ANALYSIS OF ELECTRONIC LOAD CONTROLLER

FOR THREE PHASE SYNCHRONOUS GENERATOR

USING FUZZY LOGIC

Presented by: ANURAG YADAV

Guided by :

Dr. S.N. Singh

Alternate Hydro Energy Centre

Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee

INTRODUCTION

Energy is the basic requirement for economic development

Mainly Coal, Petroleum, Natural gas, nuclear etc. are used to be

exploited as versatile and high quality energy products

Utilities in many developing countries are finding it difficult to

establish and maintain remote rural area electrification and other
needs

The cost of delivering power to such areas is becoming excessively

large due to large investments in transmission lines and large
transmission losses

For these reasons, many utilities are seriously considering local

renewable energy resources as an alternative to meet the load demand

ADVANTAGES OF HYDROPOWER
Clean energy source
Renewable source as it doesnt utilize any fuel
Environment friendly
Easily integrable with grid and other energy
sources and can easily meet peaking demands
Very high conversion efficiency

OBJECTIVES
To develop the model of ELC in MATLAB/Simulink
To simulate the model and analyze it for various operating
conditions
Interpretation of the results obtained through simulation

SCHEME OF ELC

ALTERNATO
R

ELECTRONIC
LOAD
CONTROLLER

BALLAST/DUMP
LOAD

CONSUMER
LOADS

ADVANTAGES OF ELECTRONIC
LOAD CONTROLLER
Reduces the cost of Small Hydro installation
Provides smooth control of Voltage and Frequency
Efficient than a conventional hydraulic governor as it is faster
in response
No complications and maintenance is very less
Maintains constant load on the generator irrespective of
consumer load variations

SYNCHRONOUS GENERATOR
It works on the principle of electromagnetic induction
It runs at synchronous speed which is fixed by the line frequency and no. of
poles
It can both export or import reactive power depending upon the type of
excitation
Stable in operation and control
They are of Salient-Pole type or Cylindrical rotor type
In hydropower plants, Salient Pole Synchronous Generators are employed

SYNCHRONOUS GENERATOR

Droop Characteristics of two different Alternators

LITERATURE REVIEW
AUTHOR(
s)
Jan Portegijs[1]
2000

TOPIC
The Humming Bird
ELC/Induction
Generator

WORK AND RESULTS

The humming bird ELC for both single phase and three phase Induction
generator is being developed.
Thyristorized control has been used to control the dump power
consumption with two ballast loads.
Design considerations for building and troubleshooting an ELC were
described.
Design is quite simple but its major disadvantage is the electronic noise
which is due to the phase angle control strategy employed.

Arun Kant [2]

2002

Design and
development of a
controller for
Single Phase
Induction
Generator

A design for load controller for Single-phase Induction Generator is

developed.
A circuit for sensing the reference and actual frequency has also been
developed.
Hardware of ELC has been developed using IC 555 timer utilizing the solid
state electronic devices and circuits.
Under-voltage,Overvoltage,Over-speeding protections are also being
incorporated in the model.
The model provides quite smooth control of voltage and frequency

S.S. Murthy,et
al. [3]
2003

Field experience
on a novel pico
hydel system
using SEIG and
ELC

The field experience is being done by exploiting locally available small

hydro potential needing minimal civil works
Water is made to flow in a channel and stored in a forebay tank whose
discharge is regulated to have nearly constant head.
Thyristor based, diode based, Mark-space ratio/PWM based ELCs were
developed and these are being compared for their voltage regulation.
IGBT based ELC is being found to yield the best performance.

V. Aggarwal
[4]
2004

Techno-economic study of
micro hydro-turbine
governing systems

Study is being carried out keeping in mind the economic aspects of

the turbine governing system.
It is being concluded that the cost of penstock of ELC based system
is less as the flow is constant.
Constant flow condition also eliminates the water pressure or surge
pressure.
It also eliminates the use of regulating equipment like guide vanes
which further adds to cost reduction.

