ab = 7
Hf = 1
Ac = 5
Ad = 5
Ha = 8
Hb = 8
Hc = 5
Hd = 3
Vd = 3
26
27

PENYEBAB
AMPLITUDO
FREKUENSI
FASE
KETERANGAN
GAMBAR SPECTRUM
12. Gaya
aerodinamik /
hidrolik
Tinggi pada
vertikal atau
horizontal
1 x rpm atau
jumlah sudu
atau fan atau
impeler x
rpm
Tdk tentu
Lebih terasa bila

beban tidak
stabil.
f
1x
Ve = 14
Jml x
Vf = 13
Ae = 7
Af = 7
Va = 1
Vb = 2
Vc = 4
He = 13
Aa = 1
Ab = 3
Hf = 14
Ac = 5
Ad = 3
Ha = 2
Hb = 2
Hc = 3
Hd = 4
Vd = 4
28

PENYEBAB
AMPLITUDO
FREKUENSI
FASE
KETERANGAN
GAMBAR SPECTRUM
13. Gaya
reciprocating
Dominan aksial
1 x,2 x rpm
atau lebih
Single,
double,
triple
Pada mesin
reciprocating
bisa ganti
desain/isolasi
Ve = 2
f
1x
2x
Vf = 2
Ae = 3
Af = 3
Va = 7
Vb = 8
Vc = 3
He = 4
Aa = 6
Ab = 7
Hf = 2
Ac = 4
Ad = 4
Ha = 8
Hb = 7
Hc = 2
Hd = 4
Vd = 3
29
Ringkasan Analisa Amplitudo, Frekuensi dan Fase

PENYEBAB
AMPLITUDO
FREKUENSI
FASE
KETERANGAN
GAMBAR SPECTRUM
1. Unbalance
Sebanding dgn
ketidak balance,
dominan pd
radial (2x aksial)
1 x rpm
Single
reference
mark
Kondisi sering
ditemui
Dominan pd
aksial, 50%
atau lebih dari
arah radial
Sering 1 x & 2 x Single

rpm. Kadang 3 x double
rpm
triple
Ditandai timbulnya vibrasi A

aksial. Gunakan alat laseralignment. Apabila mesin
baru dipasang terjadi
vibrasi, maka kemungkinan
besar karena misalignment.
Tidak stabil,
ukur acceleration
untuk freq.
tinggi
Sangat tinggi,
beberapa kali
Rpm, 1x, 2x, 3x,
4x 10x x
Tdk tentu,
Berubahrubah
Vibrasi akan timbul

apabila bearing sdh
parah. Gunakan
enveloping &
shockpulse
4. Sleeve, metal,
Jurnal bearing
(friction
bearing)
Tidak besar,
aksial
lebih tinggi
1 x rpm, seolaholah seperti

unbalance
Single
pd rodagigi vibrasi segaris

dengan pusat kontak. pd
motor/gen vibrasi hilang
bila mesin dimatikan. pd
pompa/blower
kemungkinan unbalance
5. Rodagigi
buruk atau
bersuara
Rendah, ukur
kecepatan &
percepatan,
gunakan accel.
Awal rusak bersuara,

semakin lama keras.
Vibrasi biasanya
dalam toleransi.
2. Misalignment
kopling atau
poros bengkok
3. Anti friction
bearing buruk
f
1x
Sangat tinggi
Jumlah gigi x
rpm
Tdk tentu
f
1x
2x
1x
2x
f
3x
4x
f
1x
f
2x
1x
3x
4x
tooth
30

