Scribd Logo
Upload

Welcome to Scribd!

  • Agma 901-A92

    Uploaded by

    design_rajeev
    210 views44 pages
    agma gear standard

    Original Title

    AGMA 901-A92

    Copyright

    © © All Rights Reserved

    Available Formats

    PDF or read online from Scribd

    Did you find this document useful?

    Is this content inappropriate?

    Report this Document
    agma gear standard

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF or read online from Scribd
    Flag for inappropriate content
    210 views44 pages

    Agma 901-A92

    Uploaded by

    design_rajeev
    agma gear standard

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF or read online from Scribd
    Flag for inappropriate content
    of 44
    AGMA 901-A 92 MH Ob67575 COO3L4O ITS am AGMA 901-A92 AMERICAN GEAR MANUFACTURERS ASSOCIATION A Rational Procedure for the Preliminary eo Design of Minimum Volume Gears AGMA, INFORMATION SHEET ‘Shect is NOT an AGMA Standard) prrght by the Ameri sal Zul 30 14:36:13 2011 AGMA 901-A 92 MM Ob87575 OOO3}4) 63) a AGMA 901—A92, A Rational Procedure for the Preliminary Design of Minimum Volume Gears CAUTION NOTICE: AGMA standards are subject to constant improvement, revision, or withdrawal as dictated by experience. Any person who refers to any AGMA Technical Publication should be sure that the Publication is the latest available from the Association on the subject matter. [Tables or other sof-supporting sections may be quoted or extracted intheir entirety. Credit lines should read: Extracted from AGMA 901-A82, A Rational Procedure for the Preliminary Deaign of Minimum Volume Geare, ‘with the permision of the publisher, the American Gear Manufacturers Association, 1500 King Street, Suite 201, Alexandria, Virginia 22314), ABSTRACT; ‘Asimple, closed-form procedure is presented as a first step inthe design of minimum volume spurand helical sgearsets. The procedure includes methods for selecting geometry and dimensions, considering maximum pies ‘esietanoe, bending strength, and souffing resistance. It aleo includes mothode for eolecting profilo Copyright ©, 1992 by American Gear Manufacturers Association Published by American Gear Manufacturers Association 1600 King Street, Sulte 201, Alexandria, Virginia, 22314 ISBN: 1-5589-679-4 an Gear ManufacLurers Association AGMA S01-A 92 MM 0687575 0003142 776 mm 1.1 Procedures... 4.2 Exceptions 2 Definition and symbots 21 Definitions... . 22 symbols 3 Input variables... 3.1 Materials and heat troatmont . 32 Design life 8:3 Aspect ratio. 3.4 Input powor 35 Combined derating factors, Ca ad « 8.6 Geometry factors... : 87 Gearratio......... 38 Cutter profile angle 89 Tool selection . 3.10 Selecting a helix angle 3.11 Factor of safety .. 4 Preferred number of pinion teeth : 1" @ eon oe i 6 Design audit... ee ceeeceseeseeteeteeseeees voce 7 Coneiteratins for improved tating eee 1“ 7.1 Improve bending fatigue resistance . fees 1“ 7.2 Improve pitting fatigue resistance vee vetecteeeeeee 15 7.8 Improve scuffing resistance... 6.6... eee ceccescesteeeeeseeeee 15 7.4 Profile shit : 15 78 SUMMALY eee eee eee eee tees eee eneeeeceececreeeneennetes 15 Tables 1 Symbols used in equations... eee 2 2 Allowable contact strass numbers for steel gears. 4 3 Allowable bending stress numbers for steel gears .. 8 4 Typical application factors, Cy and Ki . 68 5 Typical load distribution factors... 7 6 Effects of holic angle in parallel chaft goaring - 1" pyright by the American Gear Manufacturers Assocation sal Zul 30 14:36:13 2011 AGMA 9OL-A 92 MM 0b87575 0003243 bO4 me Contents (cont) Page Figures Two branch double stage gearing : Preferred number of pinion teeth a Preferred number of pinion teeth for spur gear (unmodified) . .. . . w 2 Preferred number of pinion teeth for spur gear (modified) wae 3 Prefered ruber of pinion tah or pur gar wher redesign ‘should be considered .... anons 13 nnexes Profle shift. Ratio spt for minimum volume ati spt for an existing two stage box Example problems .....- References and bibiography . moom>E pyright by the American Gear Manufacturers Assocation sal Zul 30 14:36:13 2011 AGMA SOl-A 92 MM OLS7575 OOO3L44 SuO mm FOREWORD [The foreword, footnotes, and annexes are provided for informational purposes only and should not be ‘construed ae.a part of AGMA 901~A92, A Rational Procedure for the Preliminary Design of Minimum Volume Gears} Gear design is a process of synthesis where gear geometry, materiale, heat treatment, manufacturing methods, and lubrication are selected to meet the performance requirements of a given application. The designer must design the goarset with adequate pitting resistance, bending strength, and scuffing resistance totranemit tho required power for the design life. With the algorithm presented here, one can select materials and heat treatment within the economic constraints and limitations of manufacturing facilities, and select the gear geometry to satisfy constraints on weight, size and configuration. The gear designer can minimize noise level and operating temperature by minimizing the pitchiine velocity and sliding velocity. This Is done by ‘specifying high gear accuracy and selecting material strenuths consistent with maximum material hardness, o obtain minimum volume gearsets with teeth no larger than necessary to balance the piting resistance and bending strength. Gear design is not the eamo ac goar analysis. Existing gearsets can only be analyzed, not designed. While gf & i Heme s=popor 2s Qs 22 e3 R. Wasilewski z z z + Lufkin Industrion + Gear Engineers, Ine Mibum Engineering The Timkon Co. Pratt & Whitney + WeeTech Gear Corp. + Philadelphia Gear + Academic Member ++ Sewall Gear + Reliance Electric/Reeves Mobile Pulley & Mach. Works. ‘Sewall Gear 3E Software & Engrg. Cons. ‘Arrow Gear = Academic Member Falk Corporation 22 Gloason Works ‘Cummins Engine Marathon Letourneau Nuttall Gear ‘Alten-Foundry Horsburgh & Scott 2) MAAG Chieago Gear-D. O. James F.L. Smith . EL Smith Nippon Gear Cleveland Gear ‘Academic Member + Brad Foote Gear Works Det Norske Veritas Xtek incorporated ‘Academic Member IMO Deleval inc. Kiingeinberg Flender Corp. ‘Teubakimoto Chain General Motors/AGT AGMA SO)-A 92 MM Ob87575 OOO3b4b 323 mm [AGMA 901-82 i Its not the intent of this information sheet to include A Rational Procedure for thocalauatonat te pat tole (oador, the Preliminary Design dum modification coefficient). itis, hawever, neces- ii sary toinformthe reader that profile shi exists, how of Minimum Volume Gears ean atect gear design, ae where f comes into play in designing a gearset. Some of the important {actors relating to profile shift are discussed in 7.4. Overhung pinions or gears are not covered by this Information sheet because of the difficulty in deter- mining an accurate value for the load distribution tactor. beginning gear designer, to provide an outline of a preliminary design procedure which will lead to & rational design for spur and helical gear pairs withi constraints such as: 2 Definitions and symbols ~ required gear ratio; , 24 Definitions ~ required torque capacity: i nea Tho torms used, wherever applicable, conform to — speeitied center distance; the following standards: ~ material selection ANSIY10.3-1968, Letter Symbols for Quantities Used in Mechanics of Solids This method could be extended to other gear types ANSVAGMA 1012-F90, Gear Nomenclature, @ Given the appropriate constants and factors. Definitions of Terms with Symbols " 1.1 Procedure AGMA 904-B89, Metric Usage ‘The simple closed form of the procedure allowsthe 2.2 Symbols designer to explore options with a minimum of i sothat the mportent design decisions The symbels sed in this information sheet are regarding loads, overloads, material, and tooling - ‘select it NOTE The symbole, definition andterminology used ons are not obscured