S.P. Singh [5]

2004

Design and development

of single phase ELC for
micro hydro power plant

Worked and designed an ELC for a single phase system.

Design consistes of an uncontrolled rectifier in series with chopper
switch (IGBT) which is given pulse signal by PWM controller to
control the switching.
Voltage and frequency are thus controlled and regulated.

S. Singh[6]
2006

Design, testing and

sensitivity analysis of ELC

ELC is designed using phase angle regulation scheme which can

vary from 0 to .
The ELC is being made for single phase system and back to back
thyristors are being used in its design as it can be operated in both
directions.
Switching occurs at twice the frequency and thus generates
harmonic distortion as high as 35-40%.
The results show that design is succesful for single phase system
and that too upto 7kW.

B. Singh[7]
2006

Analysis and design of ELC

for SEIG

ELC is being designed for stand-alone operating mode.

Uncontrolled rectifier and chopper based ELC is being developed
with resistive dump load.
IGBT is being used as a chopper switch.
It is being concluded from transient and steady state waveforms
that ELC is able to maintain constant voltage and frequency. This
type of ELC can handle large power as compared to single phase
one.

S.S. Murthy,
et al[8]
2006

A Novel Digital Control

Technique of Electronic
Load Controller for SEIG
Based Micro Hydel Power
Generation

The work presents both transient and steady-state analysis of ELC

The operation of ELC is controlled using digital controller.
The controller is being tested in both laboratory and field.
This design of ELC is found to be more effective, faster, reliable,
compact and cost-effective.

J.M Ramirez, et
al[9]
2007

An Electronic Load
Controller for SelfExcited Induction
Generator

The proposed ELC is reliable, simple and injects fewer harmonics.

The proposed ELC is conformed by a per-phase chopper circuit in
series with dump load
Each switch is a combination of a couple of IGBT in anti-parallel
connection.
The commutation pulses are obtained by PWM technique.

D.K. Palwalia,
et al[10]
2008

Voltage and Frequency

regulation of single
phase SEIG

ELC is being developed for single phase two-winding squirrel cage

induction motor
working as SEIG.
The error is generated based on the voltage difference between the
actual and the reference.
The error signal is compared with internally generated triangular wave
of PWM generation scheme which generates the pulses for firing the
IGBT through an opto-isolation and pulse driver circuit.

B. Singh, et al
[11]
2008

VSC with Star-Delta

Transformer based
Electronic Load
Controller for a stand
alone power
generation

The proposed scheme presents an asynchronous generator driven by a

pico hydro turbine and controller is connected at a point of common
coupling through interfacing transformers.
A star-delta transformer is used to form a four wire topology. It
provides path to zero-sequence component of load current.
Transformer is of three winding type with turns ratio as 2:2:1.
ELC serves the purpose of harmonic elimination, load balancing and
reactive power compensation for voltage control.
The results show that three phase system is balanced and sinusoidal.

B. Singh, et al
[12]
2008

Power Quality
improvement in
Conventional ELC for
isolated power
generation

The designed ELC scheme consists of a 24-pulse rectifier with 14

diodes and a chopper.
A polygon wound autotransformer is being employed with reduced kVA
rating for 24 pulse rectifier for harmonic reduction and to meet the
power quality requirements as prescribed by IEEE standard-519.
ELCs are being developed using two schemes viz. six pulse bridge
type and 24 pulse bridge type.
The performance of both designs are being compared and it is
concluded that 24 pulse bridge type ELC yields better performance.
Experimental validation of the design has also been done.

B. Singh, et
al[13]
2008

Zig-zag transformer
based ELC for isolated
Asynchronous

In this scheme, the VSC(Voltage source converter) and a zig-zag

transformer are connected in shunt with the stator terminals of the
generator.

H. Ludens[14]
2010

Electronic Load
Controller for Microhydro system

The ELC is being developed for a single phase system.