PENYEBAB
AMPLITUDO
FREKUENSI
6. Gear mesh
buruk atau
bersuara pada
saat start/stop
Rendah, ukur
kecepatan &
percepatan,
gunakan accel.
Sangat tinggi
Jumlah gigi x
rpm
7. Mechanical
looseness
(Housing
bearing aus)
Tinggi pada
aksial
2 x rpm
8. Mechanical
Looseness (Pondasi
kendor dudukan
lemah/karatan
baut kendor)
Tinggi pada
vertikal
9. Mechanical
looseness
(Pondasi
melengkung)
Tinggi pada
vertikal,
horizontal &
aksial
2 x rpm
10. Drive belt

buruk
Tdk
tentu/berpulsa
1,2,3
atau 4 x
rpm belt
Kurang dari
1 x rpm
FASE
Tdk
tentu
KETERANGAN
Sering terjadi
pada saat
pemasangan
GAMBAR SPECTRUM
A
f
2x
1x
2 referensi Sering
unbalance /
misalignment
Tdk tentu
Kencangkan baut
Untuk memastikan
3x
4x
f
2x
f
<1x
2 referensi Sering
unbalance /
misalignment
1 atau 2
tergantung
frekuensi,
tdk tetap
Biasanya terjadi
karena belt tdk berada
pada tempatnya secara
sempurna.
f
2x
f
1x
2x
3x
4x
31

PENYEBAB
AMPLITUDO
FREKUENSI
FASE
KETERANGAN
GAMBAR SPECTRUM
11. Elektrikal
Tidak tinggi, ada

suara dengung,
lbh terasa bila
dimatikan
2 x rpm lebih
tinggi daripd
1 x rpm.
Single/
rotate
double
mark
Vibrasi & suara

hilang bila
mesin dimatikan
Tinggi pada
vertikal atau
horizontal
1 x rpm / jml
sudu / fan
atau impeler
x rpm
Tdk tentu
Lebih terasa bila

beban tidak
stabil.
12. Gaya
aerodinamik /
hidrolik
13. Gaya
reciprocating
Dominan aksial 1 x,2 x rpm

atau lebih
f
1x
2x
f
1x
Single,
double,
triple
Pada mesin
reciprocating
bisa ganti
desain/isolasi
Jml x
f
1x
2x
32
Latihan - 1
A
Roller
bearing
Sleeve
bearing
Coupling
Single phase
motor
5 blade
impeller
PICKUP
LOCATION
Peak
(mm/s)
FREQ
(cpm)
Peak
(mm/s)
FREQ
(cpm)
Peak
(mm/s)
FREQ
(cpm)
Vertikal
Horizontal
Aksial
1.7
2.4
1.2
1500
1500
1500
0.3
0.5
0.09
3000
3000
3000
0.05
0.05
0.01
6000
6000
6000
2.1
Vertikal
Horizontal
Aksial
1500
1500
1500
0.4
0.7
0.15
3000
3000
3000
0.05
0.05
0.01
1500
1500
1500
0.2
0.15
-
3000
3000
-
1500
1500
1500
0.2
0.09
-
3000
3000
-
Vertikal
Horizontal
Aksial
Vertikal
Horizontal
Aksial
3.2
1.9
1.1
1.3
1.2
1.3
1.1
1.5
Peak
(mm/s)
FREQ
(cpm)
6000
6000
6000
0.08
0.07
-
Variable 37500
Variable 37500
-
0.05
0.4
-
7500
7500
-
0.4
0.45
1400
1400
0.4
0.05
-
7500
7500
-
0.25
0.30
0.42
1400
1400
1400
33
PERTANYAAN : LATIHAN-1
(a) Kemungkinan penyebab apa yang mengakibatkan terjadinya
vibrasi 1500 cpm pada bearing A dan B ?
(b) Bila kemungkinan penyebabnya lebih dari satu, bagaimana cara
Anda untuk menemukan penyebab yang sesungguhnya ?
(c) Apa penyebab terjadinya vibrasi 3000 cpm pd bearing A,B,C & D ?
(d) Apa penyebab terjadinya vibrasi 6000 cpm pd bearing A dan B ?
(e) Apa penyebab terjadinya vibrasi 37500 cpm pd bearing B ?
(f)
Apa penyebab terjadinya vibrasi 7500 cpm pd bearing C dan D ?
(g) Apa penyebab terjadinya vibrasi 1400 cpm pd bearing C dan D ?