by the need to Spend a in ths information sheet may differ from other AGMA. tong time calculating each possibilty publications. Thauser should not assume that famiar This information sheet willdemonsirate tothe user _symbols can be used wihout a careful study ofthese that the traditional beginning point for gear design, _—_—defntions. selecting the minimum number of pinion teeth to 3. Input variables v0ld undercut, wil rarely lead tothe best design. This clause discusses the significant parameters Asthis procedure is approximate, ilisnevessary to relatingtoapreferred gear design Itisnot intended audit the design (see clause 6). tobe all inclusive, but tobe limited by the scope of 1.2 Exceptions this information sheet. ‘The procedure described herein inoorporates major 5-1 Materlals and heat treatment decign considerations and leads toward minimum Many materials have been used in gearing, but the volume gear designs based upon the criteria mostcommontoday issteel. This information sheet chosen. For the final gear design, additional only applies to steel gearing. There are two influencing factors beyond those in this information commonly used types of heat treatment for steel sheet include shall deflection limits, sound level, gear materials, surface hardening and through cost, etc. Any ofthese could influence the design of hardening. The choloe of steel alloy must be the gear envelope and final volume. compatible with the chosen heat treatment process. pyright by the American Gear Manufacturers Assocation sal Zul 30 14:36:13 2011 AGHA 903-A 92 MM Ob87575 OOO3L47 2ST mm ‘AGMA 901-Ao2 Tabla 1 - Symbols used in equations Symbols Equation ‘AGMA | ISO Terms weed ’ 1, _ | umber of power pathe 8 q K, | application tector — pitting ° C, | 2 _ | combined derating factor — piting 20 G Zyp | Biting resistance life factor 26 C, | Ky | toad distribution factor - iting 9 | 2, | elastic coeticient oinzs(nmmeps| 32 C, | 2, | operating center distance 21 c, | & | dynamic factor — piting 30 a 4, | operating pitch diameter of pinion 10 F >| net face wicth (without gap for double helical) 25 4, | Hy | Brine hardness 1 1 Z; | pitting resistance goomotry factor 1" J ¥, | bending strength geometry factor 12 K, |, | application factor—bending 31 5 1% _| rim thickness factor 31 K, Z, | pitting resistance constant 2 K ¥% | combined derating factor - bending at K, Yu _| bonding strongth life factor 27 K, | Kj _ | oad distribution factor — bending 9 x Y, | bending strength constant 39 x, | * | dynamic tactor— bending at L L | goartite 3 ™ 4, | aspect (Fid) ratio 4 tty | eg | face contact ratio. 25 mg | 4 | gearratio (ng> 1) 4 ma | % | Gear rato o high speed gearset (my 2 1) 15 1m, | normal module 25M u, | overall gear rato of double stage 15 gear drive (Mo21) 1, | total number of load cycles in gear life 3 x, | number of test in gear 6 x | numberof teeth in pinion 6 1, e_| Preferred numberof pinion tooth 4 wy | speed 3 Sq | pling resistance tactor of safety 2 5; _| bending strength factor of safety 33 P P | input power 7 Pg | — | normal diametral pitch 25 —___1__ ~ The symbol K's also used Tor the dynam factor in ISO standards. However, ts Value is the inverse (equal to 7K) ofthe value used in ANSVAGMA 2001-B3, pyright by the American Gear Manufacturers Assocation sal Zul 30 14:36:13 2011 AGNA SOL-A 92 MH Ob87575 0003246 15b a ‘AGMA 801-As2 Table 4 (concluded) Symbol Equation AGma | Iso Terms: Units: wnere fret @ ‘N, | number of contact per revolution = 3 ye Syp | allowable contact stress number Ibvine (Nimme) 1 sa zp _| allowable bending stress number Ibfne (Nimmz) 2 & Gyy | Contact strength [bine (Wm?) 28 at Spy _ | bonding strength levine (Nine) 29 tf 7), _| torque on high epoed shat in tbe (Nm) 7 tp Ty _ | tranemitted pinion torque, per mesh in Ibs (Nm) 8 on po | normal profile angle of cutter degrees, 1" ¥ 8, __| standard helix angle degrees 25 ‘Gubseripts/Sign convention 1 high speed (pinion) 2 tow speed (wheel) . ‘rormal (no subscript indicates transverse) 6 gear (wheel) ? Pinion , ‘operating or running 2) _|_upper sign extemal gearsets, lower sign internal gearsets 9.4.4 Surface hardening ‘Surface hardening takes place after tooth cutting, ‘uoually on gears made from hot rolled bar orforged steel. 9.1.4.4 Carburized Carburized stool is most commonly used for highly loaded, compact designs such as aircraft gears, vehiole tranemissione of all types, machine tools, industrial gear drives, mining machines and similar Uses. This material has the highest strength and greatest overtoad capacity, but carburized gears ‘must be carefully manufactured. Carburized gears ‘often result in the least expensive overalltransmis- sion design, if their advantage in small size for a sven capacity can be utlized. Few manufacturers ‘can produce carburized gears larger than 40 inches indiameter, though some can make them over 100 Inches In diameter. Secondary finishing operations after carburizing, such as tooth grinding, are often Tequired to achieve the desired tooth form. This is often requiredto eliminate the distortions caused by heating and cooling employed in the carburizing process, pyright by the American Gear Manufacturers Assocation sal Zul 30 14:36:13 2011 9.1.1.2 Nitrided Nitrided steel is most commonly used for small gears, finer than 10 diametral pitch (2.5 module) because the maximum case depths limited, Some large gears are nitrided to avoid the distortion inherent in he carburizing process. Typical applica- tions are industrial gear drives and small machine ‘tools. Nitrided gears have limited shock resistance. This Information sheet does not address niirided gears, as reference [5] does not provide lite factor curves for nitrided gears. 3.1.1.3 Induction and flame hardened Induction and flame hardened steels are used to achieve intermediate capacities beiween car burized and through hardened gears. These processes are difficult to control, but give good resulls when carefully controlled. This information sheet does not address Induction or flame hardened gears, as they are not recommended for inexperlenced designers. 9.4.2 Through hardening ‘Through hardened gears typically have teeth cut in pre-heat-treated gear blanks, with no further heat treatment ater cutting, The raw material can be hot AGNA 902-4 92 M™ Ob87575 0003249 O22 Ml ‘AGMA 901-A92. rolled, cast, or forged. Hardness is chosen on the basis of machinabilty, using the lowest hardness. ‘which will cary the load on the required center distance, The allowable etrees numbers shall be based onthe lowest hardness in the heat treatment specifica. tions. Typical heat treatment specifications have a 40 BHN tolerance between the minimum and maximum hardnesses. The hardest heat treatment range that can be machined without special techniques is 320-960 BHN. The normal lowest range of hardness is 180-220 BHN, because lower values are dificult to machine. Through hardened gear sizes commonly range from less than one inch to aver 20 feet in diameter. ‘Typical applications vary from instrument gears to girth gears on large mills and kins. When gears ‘cannot be of minimum size because of required ‘center distance, rigidity requirements or thermal limite, or when loads are low, through hardened gears are commonly used. Internal gears are often through hardened. ‘The selection of a proper alloy for hardenabilty and reliability as well as the quality control of the stool manufacturing and heat treatment process are beyond the scope of this information sheet. Guid- ance can be found in section 14 of [5], a2 well 2s [6] and [7]. 