Production of Materials Dotpoints

HSC CHEMISTRY
Marilyn Schell
Margaret Hogan
MULTIPLE
CHOICE
Science Press 2008

First published 2008
Reprinted 2011
Science Press
Private Bag 7023 Marrickville NSW 1475 Australia
Tel: (02) 9516 1122 Fax: (02) 9550 1915
sales@sciencepress.com.au
www.sciencepress.com.au
All rights reserved. No part of this publication

may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system,
or transmitted in any form or by any means,
electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording
or otherwise, without the prior permission of
Science Press. ABN 98 000 073 861
Contents
Introduction
Verbs to Watch
vi
Dot Points
Production of Materials
vii
The Acidic Environment
ix
Chemical Monitoring and Management
xi
Shipwrecks, Corrosion and Conservation
xiii
Questions and Summaries

73
149
221
Answers
289
297
305
313
Appendix
Data Sheet
319
Periodic Table
320
Science Press
Dot Point HSC Chemistry Multiple Choice
iii
Contents
Notes
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Science Press
Contents
iv
Introduction
What the book includes
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TXHVWLRQVSOXVVXPPDULHVIRUWKH<HDU&KHPLVWU\FRXUVH$QVZHUVWRDOOTXHVWLRQVDUHSURYLGHG
Questions follow the dot points in the Board of Studies syllabus and focus on the three core topics plus the
option topic Shipwrecks, Corrosion and Conservation:
3URGXFWLRQRI0DWHULDOV
7KH$FLGLF(QYLURQPHQW
&KHPLFDO0RQLWRULQJDQG0DQDJHPHQW
6KLSZUHFNV&RUURVLRQDQG&RQVHUYDWLRQ
0XOLWSOHFKRLFHTXHVWLRQVDUHSUHVHQWHGLQWKH+6&IRUWKHFRUHWRSLFVEXWWKHUHDUHXVXDOO\QRPXOWLSOHFKRLFH
TXHVWLRQVLQWKH+6&IRUDQ\RIWKHRSWLRQWRSLFV7KH\DUHLQFOXGHGKHUHDVDVRXUFHRITXLFNUHYLVLRQ
7KHH[WHQVLRQTXHVWLRQVDUHGHVLJQHGWRWHVWDQGGHYHORS\RXUXQGHUVWDQGLQJRIWKHDQVZHUV\RXJLYHWRWKH
PXOWLSOHFKRLFHTXHVWLRQV0DQ\RIWKHTXHVWLRQVDOVRWHVWYDULRXVVNLOOV\RXDUHUHTXLUHGWRGHYHORSDV\RXVWXG\
HDFKWRSLFIRUH[DPSOHDQDO\VLQJH[SHULPHQWDOUHVXOWVIURPUVWKDQGLQYHVWLJDWLRQV
Format of the book
The book has been formatted in the following way:
1. Main topic statement (column 1 of syllabus).
1.1etc Syllabus requirement from columns 2 and 3.
1RWHWKDWWKHQXPEHULQJRIWKHVHUHTXLUHPHQWVLVWKHDXWKRUVFKRLFHDQGKDVEHHQXVHGWRPDNHUHIHUHQFLQJ
TXHVWLRQVDQGDQVZHUVFOHDUHU7KHLQGLYLGXDOUHTXLUHPHQWVDUHQRWQXPEHUHGLQWKHV\OODEXVWKH\DUHVLPSO\
EXOOHWHGKHQFHRXUXVHRIGRWSRLQWVZKHQZHUHIHUWRWKHP
1.1.1 )LUVWW\SLFDOTXHVWLRQZKLFKFRXOGEHDVNHGLQDQH[DPLQDWLRQIRUWKLVV\OODEXV