The power circuit consists of eight TRIACs
It also employs a power transformer consisting of two secondaries.
One of the secondary is utilized to feed the line frequency and the
other one to power the control circuitry of thyristor.
ELC based on this scheme gives satisfactory performance.

V. Rajagopal
[15]
2010

Electronic load
controller for isolated
asynchronous
generator in pico
hydropower generation

The work proposes a digital signal processor based ELC for

asynchronous generator.
The control circuitry consists of excitation capacitors, voltage source
converter, dc link capacitor, a chopper, star/delta transformer,
consumer loads and an auxiliary load.
The system provides a viable and cost effective solution to achieve
power quality improvement, voltage and frequency control, harmonic
suppression and load balancing for feeding non-linear loads.

Anurag
Chauhan [16]
2010

Transient analysis of
self-excited induction
generator

The ELC is being simulated for transient conditions such as process of

self-excitation, voltage build-up, faults, unbalanced excitation,
switching of resistive and dynamic loads.
SEIG can safely feed an induction motor rated upto 50% of its rating.
Three-phase fault, L-L fault and unbalanced excitation cause voltage
collapse and de-excitation.
The dynamic behaviour of SEIG with ELC is satisfactory in constant
power applications.

Shalini
Singh[17]
2010

Design and testing of

ELC for hydropower
plant

The ELC in this scheme is designed and fabricated using thyristors.

The input is taken from generator through step down transformer and
using the control circuit, the triggering pulses are fed through the
pulse transformer for gating the thyristors.
The ELC is tested and shows that it is capable to maintain almost
constant voltage.

S.N. Mahato, et
al[18]
2010

Transient performance
of a three-phase SEIG
supplying single phase
load with ELC

The work presents an SEIG feeding a single phase inductive load.

The effect of cross-saturation has also been incorporated.
The developed model has been validated through experiment by
sudden removal and application of load so as to check the
effectiveness of the model.

S. Gao, et
al[19]
2010

Design of a
Microcontroller based
ELC for SEIG supplying
Single Phase Loads

The ELC has been designed using Microprocessor interface.

The ELC is an intelligent sensor in this case
The operation of the controller is fast and also smooth and reliable
control is obtained.

B. Singh, et al
[20]
2011

Electronic Load
Controller for a Parallel
Operated Isolated
Asynchronous
Generator Feeding
Various Loads

The ELC is developed for induction generator operating in stand-alone

mode.
The model is simulated for linear/non-linear, balanced/unbalanced
loading conditions.
The controller is PI based.

B. Singh, et
al[21]
2011

Neural-Network-Based
Integrated Electronic
Load Controller for
Isolated Asynchronous
Generators in Small
Hydro Generation

The work proposes a neural-network based integrated ELC for isolated

asynchronous generator feeding a three-phase four wire load.
The scheme uses adaptive linear element to extract the fundamental
component of load current to control the voltage and frequency.
The IELC is realized using zigzag/three single-phase transformers and a
six-leg insulated-gate bipolar-transistor-based current controlled voltagesource converter, a chopper switch, and an auxiliary load on its dc bus.
The model was simulated and also validated and found to give
satisfactory performane.
The controller is also simple, easy to control and less sensitive to load
perturbations.

V.
Rajagopal[22]
2011

Improved ELC for

offgrid Induction
Generator in SHP
generation

ELC is being implemented using a digital signal processor.

The design also balances the system under unbalanced loading
conditions and also eliminates the harmonics in the load.
THD of load current and terminal voltage lies within 5% as prescribed by
IEEE-519 standard.
Performance is very good under non-linear and unbalanced loading
conditions.

Anjali Garg, et
al [23]
2011

A Fuzzy Logic Based

Electronic Load
Controller for Selfexcited Induction
Generators

The proposed scheme presents a fuzzy logic based ELC for asynchronous
generator.
The load current is being compared with the reference current and based
on the error signal the input goes into Fuzzy logic controller.
The proposed ELC gives better performance as compared to
conventional controllers due to the use of fuzzy logic scheme.