9.1.3 Elastic oooffictont, Cp The rating of gears also depends on the elastic coefficient, Cp. Further information can be found in ‘section 10 of [6]. The olactio coefficient for a steel pinion and gear is 2300flba/in2)p 5 (191[N/mmr2) 5) 3.14 Allowable stross numbers The allowable stress numbers for some heat frestments, surface hardness and steel quality grades are shown in tables 2 and 3. There are two grades of allowables shown in tables 2 and 3. The allowable stress numbers are valid only when the requirements of ANSVAGMA 2001-BB8, section 14 are met, ‘Table 2 — Allowable contact stress numbers for steel gears? Material Heat ‘Minimum ‘Allowable contact stress number, ssc dasignation| Stee! Through 180 BHN and less 85 000 95.000 hardened (30) (660) 240 BHN 105 000 148 000 (720) (790) 300 BHN 120 000 135 000 (830) (930) 960 BHN 145 000 160 000 (1000) (1100) 400 BHN 1155 000 170.000 (1050) (1150) Carburized and case 1180 000, 225 000 hardened (1250) (1550) section 14 are met. 1). The deta jn this table has boen extracted rom ANSVAGMA 2001-88. The matic values have bean reveed pa [AGHA 604-889. The allowable stress nurrbars are vald only when the requirements of ANSVAGMA 2001-B68, pyright by the American Gear Manufacturers Assocation sal Zul 30 14:36:13 2011 AGMA 902-A 92 MB Ob87575 0003350 644 me AGMA oo1-As2 Table 3 - Allowable bending stress numbers for-steel gears* Minimum Allowable bending stress number, 4; oe ee psiaee ae surface ‘Gradet Grade 2 | Steel ‘Through 180 BHN and less 25.000 33.000 hardened (170) (230) 240 BHN: 31.000, 41000 (215) (285) suo BH Soo ny (250) (825) 960 BHN 40.000 52.000 (275) (360) scooH Be Be (290) (885) Carburaea 5000 5000 and case (380) (450) hardened 7) The Sah lees es esac om ANSVAGHA Zo0|-BS. The TE VE ve Tan SOUP Rollkane'sb. te sowaioswoesanbcee vektonyatonteseqcontnssl neuron too bas er Sonne Allowable stress numbers for grade 1 through hardened steel for unity life factor are: Sac = 26 000 + 327 Hy wall) oyp =179+2.25 Hy (1M) Say =~ 274+ 167 Mp - 0.192.457 (2) Opp =~ 1.89 115 Hp 0.00105 HF ..(2M) where 5g¢ (Oy) is allowable contact stress number in pounds per square inch (newtons per ‘square mitimeter); 4a¢ (Opp) is allowable bending stress number in pounds per square inch (newtons per Hy —_ is Brinell hardness. 9.2 Design lite When evaluating gearing, itis important to know how many stress cycles the individual gears will experience during the intended tife of the equipment. Some machines will run twenty-four hours per day and operate for twenty or more years. Other machines have gears that have total ite requirements of a few hours. The gear designer pyright by the American Gear Manufacturers Assocation sal Zul 30 14:36:13 2011 ‘should obtain the decign if that io appropriate for the application. Tho roquired lif in load cycles, N, will be used to determine the life factors N = 60Lng (8) where 1 isthetotalnumber of load cycles in the gear lite; L isthe if, in hours; n isthe speed, in mpm; q _[sthe number of contacts per revolution 9.9 Aspect ratio, ‘The aspect ratio, m,, also known as the pinion face width to diameter ratio, Fid, is an indicator of how ‘sensitive @ gear set is to misalignment. In this ‘algorithm the aspect ratio is input, rather than the face width. The ratio used wil affect the value for C, and K,, . This sbecause changes inthe aspect ratio change the face width of a gearset. This wil, in tum, Increase or decrease the effect of any ‘mounting errors or deflections under load. For this reason, as one changes the aspect ratio, one must appropriately atorC,, and Ky. Opinions vary regarding what is good design prac- tice for an aspect ratio. Some factors that influence ‘one’s selection are ratio, materials, shaft deflection, AGHA 901-A 52 MM 0687575 OOO31S) 780 mm AGMA 901-A92 housing deflection, housing accuracy, bearing ‘clearances, centrifugal and thormal deflections, and tooth crowning. In the absence of experienc equations 4 and § may be used. Thece will recult in aspect retios which will be conservative for most applications, Aspect ratio, m, (Pid): nes = (or spur and single helical) m= -21%c__ (for double helical without ‘a Tig +1 including the gap) (5) where No => 210 +46) "= Ny, 3.4 Input power, P Input power, F, is the total power input. If there are mutiple power paths (where b >1), each path takes a portion of the input power. This document assumes that each path receives an equal share of the input power, but in practice extra steps must be taken to approach equal load sharing between power paths. See figure 1 for an example where b = 2. 3.5 Combined derating factors, C, and K, For the purposes of this information sheet, the ‘additional factors (application factor, load distribu tion factor, dynamic factor and the rim thickness factor) that affect gearset rating are combined Into ‘one derating factor for piting resistance, Cy ,and a ‘second for bending strength, Kg. These are defined in equations 30 and 31. 9.5.1 Application factor, C, and K, Tho application factore make allowance for any ‘extomally applied loads in excess of the nominal tangential load. Thie factor mustbe based upon tho past experience of gear drive users and manutac- turers. Examples may be foundin appendix A of]. ‘Typical application factors are shown in table 4, pyright by the American Gear Manufacturers Assocation sal Zul 30 14:36:13 2011 Table 4 - Typical application factors", G and Ky [Application] factor Gos Ka 1.28 Uniformly loaded conveyors Pure liquid mixors Contrfugal compressors Rotary of centrifugal pumps Driven Equipment 1.50 | Non-unformly fed conveyoro Variable density mixers Lobe compressors Reciprocating pumps: 1.78 Multi-cylinder reciprocating ‘compressors Rubber extruders 20 Reciprocating conveyors ‘Single-cylinder reciprocating ‘compressors Laundry washers Taken from appendix A of [8], for gearing driven, Figure 1 - Two branch double stage gearing Most elsctic or hydraulic motors and steam or gas turbines are considered smoothly operating drivers, while muti-cylinder engines produce medium level shock loading and single-cylinder engines produce heavy shock bads. Add a value of 0.25 to the application factor given in table 4 ifthe driver is a AGMA SOL-A 92 MM Ob87575 ‘muli-oylinder engine, or 0.50 If the driver is a single-cylinder engine, 9.5.2 Load distribution factor, Cy, and Kx, Tho load cietribution factor modifies the rating ‘equatione to reflect the non-uniform distribution of lead along the linee of contact. Reference [5] provides two methods for determining this factor, analytical and empirical. The analytical method requires knowledge of the design, manufacturing, ‘and mounting to evaluate the load distribution factor. For this reason, the analytical method is typically used only by experienced engineers and should not be used for preliminary design. The ‘empirical method requires a minimum amount of information. This method Is recommended for relatively stiff gear designs which meetthe following requirements: ~ Aspect ratio, Fid < 2.0. (For double helical ‘gears the gap is not included in the face width.); ~The gear elements are mounted between bear- Ings. Designs having overhung pinions, over- hung gears, or both, require extensive analyeie to determine the load distribution factor and are not covered by this information eheet; — Face width up to 40 inches; — Contact across full face width of narrowest member when loaded, ‘When using the empirical method, the calculated valuo of Cy and Ky depends on many items but is basically a function of net face width and alignment. Unfortunately, at this point in the design, the net face width is not known, To get an approximation forG» and K,, based on pinion torque, application factor, and aspect ratio, use equations 9 or 9M, or table 5, 0003152 617 a AGMA 901-A52 (63.000) 7m = 200 t MPL “@) P0590) nN OT 7M) n Ta = (8) where > isthe numbor of power paths; ‘tpy_ the speed of high speed pinion, in rpm: T, isthe torque on high speed shaff, in in-Ibs. (Nem); Tp,_ is the transmitted pinion torque, per high ‘speed mesh, in in-tbs (Nm); Fs the nput power. In hp (kW). Beal 1+ nfoaomn( 22)" * ms (9) ry fy «14 wy[onsoone (BE (9M) % (Once the pinion operating pitch diameter, 4, is known, @ more accurate approximation of load distribution factor can be found with equations 10 or 10M. Cu = Ky = 14 m,(02+003 Ky = 1+ wy (02400012 4) Do not use equations 9, 9M, 10, 10M, ortableS fora final design audit, but rathor follow the procedure given in clause 6. See 5] for a complete diccuseion. (10) (10M) ‘Table 5 - Typical toad distribution factors TG Cu and Ky, (Pinion torque) x (Application factor) intbs (Nm) m= 025 | m-050 | mm =075 | m,=1.00| 5000 (650) 1.40 115 4.25 1.30 50000 (5600) 1.16 1.25 1.80 1.40 500000 (56 500) 120 1.35 1.50 1.65 5.000000 (665 000) 140 1.70 1.90 210 Copyright by the American Gear Manufacturers Assocation sal Zul 30 14:36:13 2011 AGMA SOL-A 92 MH 0L87575 COO31S3 553 mm AGMA 901-As2 8.5.3 Dynamic factor, C, and K, Dynamic factors, C, and K; , account for internally ‘generated gear tooth loads which are induced by non-conjugate meshing action of the gear teeth. Externally applied dynamic loading or resonance ‘operation is not applicable tothe dynamicfactor and. is usually accommodated in the application factor. Dynamic factors are essentially dependent on gear pitch tine velootty and gear quality. For simplicity, this information sheet uses C, = K, = 0:7 asafirst approximation, which is conservative for most appli- cations. See [5] for a more detailed explanation of dynamic factor. 2.5.4 Rim thicknass factor, Ky ‘Where the rim thickness Is not sufficient to provide {ull support for the tooth root, the location of bending fatigue failure may be through the gear rim, rather than at the root fillet. The rim thickness factor, Kp ‘adjusts the calculated bending stress number for thin rimmed gears. {In general, this factor can be takon as unity the rim section below the tooth is at least 20% greater than the tooth height, unlees keywaye, eplines, oF ‘notches are presentinthe bore. Otherwise, coo ap- pendix C of [6] for a more detailed analysis, 3.6 Goometry factors, Land J Geometry factors for pitting resistance, 1,and bend- ing etrongth, J, aro approximated by the following equations. Geometry factore for epur gears: 1 Shes ome on) Js 0B wf12) Geometry factors for helical gears: 1+ 0.00682, Te A te Wat (13) F= 050 wA(14) where (4) upper sign is for extemal gearsete, lower sign is for internal gearsets; 4. is the normal profile angle in degrees. $038. pyright by the American Gear Manufacturers Assocation sal Zul 30 14:36:13 2011 Equatione 13 and 14 above assume y = 15° and will change for other values of y. Values of J = 0.45 for spur goars and J ~ 0.50 for holioal gears are starting points that can normally be achieved through good design procedures when selecting profile shift and tooling. J factors as lowas 0.20 and es high as 0.75 are not uncommon, but usually are not found in optimum designs. 8.7 Geer ratio ‘The gear ratio , m,n input that must be known. In many eituations the ratio ie eo large that there ‘shouldbe more thanone stage. Whenthe gear ratio ‘approaches or exceeds 6:1, it may be more ‘economioal to add a escond etage. To optimize the design, one must first optimize the overall ratio eplt between the various meshes. This subclausc provides two methods for optimizing the ratio aplit; ‘one based on minimum volume anda second based on preexisting housing designs. Ineither case, internal clearances between rotating ‘and stationary parts must be maintained. Also, adequate room must be available for bearings with ‘enought capacity for the application. Both methods balance the rating of each inesh by equalizing the piting rating of each pinion. 3.7.4 Minimum volume gearseta ‘One method is to eplit the ovorall ratio to minimize tho oum of the solid rotor volumee. Thie method is dlioouseed in [9] and annex B. The “minimum vol ume” goar ratio of the high speed geareot of a two ‘stage gearbox with & power branches io given by: Ca)aesy )-arm ont (18) where Gis the load distribution factor for piting re- sistance ~ high speed mesh Gna _ is the load distribution factor for pitting re- sistance — low speed mesh; 1, isthe geometry factor for piting resietance high speed mesh; prrght by the Ameri sal Zul 30 14:36:13 2011 AGNA 901-A 92 MM OL87S7S J isthe geometry factor for piling resistance low speed mesh; is the gear ralio (me, 2 1) ~ high speed mesh -M, isthe overall gear ratio (M, > Is the allowable contact stress number — high speed mesh; is the allowable contact stress number — low speed mosh. eration is necessary to solve for mg, since it appears thrae places in equation 18, Equation 16 may be solved by defining: X= meg (18) 4 (&) (& Ke) ad B= 0.11259" ouo(18) C=21i2p%e (19) And iterating this equation: “ w= {all on) -ex } wwl20) Assuming an initial approximation for X = 55, itis successively improved upon by tterating equation 20 each time setting X = X1 (from the previous iteration). iterate until |X — x1 | < 0.001. 3.7.2 Fixed housing designs ‘The method in 3.7.1 will not normally work when designing gears for an exieting goaroase where the ‘center distances are fixed and face widths may be cconetrained. n such situations, the best way to apt By reworking the same equations from reference [9], abalanced gear traincanbe achievedby proper spliting of the overall ratio of a multiple stage ‘gearcase. This method is discussed fora two st ‘existing gearcase inannex C. The “balanced rating” gear ratio of the high speed gearset of an existing {wo stage gearbox, with » power branches, is glven by: an Gear ManufacLurers Association 0003154 45T mm AGMA 901-A02 21) where G1 isthe center distance of high speed mestr; Cj_ isthe center distance of low speed mesh; ‘mg,_ is the aspect ratio of high speed mesh; ‘mq_ is the aspect ratio of low speed mesh. HReration is necessary to solve for mc since it ‘appears three places in equation 21, Equation 21 may be solved by defining: K=mg, (22) aie ae, Set and Iterating this equation: Mak nis (Hear) -1 (24) Assuming an initial approximation for X = M3, itis successively improved upon by iterating equation 24 each time setting X =X1 (from the previous iteration). erate until 1 — x1 |< 0.001 3.8 Cutter profile angle The cutter normal profile angle, ¢,, is generally chosen from the range between 14.5° and 25°. Standard values are 14.5°, 17.5*, 20°, 225°, and 25°. The starting value should be 20°, since the ma- jority of cutting tools use that angle, are universally available, and will usually provide satisfactory gear tooth geometry. Tools with smaller profile angles can be used 10 cobtain higher transverse contact railos when lower noise levels or less sensitivity to center distance change are desirable. These geers usually have high numbers of teeth and are relatively lightly loaded, as in telescopes, antenna drives, and Precisioninstruments.Itis generally easier toobtain (gears which operate quietly when pressure angles are low. AGMA 9OL-A 92 MM 087575 OOO3LSS 326 mm AGMA 901-A92 Tools with higher profile angles are sometimes Used when bending strength is the most important requirement. These gears usually have lower numbers of teeth and are heavily loaded, as in ‘mining machines, rotary actuators, and rock crushers. These gears often operate al low speeds in noise tolerant environments. ‘The effect of higher or lower cutter profile angles can also be achieved with 20° cutters by increasing ‘or decreasing the operating center distance to change the operating pressure angle ofthe gearset. Many companies use nonstandard cutter profile ‘angles to optimize tooth root geometry or to ‘accomplish epecitic design goals. The selection of those special cutters is beyond the ecope of this information sheet. 