(h) Bagaimana Anda menentukan apakah penyebab vibrasi tersebut
harus ditanggulangi ?
34
Latihan - 2
Water turbine
12 blades
Sleeve
bearing
Roller
bearing
Coupling
Generator
PICKUP
LOCATION
DISP
FREQ
DISP
FREQ
DISP
FREQ
DISP
FREQ
Vertikal
Horizontal
Aksial
2.7
2.8
1.3
1500
1500
1500
1.2
1.2
1.3
3000
3000
3000
1.3
1.1
0.9
4500
4500
4500
1.2
1.3
40000
40000
Vertikal
Horizontal
Aksial
1.8
1.9
1.2
1500
1500
1500
1.2
1.4
0.9
3000
3000
3000
1.2
1.2
1.0
4500
4500
4500
Vertikal
Horizontal
Aksial
1.2
1.1
1.1
1500
1500
1500
0.9
1.1
-
18000
18000
-
2.0
2.1
1300
1300
Vertikal
Horizontal
Aksial
1.2
1.3
1.1
1500
1500
1500
1.3
1.2
-
18000
18000
-
2.1
2.2
2.0
1300
1300
1300
35
PERTANYAAN : LATIHAN-2
aa) Kemungkinan penyebab apa yang mengakibatkan terjadinya vibrasi 1500 cpm pada
bearing A dan B ?
b) Bila kemungkinan penyebabnya lebih dari satu, bagaimana cara Anda untuk menemukan
penyebab yang sesungguhnya ?
(c) Apa penyebab terjadinya vibrasi 3000 cpm pada bearing A dan B ?
(d) Apa penyebab terjadinya vibrasi 40000 cpm pada bearing A ?
(e) Apa penyebab terjadinya vibrasi 4500 cpm pada bearing A dan B ?
(f) Apa penyebab terjadinya vibrasi 18000 cpm pada bearing C dan D ?
(g) Apa penyebab terjadinya vibrasi 1300 cpm pada bearing C dan D ?
h) Bagaimana Anda menentukan apakah penyebab vibrasi tersebut harus ditanggulangi ?
36
Latihan - 3
A
1500 rpm
Roller
bearing
Single phase motor

C
D
3000 rpm
5 blade impeller
PICKUP
A
Sleeve
bearing
LOCATION
AMPL
FREQ
AMPL
FREQ
AMPL
FREQ
AMPL
FREQ
Vertikal
Horizontal
Aksial
Vertikal
Horizontal
Aksial
Vertikal
Horizontal
Aksial
Vertikal
Horizontal
Aksial
2.8
2.9
2.4
4.0
4.1
4.9
4.5
4.4
4.8
3.8
3.9
3.3
1500
1500
1500
1500
1500
1500
3000
3000
3000
3000
3000
3000
1.2
1.2
1.3
1.2
1.4
0.9
0.9
1.1
1.1
1.3
1.2
1.1
3000
3000
3000
3000
3000
3000
36000
36000
36000
36000
36000
36000
1.3
1.1
0.9
1.2
1.2
1.0
1.9
2.0
2.1
2.1
2.2
2.0
4500
4500
4500
4500
4500
4500
1300
1300
1300
1300
1300
1300
1.2
1.3
40000
40000
37
Latihan - 4
A
gearbox
1500 rpm
Roller
bearing
Single phase motor
3000 rpm
compressor
PICKUP
A
Sleeve
bearing
LOCATION
AMPL
FREQ
AMPL
FREQ
AMPL
FREQ
AMPL
FREQ
Vertikal
Horizontal
Aksial
Vertikal
Horizontal
Aksial
Vertikal
Horizontal
Aksial
Vertikal
Horizontal
Aksial
2.8
2.9
2.4
4.0
4.1
4.9
4.5
4.4
4.8
3.8
3.9
3.3
1500
1500
1500
1500
1500
1500
3000
3000
3000
3000
3000
3000
1.2
1.2
1.3
1.2
1.4
0.9
0.9
1.1
1.1
1.3
1.2
1.1
3000
3000
3000
3000
3000
3000
36000
36000
36000
36000
36000
36000
1.3
1.1
0.9
1.2
1.2
1.0
1.9
2.0
2.1
2.1
2.2
2.0
4500
4500
4500
4500
4500
4500
1300
1300
1300
1300
1300
1300
1.2
1.3
40000
40000
1.4
1.2
1.3
1.2
1.1
1.1
24000
24000
24000
24000
24000
24000
38
Machine Signal Types