UHTXLUHPHQW
1.1.2 6HFRQGW\SLFDOTXHVWLRQZKLFKFRXOGEHDVNHGLQDQH[DPLQDWLRQIRUWKLVV\OODEXV

UHTXLUHPHQWHWF
$OVRQRWHWKDWVRPHTXHVWLRQVEUDQFKDFURVVPRUHWKDQRQHGRWSRLQWLQWKDWWKHDQVZHUFKRLFHVRIWHQUHODWHWR
different dot points.
How to use the book
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<RXPD\KDYHGRQHZRUNLQDGGLWLRQWRWKLVZLWK\RXUWHDFKHUDVH[WHQVLRQZRUN2EYLRXVO\WKLVLVQRWFRYHUHG
but you may need to know this additional work for your school exams.
:KHQZRUNLQJWKURXJKWKHTXHVWLRQVZULWHWKHDQVZHUV\RXKDYHWRORRNXSLQDGLIIHUHQWFRORXUWRWKRVH\RX
NQRZZLWKRXWKDYLQJWRUHVHDUFKWKHZRUN7KLVZLOOSURYLGH\RXZLWKDTXLFNUHIHUHQFHWRZRUN\RXVKRXOG
spend more time revising later, and allow you to spend your study time more productively.
Science Press
Introduction
Verbs to Watch
account/account for
State reasons for, report on, give an account of,
narrate a series of events or transactions.
distinguish
Recognise or note/indicate as being distinct or
different from, note difference between things.
analyse
Identify components and the relationships among
them, draw out and relate implications.
evaluate
Make a judgement based on criteria.
examine
,QTXLUHLQWR
apply
Use, utilise, employ in a particular situation.
explain
Relate cause and effect, make the relationship
between things evident, provide why and/or how.
appreciate
Make a judgement about the value of something.
extract
Choose relevant and/or appropriate details.
assess
0DNHDMXGJHPHQWRIYDOXHTXDOLW\RXWFRPHV
results or size.
extrapolate
Infer from what is known.
calculate
'HWHUPLQHIURPJLYHQIDFWVJXUHVRULQIRUPDWLRQ
identify
Recognise and name.
clarify
Make clear or plain.
interpret
Draw meaning from.
classify
Arrange into classes, groups or categories.
investigate
3ODQLQTXLUHLQWRDQGGUDZFRQFOXVLRQVDERXW
compare
Show how things are similar and different.
justify
Support an argument or conclusion.
construct
Make, build, put together items or arguments.
outline
Sketch in general terms; indicate the main features.
contrast
Show how things are different or opposite.
predict
Suggest what may happen based on available data.
critically (analyse/evaluate)
Add a degree or level of accuracy, depth, knowledge
DQGXQGHUVWDQGLQJORJLFTXHVWLRQLQJUHHFWLRQDQG
TXDOLW\WRDQDQDO\VLVRUHYDOXDWLRQ
propose
Put forward (a point of view, idea, argument,
suggestion etc) for consideration or action.
deduce
Draw conclusions.
recall
Present remembered ideas, facts or experiences.
GHQH
6WDWHWKHPHDQLQJRIDQGLGHQWLI\HVVHQWLDOTXDOLWLHV
recommend
Provide reasons in favour.
demonstrate
Show by example.
recount
Retell a series of events.
describe
Provide characteristics and features.
summarise
Express concisely the relevant details.
discuss
Identify issues and provide points for and against.
synthesise
Put together various elements to make a whole.
Science Press
Verbs to Watch
vi
Dot Point
Page
Dot Point
Page
1.
Energy and raw materials

from fossil fuels

LUVWKDQGLQYHVWLJDWLRQ
)
Molar heats of combustion of alkanols.

1.1
Ethylene (ethene) from petroleum.
3.9
Calculating molar heat of combustion.
38

5HDFWLYLW\RIHWK\OHQHVGRXEOHERQG
3.10 Ethanol as a car fuel.
40

)
Alkanes and alkenes with bromine.
3.11 Ethanol as an alternative fuel.
41

1.4
Ethylene as a monomer.
)
Fermentation of glucose.
1.5
Polymers, e.g. polyethylene.
3.13 Conditions for fermentation.
44
1.6
Industrial production of polyethylene.
10
3.14 Chemistry of fermentation.
45
1.7
Modelling polymerisation.
12
(TXDWLRQIRUIHUPHQWDWLRQ

1.8
Vinyl chloride and styrene as monomers.
13
4.
Energy from redox reactions
47
1.9
Properties and uses of

polystyrene and PVC.
14

)LUVWKDQGLQYHVWLJDWLRQ*DOYDQLFFHOOV

Materials from biomass
17
LUVWKDQGLQYHVWLJDWLRQ3RWHQWLDO
)
difference of metals in an electrolyte.