8.9 Tool selection ‘The number of geare being produced can influence the geometry on the basia of gear cutter eelection.. For high production situations, an ideal tool can be developed. But when only @ few gear components, ‘are required, the design should be based on standard or readily available cutters. This can usually be accomplished by varying the helix angle (or profile shift to match the required center distance and rato (see 7.4). 3.10 Selecting a helix angle Helix angle selection ie not an arbitrary procedure, but one that requires a knowledge of what the proper choice can provide. The main function of a helix angle isto provide a high enough face contact Fatio to ensure smooth transmission of power from ‘one toothto the next during meshing. See table Gfor ‘other considerations. For single helical gears, a ‘good starting point Is 15° and for double helical ‘gears, aheltcangle of elther23°forhobbed gears or 30° for shaped gears, will be adequate in the beginning. Before selecting the final helix angle, check tooling, bearing rating, shaft deflection, and equipment availabilty. The face contact ratio, me, must be greater than 1.0 {for @ gear to be considered a conventional helical ‘gear. Ifthe face is too narrow, the pitch too coarse, or the helbx angle too iow, the gear will have imp equal to or less than 1.0 and have no effective 10 pyright by the American Gear Manufacturers Assocation sal Zul 30 14:36:13 2011 ‘overlaps. The following equation shows the effect of gear geornetry on mp: where: F _ isthenetface width, shes (millimeters); ‘aq 18 the normal dlametral plc, In inches-1; y__ Isthe standard hellx angle; 2m. isthe normal modulo, in milimeters. From this equation it can be seen that the normal cdiametral pitch (or normal module), net face width, and heli angle all influence the face contact ratio. 3.11 Factor of safety The factors of safety are n, and n,. The term “factor of safety” has historically been used in mechanical design to describe a general derating factor to limit the design stress in proportion to the ‘material strength. A factor of safety accounts for Uncertainties in: = design analysis; = manufecturing; — applied load; = quality consistent with design requirements. Factor of safety also takes into consideration: ~ human safety risk; economic risk. ‘The greater the uncertainties or consequences of the above parameters, the higher the factor of safety should be. As the values of all the variables within the algorithm are known with more certainty, the value ofthe factor of safety can be reduced, The factor of safety for bending strength is often ‘selected to be greater than the factor of safety for piting resistance to reduce the likelihood of ‘catastrophic failure (coe clause 4). For inexperienced gear designers, conservative selection of variables within the algorithm ic recommended. AGMA 903-A 92 MM Ob87575 OOO3S 262 Ml ‘AGMA 901-A92 Table 6 — Effects of helix angle in parallel shaft gearing [Spur gearing: - Spur gears Impose mainly radial loads on bearings. In practice, thrust loads may exist; Usually noisier than helical gears because there are fewer teeth in contact, andthe dynamic loading occur-| ring during a mesh cycle is greater; | Pitchline velocities are usually limited to 3000 feet per minute without special design considerations; - Less load capacity than helical gears of the same proportions. /Single holical gearing: Usually quieter than epur geare because there are more teeth in contact, and because less severe dy- Jnamio loading oooure during a mech oycle; Very high pitchiine velocities are obtainable with proper design considerations; Higher load capacity than spur gears of the same proportions; Thrust loads and overtuming moments are generated due to the helix angle, so bearings and housings| must be designed accordingly. [Double helical gearing: - Gear tooth generated thrust loads oppose each other, Usually quieter han spur gears because there are more teeth In contact, and less severe dynamic loading| Jocours during a mesh cycle; — Very high pitchiine velocities are obtainable with proper design considerations; — More difficult to manufacture; — Gap between opposing helices must be wide enough for tool clearance. This gap adde weight and length| to the gear design; = At least one member of the goarset must be allowed to float axially; The two heliose cannot be matched perfootly, oo dynamio loading of a member occurs; — External thrust loads (i.e, couplings, bearings, inertial forces, and the like) on the floating member can| loreate an overload condition on one of the helices. 4 Preferred number of pinion teeth SouFFING FAILURE ‘The preferred number of pinion teeth attempts to UNDERCUT! — maximize the load capacity of a gearset. Figure 2 & Prin. ‘shows that load capacity is imited by piting fatigue, — FATIGUE bencing fatigue, orscufngfaluredependingonthe — & number of teeth inthe pinion. Also, thers isa lowor limit to the number of teeth, bolow which undercut 2 BENDING g FATIGUE ‘occurs. The hatched zone is bounded by al three lure mode curves and the undorout lit. It ap- pias to homologous class of geare with a apecifio ‘combination of gear goometry, material properties, and application requirements PINION TOOTH NUMBER, Np Figure 2 — Preferred number of pinion teeth ‘The relative positions of the curves changeas these parameters change, as demonstrated in figures 3 through 5. The algorithm presented here directly solves for the preferred number of pinion teeth Copyright by the American Gear Manufacturers Assocation sal Zul 30 14:36:13 2011 making i unnecessary lo draw these figures, which are shown strictly for demonstrating the concept of the preferred number of pinion teeth. The curve " AGMA 902-4 92 MM OL87S75 0003157 179 am ‘AGMA 901-A92 marked “Piting Fatigue’. representing the piting resistance of the gearsel. is relatively fat, belng conly woakly influenced by the number of pinion tooth. In contrast, the curve marked “Bending Fatigue’, representing the bending strength, de- pends strongly on the number of pinion teeth and it drops rapidly as the number of teeth increases. Maximum load capacity occurs al point “A where the piting resistance and bending strength are balanced, For more pinionteeth (tothe right of point “A load capacity is controlled by bending fatigue, While for fewer tecth (lo the left of point “A") load capacity is controlled by pitting fatigue. The two feilure modes aro quito difforent. Piting fatigue usually progresses relatively sly, starting with a few pits which may increase in number and coalesce into larger spalis. As the tooth profiles deteriorate with piting, the gears typlealy generate noise and vibration which wams of the pitting fatigue failure. In contrast, bending fatigue may progrese rapidly ae a fatigue orack propagates across the base of a tooth, breaking the tooth with litle or no warming. Hence, pitting fatigue is often ess serious than bending fatigue, which is frequently catastrophic. Considering the differences between piting fatigue ‘and bending fatigue, it ie prudent to eclect the ‘number of pinion teeth somewhat to the left of point “A (shown by the vertical column marked poe) Where pitting fatigue controls rather than bending fatigue. With this design approach, not much load capacity is lost because the piting fatigue curve is relatively horizontal, whilo a margin of safety against bending fatigue is gained. This practice should not be carried to extremes, because pinions with few, large teeth (with high speciic sfiding ratios) are prone to scuffing (see point “~B" on curve marked “Scutfing Failure”). Some toxtbooke recommend using a number of teethfor the pinion equal tothe minimumrequiredto ‘avoid undercut. This gives gearsets with less than optimum load capacity which are prone lo scuffing (Gee point °C’). For information on scuffing, see appendix A of reference [6]. A pinion tooth number 12 pyright by the American Gear