Semi Static
Shaft Position
Harmonic
Imbalance
Misalignment
Modulated
Torsional Load
Tooth Fatigue
Eccentricity
1X
2X
200Hz
1X
5 kHz
1X
10 kHz
1X
10 kHz
Random
Lubrication Problems
Rolling Element (RE)
Bearing Mounting defect
Flow Exited
Pulsed
Time
RE Bearing Wear
Rubs
Blade Damage, fouling
Surge, Cavitation,
Local Tooth Defects
Frequency
39
Penyebab vibrasi dan frekuensi karakteristiknya

Possible
cause
Unbalance
Dominant
Frequency
1x rotation frequency
Misalignment;
bent shaft
1x rotation frequency
often 2x and higher
multiples
High frequency vibration,
Shock pulse vibration
Bearing
damage
Sleeve
bearing play
Subharmonic, exactly
1/2 or 1/3 of rotation
frequency
Oil film whirl
40% - 50% of rotation
or whip (sleeve frequency
bearings)
Hysteresis
Critical shaft rotation
whirl
frequency
Gear tooth
damage
Belt drive
damage
Turbulence;
cavitation
Electrically
induced
vibration
Frequency
alternator
signal
Tooth mesh frequency

and multiples thereof
with sidebands located
at multiples of rotation
frequency
Rotation frequency and
multiples thereof
Blade/vane passing
frequency
Rotation frequency,
2x line frequency
Multiples of motor line
frequency
Direction
Radial for dynamic imbalance,
possibly axial
Radial and
axial
Radial and
axial
Radial
Comments
Amplitude proportional to unbalance and RPM;
caused by displacement of rotation axis from mass
center of gravity
Severe axial vibration and 2nd harmonic; best
realigned with ROTALIGN, OPTALIGN V or SYSTEM
2 TURBALIGN
May be diagnosed from vibration only through
use of diagnostic functions, shock pulse analysis
or envelope curve analysis.
Usually dependent upon RPM and operating
temperature.
Radial
Occurs with high-speed machines; phase

fluctuates.
Radial
Vibrations are excited as machine climbs through

critical RPM and remain at higher speeds. Remedy :
Rotor must be reworked (mounting improved).
Sidebands occur from modulation of tooth mesh
vibration at rotation frequency; may be isolated using
envelope analysis.
Radial and
axial
Radial
Radial and
axial
Radial and
axial
Radial
Additionally recommended : combined RPM and belt

speed measurements to check for belt slippage.
Additionaly recommended for pumps : shock pulse
measurement at the pump housing.
Sidebands may also occur located at multiples
of the rotation frequency; vibration ceases when power
is cut off.
Disappears in direct line operation; proportional
to motor line frequency.
40
Contoh lapangan : Sifter
41
Spectra frekuensi dari Sifter
42
Contoh no. 2 : Turbocompressor
Tidak lama sebelum

perbaikan total
Tidak lama setelah

perbaikan total
43
Contoh no. 3 : Foundry Fan
44
Contoh no. 4 : Tunnel Furnace Fan
45
Contoh : Pompa centrifugal
46
Machine Vibration Example 1

Misalignment
Unbalance
fn
fn
Machine spectrum:
Machine spectrum:
v
[mm/s]
v
[mm/s]
fn
f [Hz]
fn
2xfn
f [Hz]
Symptom : High Amplitude at

fn
RPM [Rev/min]
Fundamental Freq. Fn =
60
Symptom : Increased amplitude visible at fn and/ or 2x
Evaluation criteria:ISO 10816-3
Radial : parallel misalignment

axial : angular misalignment
First and Second order of rotor frequency
47

Cracked / Broken Tooth
Gear mesh faults
fn2
fn1
z2
fn1
z1
z1
z2
fn2
a
mm/s
Machine Spectrum:
fz
2xfz
3xfz
4xfz
a
mm/s
f (Hz)
Symptom : Harmonics of fz
visible
Gear mesh frequency fz = fn1. Z1
= fn2. Z2
Z, Z2 : number of gear teeth
Machine Spectrum:
fz
2xfz
3xfz
f (Hz)
Symptom : Side bands with fn