2.
2.1
Products of the petrochemical industry.
17
4.3
Displacement of metals from solution.
49
2.2
Development and use of a biopolymer.
18
4.4
Activity of metals and displacement.
51
2.3
Condensation polymers.
20

2[LGDWLRQVWDWHV

2.4
Formation of condensation polymers.
21
4.6
Redox reactions in galvanic cells.
53
2.5
Cellulose
a condensation polymer in biomass.
22
4.7
Construction of galvanic cells.
54
4.8
Components of galvanic cells.
56
2.6
Cellulose a source
of commercial polymers.
24
4.9
Calculations using the redox table.
57
3.
Ethanol use and manufacture
27
3.1
Dehydration of ethanol.
27

+\GURO\VLVRIHWK\OHQH

3.3
Modelling the dehydration

and hydrolysis of ethylene.
29
3.4
Industrial production
of ethanol from sugar cane.
30
3.5
Ethanol as a solvent.
3.6
3.7
4.10 Chemistry and uses of batteries compared. 58

5.
Nuclear chemistry
61
5.1
Stable and radioactive isotopes.
61
5.2
Recent discoveries of elements.
63
5.3
Production of transuranic elements.
64
5.4
Production of commercial radioisotopes.
65
5.5
Detection of radiation.
67
31
5.6
Radioisotopes in industry and medicine.
68
Ethanol as a fuel
a renewable resource.
33
5.7
Radioisotopes uses and properties.
70

5DGLRLVRWRSHVEHQHWVDQGSUREOHPV

Naming alkanols.
34
Answers to Production of Materials
289
Science Press
vii
Notes
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viii

Dot Point
Page
Dot Point
Page
1.
Indicators
74
&DOFXODWLRQRIS+

)
Natural indicators.

3.11 Strong and weak acids ionisation.
114
6WURQJDQGZHDNDFLGVHTXLOLEULXP

1.2
Indicators colour changes.
76
6WURQJDQGZHDNDFLGVFDOFXODWLQJS+
1.3
Prepared indicators.
77
3.14 Acids as food additives.
117
1.4
Acidic, basic or neutral.
79
4.
Acid/base theories
119
1.5
Acidity/basicity of household substances. 80
4.1
Using secondary sources.
119
1.6
Uses of indicators.
82
4.2
Acidic oxides and the atmosphere
83
Development of ideas about acids and

bases Lavoisier, Davy and Arrhenius.
120
2.

2[LGHVRIQRQPHWDOVDVDFLGV

%U|QVWHG/RZU\DFLGEDVHWKHRU\

2.2
Periodic Table and acidity of oxides.
84
4.4
Conjugate acids and bases.
123

/H&KkWHOLHUVSULQFLSOH

4.5
Conjugate acid/base pairs.
123

)DFWRUVDIIHFWLQJHTXLOLEULXP

2.5
Solubility of carbon dioxide.
89
)
S+RIVDOWVROXWLRQV
2.6
Calculating gas volumes.
90

([SODLQLQJS+RIVDOWV

)
Decarbonation of a soft drink.

4.8
Amphiprotic substances.
128
4.9
129
Natural and industrial sources of sulfur

dioxide and nitrogen oxides.
95
Neutralisation as a proton
transfer reaction.
Chemical reactions that release

622DQG12X.
2.8
7LWUDWLRQWHFKQLTXHV

96
)LUVWKDQGLQYHVWLJDWLRQ7LWUDWLRQV

2.10 Formation and effects of acid rain.
98
2.11 Evidence for changes in atmospheric

oxides of sulfur and nitrogen.
99
)
LUVWKDQGLQYHVWLJDWLRQ7LWUDWLRQ
of a domestic substance using
FRPSXWHUEDVHGWHFKQRORJ\
4.13 Neutralisation in accidents.
136
4.14 Buffers.
137
2.9
2.12 Industrial origins of oxides

of sulfur and nitrogen.
100
3.
Acids and pH

5.
(VWHULFDWLRQ
139
103
5.1
Alkanols and alkanoic acids.
139
)
8VLQJS+PHWHUVRUSUREHV