Manufacturers Assocation sal Zul 30 14:36:13 2011 ear Np. provides a good balance between piting resistance and bending strength, and since the teeth ate no larger than necessary, the risk of soufing Is reduoed. Figures 3 through § demonstrate how the three limiting elements—piting fatigue, bending fatigue, and scuffing falure—Interact to identity a preferred ‘number of pinion teeth based on gear geometry. Figure 3 illustrates an unmodified spur gearset. Here, the three elements converge, providing a limited tooth number selection at maximum load capacity. Figure 4 shows how the range of proferred testh selection broadens by modifying the ‘addendum of the came goarset. Figure 5 illustrates how ome geareet designe may not make full use of the calculated load capacity. Thie ie an example where redesign should be considered. Some designers may require a hunting tooth combination for the gear set. This will restrict the acceptable combinations of teeth. A hunting combination is one in which any pinion tooth contacts every gear tooth. The tooth combination of 108/33 would not be hunting since there is a ‘common factor of 3, meaning that any pinion tooth would eventually contact every gear tooth, but no ‘other gear teeth. The combination of 109/34 is a hunting tooth combination as ft has no common factors (other than unity) and therefore each pinion tooth will eventually contact every gear tooth. ‘SCUFFING FAILURE PITTING FATIGUE BENDING FATIGUE LOAD CAPACITY PINION TOOTH NUMBER. Figure 3 - Preferred number of pinion teeth {for spur gear (unmodified) AGMA 901-A 92 MM OL87575 UNDERCUT 4 | | SCUFFING FAILURE PITTING. FATIGUE LOAD CAPACITY “BENDING FATIGUE PINION TOOTH NUMBER.N,, Figure 4 — Preferred number of pinion teeth {for spur gear (modified) UNDERCUT SOUFFING FAILURE PITTING FATIGUE ~ Benoa FATIGUE LOAD CAPACITY PINION TOOTH NUMBER, Figure 8 - Preferred number of pinion teeth for spur gear whore redesign should bo considered 5 Design algorithm ‘Thero ie no need for cut-and-try procedures for ‘gear design if one exploits the near independence ‘of pitting resistance and the number of pinion teeth, ‘The following algorithm solves for the diameter and face width of the pinion based on surface fatigue ‘and solves for the preferred number of pinion teeth by simultaneously satisfying the surface fatigue and the bending fatigue constraints. It is derived from ‘equations given in [5] and 10}. and is timted to steel. Because It is necessary to approximate the pyright by the American Gear Manufacturers Assocation sal Zul 30 14:36:13 2011 0003153 035 mm AGMA 901-A92 ‘geometry factors / and J, the final design must be Vertled using (5] and [10] Life factors are: 102G = 2.4660(n) 028 (25) LOZK, = 1.6831 (Ny? 27) G, and K;, must be less than or equallto 1.0 forthis, algorithm. Contact strength is: ee = OL Sue (28) Bonding strength is: Su =Ki Sq (Vor constant reverse bending, such as idler gears, multiply s,, by0.7) (28) The contact strengths and bending strengths are ‘calculated for both the pinion and gear and the lesser of the pinion and gear values for s,, and 5, are used in the following equations. ‘Combined derating factor: Ge oe (90) Ke Faint 3) where: Cas Ky ithe application factor; Ga» Bm isthe load distribution factor; GK, isthe dynamic factor; Ky _istherim thickness factor. iting resistance constant in inches cuibed (mili- meters cubed): 126.000? Gy (Gp nm? Sm _ awry (289 MF Or ( Sar) sem 300 (bsfin2)05 (191|Nimm2p.5), 13 AGMA 901-A 52 MM OL87575 OOO3259 17) Mw AGMA 901-092 Bending strength constant ininchee cubed (millime- tere cubed): 126 00P Kym, ge ete (29) n= WixIweY (994) Noi Ow Preferred number of pinion teeth: (34) ~-(35) (36) The equations in clause 5 colculato a protiminary value forthe pinion operating pitch diameter, d. With this, one can calculate an approximate operating center distance. This value bs rarely the actual center distance to be used. it only gives the designer a starting point, Ifthe operating center distance, c, .1s known, d and F may be calculated with equations 37 and 38. 2c, d= Tag #T 87) ra 88 fd and F are obtained from equations 37 and 28, the aspect ratio should be calculated with equation 39. F my (89) fm, is greater than recommended by equation 4 for spur or single helical or equation 5 for double helical, then the operating center distance, C,, should be increased or the pitting resistance con- stant, K,, should be decreased. 14 pyright by the American Gear Manufacturers Assocation sal Zul 30 14:36:13 2011 6 Design audit ‘When the profile shift (7.4 and annex A) Is selected, the gear design is complete. itis necessary to aut the design by analyzing the stresses and life cycles (using [5] and [10]) because approximate values wore used for and J. The only change that is usually required to meet the design life is a small adjustment of the face width. Before proceeding, i ie suggested that the design be reviewed by an experienced gear designer for practicality and ‘economic feasibitty ‘Although its beyond the soope of this information sheet, the selection of the lubricant type and viscosity should be verfied by calculating the film thickness and flash temperature to ensure that they ‘are within allowable limits as they relate to scuffing resistance. See appendix A of [5]. 7 Considerations for improved rating the gearset being designed does not meet the rat- ing requirements of bending fatigue, piting fetigue, or scuffing resistance, the design should be altered to improve the power or life rating of the week area(s). Changing a gear design parameter may heip one area and hurt another, and may also affect ‘other non-gear tems such as bearings. Some things that help improve the bending fatigue. pitting fatigue, and scuffing resistance are listed below. 7.1 Improve bending fatigue resistance with: = lower load — increased center distance; coarser pitch (fewer teeth on the same di- ‘ameter gear); higher operating pressure angle; — holical (ve. epur) tooth design; ~ carburized material; highor eurface hardness with appropriate core hardnoss of material — improved gear accuracy: — higher quality material; wider effective face width (up to a spectfied Fa lit; — profile shift for balanced bending fatigue Ife; lange, smooth root filets in teeth; ~ shol peering roots of teeth, AGNA 901-A 92 MM Ob87575 OOO31L0 793 a 7.2 Improve pitting fatigue resistance with: — lower load; — increased center distance: —finer pitoh (more teeth on the same diameter gear); — higher operating pressure angle; helical (ve. epur) tooth design; carburized material; — higher surface hardness with appropriate ‘ore hardness of material; Improved gear accuracy: — higher quality material; — wider effective face width (up to a spectfied Fiat fimit); — profile ehift for balanced epecifo oli — proper tip and/or root relief"; — higher EHD film thickness of the lubricating oil; ~ smoother tooth surfaces by careful manufac ture and run-in; improved quality of lubricant”. 