Side band distance fn is the fundamental frequency
of the defective gear (broken tooth)
many side bands around fz gear mesh with slowly

fn1 : rotational frequency driven shaft
decreased amplitudes
48

Bad foundation
Turbulences
s=9
fn
fn
x=3
(e.g. fixture for
bearing)
v
mm/s
Machine spectrum:
fn
2xfn
3xfn
4xfn
v
mm/s
f (Hz)
Symptom : Harmonics of fn are visible

RPM [Rev/min]
=
fundamental
freq.
f
n
60
Root Cause:
Resonance or Instability
Machine spectrum:
fn
fBPF
x fBPF f (Hz)
Symptom : Blade pass frequency fBPF

Blade pass frequency fBPF = fn . s
Higher orders x*fBPF = fn . s . x
s: number of blades
x: number of disturbance locations
49

Resonance
b) Bode diagram in coast down

v
mm/s
Resonance step-up
fn
()
a) Machine spectrum
nRes. n in Rev/min
V
mm/s
Phase shift of 180
nRes.
n in Rev/min
c) Waterfall diagram velocity

spectra in coast down
fn
2xfn
3xfn
4xfn
5xfn
f (Hz)
Symptom : Harmonics of fn visible

preferably uneven multiples
v
mm/s
fn
2xfn
3xfn
Resonance step-up
RPM [Rev/min]
fundamental freq. fn =
60
f (Hz)
Natural frequency
n Prftechnik
(Rev/min) AG, Germany PART 2
Copyright 2004- PT. Putranata Adi Mandiri sole agent
50
BEARING CONDITION
MEASUREMENT
Productive Maintenance Technology
51
Monitoring Techniques
Types of Bearings
Journal
JournalBearings
Bearings
Stationary
StationarySignals
Signals
Relative
RelativeLow
LowFrequency
Frequency
Displacement
Displacementtransducer
transducer
Use Proximity probes

Rolling
RollingElement
ElementBearings
Bearings
Modulated
ModulatedRandom
RandomNoise
Noise
Pulsating
Pulsatingsignals
signals
High
HighFrequency
Frequency
Accelerometers
Accelerometers
Use Accelerometers
52
Forces and Motions in Rolling Bearings

bearing clearance
VIR > VRE > VOR > VRC
Example:
bearing type 62222C3
fIR > fRE > fOR > fRC
C3 = 0.05 mm
gap
Vc
Fcentrifugal, rolling
element
Vb
v(fn)
housing
Fdyn., rotor
shaft
Fstat, rotor
acceleration impulse
roller leaves load zone
Hertz
surface pressure
breaking impulse
roller enters load zone
vibration
load zone = measuring zone

contact
no air gap
53
A Typical Bearing Life Cycle
54
Types of Rolling Bearing Damages (1)

Damages types/ Causes
1 Wear
wear
- lifetime expired
- overloading
- assembly /
manufacturing error
- greasing deficiency
shock pulses
wear
2 Damage to
rolling track
3 Contaminated
lubricant
lifetime expired
bearing overloaded
bearing under-loaded
greasing deficiency
- Damaged rolling track

- damaged sealing
- contaminated
lubricant
shock pulses
damage
envelope
high variation in
shock pulse levels
and defect
frequencies
55

4 Greasing
deficiency
- greasing deficiency
- Under-loading
temperature
rises very late
shock pulses
air gap
5 Unround
deformation of
bearing race
- assembly error
- manufacturing defect
in shaft or bearing
housing
damage
frequencies
in envelope
dirt
6 Jammed loose
bearing
- in bearing housing
(sliding fit)
- mis-calculation of
housing design
fixed bearing
loose bearing
high vibration
increasing bearing
Copyright 2004- PT. Putranata Adi Mandiri sole agent Prftechnik AG, Germany PART 2 temperature
56