Dibyendu
Das[24]
2011

Steady-State analysis
of Electronic Load
Controller for Three
Phase Alternator

The ELC is being developed using PD, PI and PID controller techniques.
The performance of ELC based on the three techniques is being
compared and the effect of varying the proportional, derivative and
integral gain constants is also discussed.
It is being concluded that PID based controller gives better
performance as compared to other two.
The system is not state controllable but the output is controllable as
desired.

rika S. Melo,
et al [25]
2013

Electronic Load
Controller of a MicroHydro generator for
stand-alone operation

The proposed scheme presents an ELC for single phase permanent

magnet synchronous generator operating in isolated mode.
A switched binary-weighted ballast load is connected in parallel with the
main load.
Binary-weighted resistors consists of six resistors connected in series.
Each switch is triggered in integer cycles and on/off combinations
provide 64 options of equivalent resistances that vary linearly.
Comparison is being done between actual and reference frequency.
The controller employed here is of PI type.
Better results can be obtained by connecting more resistors to the
ballast load.

Peeyush
Kala[26]
2013

Steady-state analysis
of Fuzzy logic based
ELC for SEIG

In this scheme, fuzzy logic based ELC is being developed for selfexcited induction generator.
The model is simulated in MATLAB/Simulink environment.
The error signal is fed to the fuzzy logic controller based on the
comparison between reference voltage and actual voltage.
The results show that a better and quick restoration of the system
takes place with Fuzzy logic based controller.

Yellaiah.
Ponnam [27]
2013

ELC for SEIG using

fuzzy logic controller

The proposed scheme consists of a Fuzzy logic based controller for

SEIG operating in isolated mode.
The error signal is generated by the comparison between the actual
voltage and the reference voltage.
Fuzzy logic based ELC gives faster response and the peak overshoot is
also reduced.

C.Kathirvel, et
al [28]
2013

Fuzzy logic based

voltage and frequency
of a self excited
induction generator for
micro hydro turbines
for rural applications

The ELC based SEIG has been designed in this work.

The design is being tested using simulation in MATLAB/Simulink.
It is concluded that STATCOM or any other reactive power supply
device needs to be integrated with fuzzy in order to keep the voltage
perturbations within safe limits.

B. Nia Roodsari
, et al [29]
2014

The Distributed
Electronic Load
Controller: A New
Concept for Voltage
Regulation in Micro
hydro Systems with
Transfer of Excess
Power to Households

The work presents a concept of distributed ELC.

The power going as a waste or dump to ballast load is utilized in
various household usage nearby.
This scheme provides good regulation of voltage and frequency.
The results showed that distributed ELC has more reliable performance
than a conventional one.

M. Prabhu Raj,
et al[30]
2014

Fuzzy Logic Control

Strategy for StandAlone Self-Excited
Induction Generator for
a Variable Speed Wind
Turbine

The work presents a control strategy for SEIG connected to wind

turbine and operating in isolated mode.
The strategy aims to extract the maximum energy from the turbine
and simultaneously regulating the terminal voltage over a wide range
of speed variations.
The dynamic performance is achieved using three fuzzy logic
controllers.

B. Nia Roodsari
, et al [31]
2014

A New Electronic Load

Controller for the Selfexcited Induction
Generator to Decrease
Stator Winding Stress

In this technique, a part of the dump load is being connected vin

parallel with the consumer load so that stress on the stator windings
can be reduced.
The duty cycle varies with the variations in main load, which requires
constant connection and disconnection of the ballast load.
In the proposed scheme the ballast load has been divided into two
parts for the reasons explained above.