7.8 Improve scuffing resistance with: lowor load; reduced gear bulk temperature; higher operating pressure angle; higher EHD film thickness of the lubricating anti_ecuff EP additives in the oil; - smoother tooth surfaces by careful manufac- ture and run-in = proper tip and/or root relief; — profile shift for balanced flash temperature, improved gear accuracy; finer pitch (more gear teeth); ‘AGMA 901-A92 reduced speed: ~ silver or copper plating of gear teeth’ — improved qualily of lubricant — nitriding steel, 7 Profile shift (addendum modification) ‘Once the pitch diameter, faoe width, and preferred number of teeth for the pinion are dotermined with the design algorithm, routine methods are used to solect most of the other necessary design parame- tere, Included in this list are the number of teeth on the gear, normal diametral pitch, and operating center distance. However, afinal gear design is not ‘complete until the profile shift hae been selected. ‘The profile shift is the amount that is added to, or ‘subtracted from, the goar tooth addendum’ to ‘enhance the operational performance of the gear- ‘sot or moet fixed dosign oriteria. The determination of the amount ofthe shift is based on the following coriteria: = avoiding underout tooth; — halanced specific siding: — balanced flash temperature: ~ balanced bending fatigue life; = avoiding narrow top lande. Itis not the intent of this information sheet to include the calculation of the profile shift coefficient. Iti, however, necessary o inform the reader that profilo shift exists, howitcan affect gear design, and where it comes into play in designing a goareet. A discussion on the determination and effects of profile ehift is presented in annex A. 7.5 Summary Be sure to re-analyze the design, it it has been altered, to determine the amount of benefit gained ‘rom the alteration(s). * Denotes an item that should help, but no benefit is shown in the analytical rating per [5]. pyright by the American Gear Manufacturers Assocation sal Zul 30 14:36:13 2011 6 AGMA 903-A 92 MM 0687575 OO032b) beT Ml ‘AGMA 901-A92 16 pyright by the American Gear Manufacturers Assocation sal Zul 30 14:36:13 2011 AGMA 901-A 92 MM ObS7575 OOO3ib2 Sb Ml AGMA 901-As2 Annex A (intormative) Profile shift (addendum modification) [This annex is provided for informational purposes only and ehould not be construed as a part of AGMA 901-AQ2, A ational Procedure for Designing Minimum Volume Gears} AA Profile shift ‘Once the diameter, face width, and proferred ‘number of teeth forthe pinion are determined with the design algorithm, routine methods are used to select the number of teeth in the gear, normal diametral pitch, and operating center distance. However, the gear design is not complete until the profile shift has been selected after considering the following criteria: = avoiding undercut; — balanced epecifi sliding: balanced flash tomporaturo; — balanced bending fatigue life; — avoiding narrow top lands. The profilo shift should be large enough to avoid undercut and emall enough to avoid narrow top lands. The profile chifte required for balanced ‘specific sliding, balanced flash temperature and bbalanoed bending fatigue life arc usually different. ‘Therefore, the value used should be based on the ‘oriterion that is judged to be the most important for tho particular application. ‘Table A.1 - Symbols used In equations Equation Terms Units | where first used normal operating ooular backlash in AI9 standard center diatance in Ad distance to SAP (see figure A.1) - Anz distance to EAP (see figure A.1) - Anz distance between interference points (see figure 2) — An2 operating center distance in As addendum, pinion and gear in 22 bending strength geometry factor, pinion and gear - Ade tip-shortening coefficient - A20 gear ratio > 1.0 - Al umber of teeth, pinion and gear = At normal diametral pitch int a2 standard pitch radius, pinion and goar in A2 base cree radius, pinion and gear in At4 ‘outside radius, pinion and gear in Ata reference normal circular tooth thickness, pinion and gear| in 32 bending strength, pinion and gear tevin Ate Profile shift coeticient, pinion and gear - Ato rminimumn profile shit coofciont to avoid underout Att generating rack ehift coefficient, pinion and gear - 30 ‘center distance modification in A20 tooth thinning for backlash, pinion and gear in Ato ‘sum of profile shit oeficients - Ao ‘sum of generating rack shift coefficients - A36 pyright by the American Gear Manufacturers Assocation sal Zul 30 14:36:13 2011 7 AGMA S0}-A 92 MM 0687575 0003163 4T2 Mm AGMA 901-As2 Table A.1(concluded) ‘Symbols Terms Units | ye tHe aes ¢ standard transverse pressure angle - AS o® ‘standard normal pressure angle - AS o operating transverse pressure angle - AS v standard helix angle = AS Subscripts/ sign convention 1 pinion 2 gear » normal (no subscript indicates transverse) , operating or running «) upper sign extemal gearsete, lower sign intemal gearsets A2 Basic gear geometry A.3 Sum of profilo shift coofficionts for zero backlash = 2 AN) my ge = Ott (A9) aoe ot ine @ + 2 Py coy > eo =, ty (A109) ‘AA Avoiding undorcut tooth Ry = Rim ‘There are a number of design options to compen- ‘sate for undercut teeth, including profile shift. The C = R,4R, -(A4) design algorithm presented here will usually pro- vide a number of pinion teeth considerably larger ‘than the number needed to avold undercut pinion teeth. itis important, however, to understand what 9 =acun @) (A) undercut is and how itis produced. Undercut is a condition in generated gear tecth c where any part of the fillet curves lies inside a line o anv (Leno) ~(A9) drawn tangent to the working profile et its point of juncture with the fillet. For such gears, the endofthe Cutting tool has extended inside of the point of tan- gency of the base circle and the pressure line, and iovge = wn g-¢ ~4A7) removed an excessive amount of material. This removal of material can weaken the tooth and also: ‘may reduce the length of contact, since gear action ‘can only take place on the Involute portion of the flank. Should a gear be made by another method e@ ive, = tn6-4, (AB) 18 pyright by the American Gear Manufacturers Assocation sal Zul 30 14:36:13 2011 AGMA S0L-A 92 MH 0687575 OOO31b4 335 mm that would not undercut the flanks, there may be interference of material and generally the goar ‘would not mesh or roll with another gear. See [1]. Conditions which lead to the design of gears with ‘small numbers of possibly undercut teeth are: high material hardness, short design life, large gear ratios, and high bending fatigue safety factors. With easonable selections of these parameters, tho algorithm gives Np pre a value ueually groator than 20. Inany case, the minimum profile shift coefficient {to avoid undercut) forthe pinion ia given by: AN) AS Balanced specitic stiding Maximum pitting and wear resistance |s obtained by balancing the extreme specific sliding ratio at each: end of the path of contact. This is done by iteratively varying the prof hit coeficiens ofthe pinion and ‘gear until the following equation is satisfied: fr és) = me A(AA2) where ©, isthe distance to SAP (c00 figure A.1); C's ie the distance to EAP (s00 figuro A.1); Cg -ie the distance between interference points (20 figure A.1). Cg = Cr sin dy (AA) Che AIC (RR aay 5 =(RA- Rj) (ais) Ry = Ry cosy (A.10) Ra = Ry mg (A47) AS Balanced flash temperature Maximum scuffing resistance is obtained by ‘minimizing the contact temperature. This is done by iteratively varying the profile shit coefficients of the pinlon and gear, while calculating the flash AGMA 901-A92 ‘temperature by Blok’e equation (sec appendix A of [2), until the flash temperature peaks in the ‘approach, and recess portions of the line of eotion fare cqual. Tho flash tomperature should be ‘calculated at the points SAP, LPSTC, HPSTO, EAP ‘and at several points in the two pairzones (between points SAP and LPSTC and between points HPSTC. and EAP, see figure A.1). Figure A.1 - Distances along the line of action A.T Balanced bending fatigue life ‘Maximum bending fatigue resistance is obtained by iteratively varying the profile shift coefficients of the pinion and gear until the ratio of the bending slrength geometry factors equals the ratio of bending strengths, i6., ty Sua. % Sar -AA18) A Avoiding narrow top lands The maximum permissible profile shift coefficients are obtained by Neratively varying the profile shift Coefficients of the pinion and gear untiltheirtop land * Numbers in brackets [] refer to the reference list at the end of this annex. Copyright by the American Gear Manufacturers Assocation sal Zul 30 14:36:13 2011 19 AGMA 901-A02 thicknesses are equal to the