7 Excessive
Greasing
8 Installed at an
angle
- maintenance error
(quantity, interval)
- defective grease
grease drain
- assembly error
- assembly error at
9 Rolling bearing
bearing with taper sleeve
clearance too small - shaft diameter to large to
Large temperature
Increase after greasing
Whistling
Bearing noise
Large temperature
increase after greasing
deficiency
inner race diameter

- got hot by friction after
greasing deficiency
57
Types of Rolling Bearing Measurement Methods
k (t) Method
Spike Energy Value

?
BCU Value
Kurtosis Factor
gSE - Factor
SEE Factor
Acceleration Crest Factor
Shock pulse measurement
Normalising
Alarm Levels
Gradient of trend development
is necessary for evaluation of rolling
bearing condition
58
Normalising of Shock Values

dBsv
90
dBsv
90
ideal
measurement
dBn
measurement location
with signal damping
dBm
dBm
dBc
dBc
dBi
0
0 dBia
-9
-9
dBsv = absolute shock pulse value dBn = normalised shock pulse value
dB i = initial value
dBia = (f(, rpm)
dBi = (f(, rpm) dB ia = adjusted initial value
Basic normalised shock pulse value
Actual measurement location
dBn = dBsv dBia
function of RPM and shaft diameter dBn = dBsv dBi
(not at load zone)
influencing factors like load condition
dBia = dBi + dBa
lubrication
and
bearing
type
59
Where dBa(dB) is
the adjusting value
Normalising of Shock Pulse Measurements
60
Extent of rolling bearing surface damage
0 good
n - number of rolling
elements in contact
with damage
b
a - extent of damage to
rolling bearing component
1 very small
2 small
at
ac
- small material defects

- several pitting
- defect frequencies are visible
in envelope spectrum
- slight material splintering

- Max values of shock pulses begin to rise
when rolling element passes over defect
61
Extent of rolling bearing surface damage
3 medium
4 large
5 very large
- one roller drops into slight depression

caused by damage to rolling track
- maximum values rise perceptibly
- one or more rollers drop into

large depression by damage to
rolling track
- maximum
values rise dramatically
carpet values rise continuously
- carpet values rise substantially

- bearing approaching crash
- components
may break
- increasing machine vibrations
- rotor drops into very large depression
- several rollers drop into severe
62
ENVELOPE ANALYSIS
Productive Maintenance Technology
63
Envelope Analysis Rolling Bearings Fault Detection

Time signal:
a
m/s2
No rolling track defect:

t (s)
Rectification
a
m/s2
t (s)
Enveloping
a
m/s2
a
m/s2
Envelope spectrum:
Envelope
t (s)
f (Hz)
64
Envelope Analysis Rolling Bearings Fault Detection

Time signal:
a
m/s2
Rolling track defect:

t (s)
a
m/s2
Rectification
t (s)
Enveloping
Envelope spectrum:
a
m/s2
a
m/s2
Envelope
t (s)
Defect frequency
fRPO 2 fRPO 3 fRPO 4fRPO
F
1
TRPOF
Copyright 2004- PT. Putranata Adi Mandiri sole agent Prftechnik AG, Germany
(Hz)
PART
= 2
f
RPOF
f (Hz)
65
Roller Bearing Race Track Defects

Outer Race Defect:
a
m/s
Inner Race Defect:
a
m/s
Envelope Spectrum:
fRPOF2fRPOF3fRPOF4fRPOF5fRPOF
f (Hz)
Rolling element pass outer race fRPOF and

harmonics clearly visible
if only fRPOF appears, then it can also be an unround
deformation of the outer race track
Envelope Spectrum:
RPIF
2xfRPIF
f (Hz)
Rolling element pass inner race frequency

f
RPIF
and many side bands with interval
n f
Modulated with the fundamental frequency fn as the inner

race defect runs periodically through the load zone with
fn
In the case of very big unbalance, side bands with interval
Fundamental modulation frequency fn and harmonics are
fn appear because of periodic load changes
visible
(in the load zone modulation with fn as the unbalance runs
Copyright
2004Adi Mandiri sole agent Prftechnik AG, Germany PART 2
66
periodically
through
the PT.
loadPutranata
zone)
Roller Bearing Defects Part 3