GAPS IDENTIFIED
Fuzzy logic based ELC can be developed for Synchronous
Generator
State space models for the controllers may be developed
Analysis can be done for inductive dump load
The Fuzzy logic based ELC can be integrated with
microcontroller so as to improve the design
The controller can also be developed using Artificial Neural
Network, Neuro-Fuzzy technique

FUZZY LOGIC
Fuzzy logic is a multi-valued logic that deals with approximate rather than fixed and
exact reasoning
Fuzzy logic variables may have a value that ranges between 0 and 1
It gives the freedom to use linguistic variables where the degree of truth or falsehood is
determined by defining the membership functions
It gives a convenient way to map an input space to an output space
It consists of a fuzzy inference system, rule editor, membership function editor and
surface viewer
Fuzzy logic is robust, can be easily modified, use multiple inputs and outputs, gives
faster response compared to other controller
Fuzzy logic is utilized practically in various day to day applications like washing
machine control, temperature control, water level control etc.
Crisp
Values

Rule
Base
Fuzzy

Fuzzificati
on

Inference
System
Membership
Functions

Crisp
Values
Defuzzificati
on

DESIGN OF THE PROPOSED

MODEL

SIMULINK MODEL

Circuit Diagram of Three Phase uncontrolled rectifier

Conduction Table for rectifier operation

Waveforms pertaining to Uncontrolled Rectifier

DESIGN PARAMETERS OF THE CONTROL CIRCUIT

RULE VIEWER AND SURFACE VIEWER

AT A GLANCE

SIMULATION RESULTS

SUDDEN LOAD APPLICATION

FIXED INITIAL LOAD

RESULTS & DISCUSSION

There is a sudden drop in the voltage due to sudden application of such a large load
There is an abrupt rise in the stator currents up-to 1.75pu due to sudden application of such a large
load. However, there is a slight departure of stator currents due to the use of uncontrolled rectifier.
The speed drops suddenly below 0.99pu as shown in Fig. 4.5. There is also a transient at 0.1
second in the power dumped which finally settles down to a steady-state value of 10kW.
Voltage rises initially beyond 1pu and in about 0.2 seconds it settles to 1pu.
Stator currents shoot up beyond 1pu initially but settle to 1pu in about 0.1 second
As the generator is loaded up to its rated capacity, there is an initial transient in the power dumped
which reduces to zero after sometime
The speed contains lesser number of transients as compared with the case of sudden load
application

CONCLUSION
Small change in speed/frequency of the system has been observed but the variation is
within the safe limits. The current and voltage waveforms are slightly distorted due to
the use of uncontrolled rectifier
The frequency ,voltage and other parameters of the alternator are restored in a very
short duration
Lesser transients and overshoots are there due to the fuzzy logic based controller
design and the operating parameters get restored to their normal values in a very short
duration
Fuzzy logic controller based on ANN technique thus proves to be a strong candidate
for designing the electronic load controller as compared to other conventional
controllers
With the help of fuzzy logic controller, it is possible to control the sophisticated
systems without the inclusion of complex mathematical equations

FUTURE SCOPE
State space model can be developed for PI and PID based controllers
Controller design can be improved by using neuro-fuzzy or other artificial
intelligence control tools
STATCOM can also be integrated with ELC for reduction in the harmonic content
of the rectified voltage for better regulation
The design can be practically developed and validated for the results in the
laboratory
Analysis can be done for inductive dump load
A comparative study can be done for the ELC design based on PI, PID, PD and
artificial intelligence techniques

LIST OF PUBLICATIONS
A Fuzzy Logic based Electronic Load Controller for Three Phase Alternator,
International Journal of Emerging Technology and Advanced Engineering, Vol. 5,
Issue 3, pp 514-520, March 2015

Steady-State Analysis of Electronic Load Controller for Three Phase Synchronous

Generator, 12th IEEE International Conference, INDICON, December
2015(Communicated)