minimum allowable (usually 0.3/P 4) ‘A.9 Tooth thinning for backlash ‘The small adjustments of the position ofthe cutting tool to thin the gear teeth for backash are considered independently of the profile shit coefficients (x, and x,) by specifying the amount the pinion and gear teeth are thinned for backlash, Asgy and As,2. This way, the outside diameters are independent of tooth thinning for backlash, and are based solely on the profile shift coefficients x, and X). The tooth thinning coefficients are selected ‘euch that: Ata + AS2 = By Pua & AAI) A10. Tip-shortening coeftioient for external goarsets For gears operating on extended centers (C, > C), the outside radiiof the gears are shortenedto main tain adequate tip-to-root clearance. Theamount of adjustment of outside radii proportional tothe tip shortening coefficient: ky os Er acey (20) where ac =G-C (21) ‘AAO Tip-shortoning options ‘Three of the tip shortening options are as follows: ‘AA10.1.4 Full length teeth — option 1 fa = an (a2) Lee fg = Hee (a23) CALITION ~ Opfion 1 (ul langth eth) may give Inoulficiont tip-to-root claarance i C, >> C. Check clearances or use option 3 tobe safe. pyright by the American Gear Manufacturers Assocation sal Zul 30 14:36:13 2011 AGHA 9O3-A 92 MM OL87S75 OOUSES 275 a ‘A.10.1.2 Full working depth - option 2 hy = eek? l(A24) m7 Lex ky/2 fy = Le? (A258) ‘CAUTION — Option 2 (tll working dopth) may give insificientp-to-toot clearance fC, >> C. Check clearances or use option 3 (ltip-to-root clearance) tobe sale ‘A.10.1.2 Full tip-to-root clearance — option 3 ny, = ck (A28) Pat Lito he hg = Steck AA27) Poa A.11 Tip-shortening coofficiont for intomal ‘gearsets For intemal gearsets, there are several require- ‘ments which must be met In addition to those that apply to external gearsets. There must be no tip interference between the pinion and gear or between thecutter and gear. Also, there mustbe no rubbing between the cutter and gear during the rotum stroke of the cutter. A likely place for interference is between the tooth root filets of the pinion and the tips of the gear teeth, and it is, ‘common practice to shorten the teeth ofthe intemal gear to prevent thie. Likewiee, the tip radius of the pinion must be eolected to encure that the pinion tips do not interfere with the root fillets of the goat. ‘As with external gearsets, underout should bo avoided and adequate tip-to-root clearances must bbe maintained. Reference [9] describes a design procedure for a generalized form of profile shift ‘which includes all of the above considerations. AA2 Outside radi Ky = R, fo 1 ~tA20) + ha Ry = Ry ther -(A20) AGMA S0L-A 92 MM Ob87S75 OOO31bb 101 mm ‘A.13 Generating rack shift coafficionts te -(A30) Asa tp a> Tene, AI) A.14 Normal circular tooth thickness Sq = UL + 244, 104,)/ Ry AAS) Sy = U2 242100O,)/ Pg ~(A.99) AAAS. Determining profile ehift coofficionts of ‘oxisting gears {the normal circular tooth thicknesses are known, the generating rack shift cooffcionts are found from. ‘equations A34 and A35. Sn Pag ~ WD a © Zand, ( Sng ng — RAD 2nd, ) ABA) (A98) pyright by the American Gear Manufacturers Assocation sal Zul 30 14:36:13 2011 ‘AGMA 901-A92 ‘A.15.1 Sum of generating rack shift coefficients. ty = 42 241 (A36) A152 Normal operating circular backlash tan Chg ‘ Gx-3y) (037) ‘A.16.3 Tooth thinning for backlash The tooth thinning coefficients must satisfy equa- tion A19. However, it is usually impossible to determine the ratio As, / As thet was used for ‘gears. The following analysis is based on common practice where As,1 = 5,2 ,inwhich case: Byhag (C ag) = Ang = (S) (38) A154 Profile shit coefficients From equations A.90 and A.31: ron Ata tay ~(A.29) sea hott Ta (Ao) AGNA 901-A 92 MM 0687575 OOO31b7 04S mm ‘AGMA 901-A02 Annex A References 1. AGMA 908-889, Information Sheet - Geometry Factors for Determining the Pitting Resistance and Bend- ing Strongth of Spur, Helical and Herringbone Gear Teeth, 1989. 2. ANSV/AGMA 2001-B88, Fundamental Rating Factors and Calculation Methods for Involute Spur and Hell- cal Gear Teeth, 1988. 3. Colbourne, J.R., The Geometric Design of internal Gear Pairs, AGMA Paper No. 67 FTM 2. pyright by the American Gear Manufacturers Assocation sal Zul 30 14:36:13 2011 AGMA S0L-A 92 MM Ob87575 Annex 0003168 Tay a AGMA 901-A92 (informative) Ratio split for imum volume [Thie annex ie provided for informational purposes only and should not be construed as a part of AGMA ‘901-A02, A Rational Procedure for the Preliminary Design of Minimum Volume Gears.] B.1 Minimum volume considerations in new gear box designs Often the situation arises where more than one stage is needed in a gear box. ifthe gear box has ‘morethan one stage, the designer must decide how {o split the overall gear ratio between the stages. ‘With the right spliting. the total volume of the gears. can be minimized, This minimizes the total weight. and usually the cnst, of the gearing. Previously, choosing the ratio spitting was usually done by trial and error. Equation 15 can be used to determi how to split the overall ratio in a two stago gearbox. This annex shows how that equation was derived. B.2 Assumptions In order to simplify equation 15, the following as sumptions have been made: = Balanced pinion pitting ratingo; = Gy CpG Gy Gy-Cp Ad Cy are con stant for both meshes; ~ Both meshes consist of steel external gears. 8.9 Symbols used Tablo B.1 containe the definitions of the eymbole used inthis annex. The table aleoliste tho numberof the firet equation to use each symbol. Table B.1 - Symbols used in equations. ‘Symbols Terms Units Equation > nhumber of power paths = Gg application factor for pitting resistance - G surface condition factor for pitting resistance - Z gear ratio factor = Gh hardness ratio factor for pitting resistance G life factor for piting resistance - G load distribution factor for pitting resistance = Gq lactic coefficient [ovine] 5(N/mme}e6) G teliabity factor for pitting resistance - G size factor for pitting resistance - G temperature factor for pitting resistance - SG dynamic factor for pitting resistance - a ‘operating pitch dlameter of pinion in (mmm F ‘ace width of narrowest member in (mm) 1 geometry factor for pitting resistance _ K contact load factor for piing resistance Ieine (Nie) Kae allowable contact load factor Ibin2 (Nim) Ky ‘constant ™ gear ratio (m, > 1) - mot eat rato of high speed mash (m,, > 1) _ Copyright by the American Gear Manufacturers Assocation sal Zul 30 14:36:13 2011 continued 23 AGMA SOL-A 92 WH Ob87575 OOU3LES 530 me ‘AGMA G01-Ao2 Table B.1 (concluded) uation Symbol Terms vnts | wnoremet used My ‘overall gear ratio (M,> 1) - Be N total number of pinion load cycles _ B10 ye allowable contact stress number ovine(N/mme) B2 E transmitted pinion torque, per mesh in Ibs (Nm) Ba y, torque on high speed shaft in bs (Nm) Bo ‘Subscripts/ sign convention 1 high speed mesh 2 low speed mesh zs Upper ign external gearsets, lower sign intemal gearsets B.4 Derivation Setting K= Kae? ‘This ie how equation 15 was derived: rap={ 7224 )( 2% Ce_ | _"o From [11*: LT ma J Hac CDRs J me #1 F@ (BAI) -{B.0) (8.7) From [2]: In the case of a two stage box with muttipie power c. Ge cn branches, the total volume ofall he gears is equal Ky aledas == j tothe volume of one high speed inion, phigh speed CG Gorm G p or Ce gears, b low speed pinions, and one low speed gear. (8.2) The volume of a gear or pinion is proportional to ‘F(dg2. Since the gear operating pitch diameter where equals the mating pinion operating pitch diameter me rmuttpied by the gear rato: Ga -(B.3) 7 DRA = Pid + BP amg + bad and G, = Cy =Cy = Cp = Cp = 1.0 + FGM mg (6.8) Group variables which are approximately equal for Combining with equation B7: both high and low speed meshes and call it K . Hea CoP ( Se )s (BA) where 2 Gg CH -(

    You might also like