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In many old cities of Europe and America, the water piping system has been
built for more than hundreds of years. In these cities, the water pipes are
normally made of iron and steel. Rust and other brown coloured substances
are often found in the tap water of such cities.
It is commonly known that tap water often contain chloride ions due to the
amount of chlorine used during water purification.
a) With the aid of a chemical equation, explain why brown coloured substances
are formed in the water pipes made of steel.
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b) Research on the difference between Singapore and USAs water piping
system. Hence or otherwise, suggest and explain a reason why such brown
coloured substances are absent in Singapores drinking water despite the PUB
using similar water purification methods as in the USA.
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