REFERENCES
[1] Portegijs, Jan , The Humming bird Electronic Load Controller /Induction Generator Controller, final version, 6
December 2000.
[2] Kant, Arun, M.Tech dissertation Work On, Controller for Single Phase Induction Generator, AHEC, IIT
Roorkee, 2002.
[3] Murthy S.S., et al, Field experience on a novel Pico Hydel System using SEIG and ELC, IEEE Conference,
Vol.2, pp 842-847, 2003.
[4] Aggarwal V., M.Tech dissertation Work On, Techno-economic study of micro-hydro turbine governing
systems,
AHEC, IIT Roorkee, 2004.
[5] Singh, S.P., M.Tech dissertation Work On, Design and Development of Single Phase ELC for Micro Hydro
Power Plant , AHEC, IIT Roorkee, 2004.
[6] Singh, S., M.Tech dissertation Work On, Design, testing and sensitivity analysis of ELC , AHEC, IIT Roorkee,
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Vol.21, No.21, pp 285-293, March 2006.
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hydropower generation, IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics, 2006.

[9]

Ramirez J.M, et al, An Electronic Load Controller for Self-Excited Induction Generator , IEEE Transactions on
energy conversion, Vol.22, No.2, pp 1-8, 2007.

[10] Palwalia D.K., et al, Voltage and Frequency Regulation of single phase Self-Excited Induction Generator,
Department of Electrical Engineering, Conference Paper, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, 2008.
[11] Singh B., et al, VSC with Star-Delta Transformer Based Electronic Load Controller for a stand alone power
generation, Department of Electrical Engineering, Conference Paper, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee,
2008.
[12] Singh B., et al, Power Quality Improvement in Conventional ELC for isolated power generation, IEEE
Transactions on energy conversion, 23, pp 764-773, 2008.
[13] Singh B., et al, Zig-zag Transformer based ELC for isolated asynchronous generator, 2 nd IEEE International
Conference on Power and Energy 1-3, pp 431-436, Johor Baharu, Malaysia, 2008.
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generation, Conference paper, Department of Electrical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee,
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[17] Singh Shalini, M.Tech dissertation Work On, Design and Testing of ELC for hydropower plant, AHEC, Indian
Institute of Technology Roorkee, 2010.
[18] Mahato S.N, et al, Transient performance of a three phase SEIG supplying a single phase load with ELC, IEEE

[19] Gao Sarsing, et al, Design of Microcontroller based ELC for SEIG supplying single phase loads, Journal
of Power Electronics, Vol. 10, No. 4, July 2010.
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various loads, Journal of Electromagnetic Analysis and Applications Vol. 3 No. 4, Article ID: 4625, 2011.
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on Power Electronics, 2011.
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Energy Sources & Technologies, Vol.2, No.2, 2011.
[24] Das Dibyendu, M. Tech dissertation Work On, Steady-State analysis of Electronic Load Controller for
Three Phase Alternator , AHEC, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, 2011.
[25] Erika S. Melo, et al, Electronic Load Controller of a micro-hydro generator for stand alone operation ,
IEEE Power Electronics Conference, Brazil, 2013.
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Advancements in Research & Technology, Volume 2, Issue4, 2013.
[27] Yellaiah. Ponnam, et al, Electronic Load Controller for SEIG using Fuzzy Logic, IOSR Journal of
Electrical and Electronics Engineering, 2013.

[28] Kathirvel C., et al, Fuzzy Logic based voltage and frequency of a SEIG for micro-hydro turbines for rural
applications, Journal of Theoretical and Applied Information Technology, 2013.
[29] B. Nia Roodsari, et al, The Distributed Electronic Load Controller: A New Concept for Voltage Regulation
in Microhydro Systems with Transfer of Excess Power to Households, ISES Solar World Congress, Vol.57
pages: 1465-74 Elsevier, 2013.
[30] M. Prabhu Raj, et al, Fuzzy Logic Control Strategy for Stand-Alone Self-Excited Induction Generator for a
Variable Speed Wind Turbine, International Journal of Innovative Research in Science, Engineering and
Technology, 2014.
[31] B. Nia Roodsari, et al, A New Electronic Load Controller for the Self-excited Induction Generator to
Decrease Stator Winding Stress, ISES Solar World Congress, Vol.57 pages: 1455-64 Elsevier, 2013.

THANK YOU