Rolling element defect:
a
m/s
Cage Defect:
a
m/s
Envelope Spectrum:
0.5 fRPF
fRPF
3 f
2f
1.5fRPF RPF2.5fRPF RPF
f (Hz)
Rolling element pass frequencyRPF

f with harmonics
And side bands with intervalCRF
f
Envelope Spectrum:
f CRF 2 fCRF3 f CRF 4 f

CRF
f (Hz)
Cage rotational frequencyCRF

f and harmonics
visible
f
can be also visible because of too small bearing clearance
RPF
fCRF cage rotational frequency is cage defect
or insufficient lubrication
frequency
Modulation with cage rotational speed
f , as the rolling
CRF
coming out of the load zone: the rolling element
element runs periodically through the load zone with
f
CRF
is accelerated and slides on the cage defect
Sub-harmonics ofRPF
f exist always with the harmonics, because the
pulse on outer race gives a higher level as pulses on the inner race or coming into the load zone: the rolling element
is braked
and
slides
on the
cage defect
Copyright
2004- PT.frequency
Putranata
sole
agent Prftechnik
AG,
Germany
PART
2
67
Fundamental
modulation
f Adi
and Mandiri
harmonics
are visible
CRF

Vibrasi Level 2

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Vibrasi Level 2

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

FFT - How to select Freq.

Ranges, lines, Averages

Useful Frequency Range

Sensitivity vs Frequency Range

Non Contact Displacement

Coupling vs Frequency Range

Threaded & bonded

Threaded & bonded

Machine Signal Types

Non - Stationary Signals

Informasi penting tentang mesin

Apa saja yang mungkin menyebabkan vibrasi ?

Analisa Amplitudo, Frekuensi dan Fase - 1

Analisa Amplitudo, Frekuensi dan Fase - 2

Sering 1 x & 2 x Single

Ditandai timbulnya vibrasi A

Analisa Amplitudo, Frekuensi dan Fase - 3

Analisa Amplitudo, Frekuensi dan Fase - 3

Analisa Amplitudo, Frekuensi dan Fase - 7

Why shock pulses for rolling bearing noise ?

Shock pulse range rolling bearing

Natural frequencies rolling bearing pieces

Pengukuran vibrasi dan jarak frekuensi

Frictional Vibration (Sliding, Rolling, Shock, Rubbing Vibrations)

Size of machine component

Analisa Amplitudo, Frekuensi dan Fase - 4

1 x rpm, seolaholah seperti

pd rodagigi vibrasi segaris

Alignment pada sleeve bearing

Analisa Amplitudo, Frekuensi dan Fase - 5

Analisa Amplitudo, Frekuensi dan Fase - 6

Analisa Amplitudo, Frekuensi dan Fase - 7

Analisa Amplitudo, Frekuensi dan Fase - 8

Analisa Amplitudo, Frekuensi dan Fase - 9

Analisa Amplitudo, Frekuensi dan Fase - 10

10. Drive belt

Analisa Amplitudo, Frekuensi dan Fase - 11

Tidak tinggi, ada

Vibrasi & suara

Analisa Amplitudo, Frekuensi dan Fase - 12

Lebih terasa bila

Analisa Amplitudo, Frekuensi dan Fase - 13

Ringkasan Analisa Amplitudo, Frekuensi dan Fase

Sering 1 x & 2 x Single

Ditandai timbulnya vibrasi A

Vibrasi akan timbul

1 x rpm, seolaholah seperti

pd rodagigi vibrasi segaris

Awal rusak bersuara,

Analisa Amplitudo, Frekuensi dan Fase - 2

10. Drive belt

Analisa Amplitudo, Frekuensi dan Fase - 3

Tidak tinggi, ada

Vibrasi & suara

Lebih terasa bila

Dominan aksial 1 x,2 x rpm

Apa penyebab terjadinya vibrasi 7500 cpm pd bearing C dan D ?

(g) Apa penyebab terjadinya vibrasi 1400 cpm pd bearing C dan D ?

Single phase motor

Single phase motor

Machine Signal Types

Penyebab vibrasi dan frekuensi karakteristiknya

Tooth mesh frequency