5.2
Melting and boiling points of

alkanols and alkanoic acids.
141
3.2
Acids as proton donors.
104

(VWHULFDWLRQ

3.3
Common acids.
105
5.4
Naming esters.
144
3.4
Naturally occurring acids and bases.
106

8VHRIDFLGLQHVWHULFDWLRQ

7KHS+VFDOH

5HX[LQJLQHVWHULFDWLRQ

3.6
Concentrated and dilute acids.
109

3.7
Strong and weak acids.
110
)
3UHSDUDWLRQRIDQHVWHUE\UHX[

,RQLFHTXDWLRQVIRUDFLGLRQLVDWLRQ

5.8
Esters occurrence, production and uses. 147
3.9
Modelling acids
molecular nature and ionisation.
112
5.9
Esters uses in foods and cosmetics.
Answers to The Acidic Environment
148
297
Science Press
ix
Notes
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Dot Point
Page
Dot Point
Page
1.
The work of chemists
150
4.
Atmospheric chemistry and ozone
183
1.1
The work of chemists.
150
4.1
183
1.2
Chemists roles and

chemical principles used.
151
Composition and layered

structure of the atmosphere.
4.2
Atmospheric pollutants.
185
1.3
Collaboration between chemists.
152

2]RQHLQWKHDWPRVSKHUH

1.4
Monitoring a chemical reaction.
154
4.4
Formation of coordinate covalent bonds. 189
2.
Monitoring in industry
the Haber process
157
4.5
Coordinate covalent bonds

and Lewis structures.
190
2.1
Industrial uses of ammonia.
157
4.6
Allotropes of oxygen.
190
2.2
Synthesis of ammonia.
158

2[\JHQDOORWURSHVSURSHUWLHV

2.3
Synthesis of ammonia
DQHTXLOLEULXPUHDFWLRQ
159
4.8
Isomers of haloalkanes.
193
4.9
Modelling haloalkanes.
194
2.4
Synthesis of ammonia
an exothermic reaction.
160
4.10 CFCs and halons in the atmosphere.
195
Reaction rate and temperature.
161
4.11 Changes in atmospheric

ozone concentrations.
197
2.5

KH+DEHUSURFHVVDQG/H&KkWHOLHUV
7
principle.

4.12 Destruction of atmospheric ozone.
199

7KH+DEHUSURFHVVDQGSUHVVXUH

4.13 Problems associated with use of CFCs.
200

7KH+DEHUSURFHVVDEDODQFLQJDFW

4.14 Replacements for CFCs.
202

HYHORSPHQWRIWKH+DEHUSURFHVV
'
DQGLWVVLJQLFDQFH

5.
Monitoring the water supply
205
5.1
Ions in water.
205

'HWHUPLQLQJZDWHUTXDOLW\

)LUVWKDQGLQYHVWLJDWLRQ:DWHUWHVWLQJ

5.4
Monitoring water for heavy metals

and eutrophication.
211
5.5
The local water supply.
213
5.6
Effectiveness of water management.
216

0LFURVFRSLFPHPEUDQHOWHUV

7KH+DEHUSURFHVVDQGFDWDO\VWV

0RQLWRULQJWKH+DEHUSURFHVV

3.
Chemical analysis
169

)LUVWKDQGLQYHVWLJDWLRQ)ODPHWHVWV

3.2
Monitoring ions in substances we use.
172
3.3
Deducing ions present from test results.
172

LUVWKDQGLQYHVWLJDWLRQ6XOIDWH
)
content of lawn fertiliser.

3.5
Analysing reliability of results.
176
3.6
Atomic absorption spectroscopy.
179
3.7
Interpreting data from AAS analysis.
180
Answers to Chemical Monitoring and

Management
305
Science Press
xi
Notes
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xii

Dot Point
Page
1.
The ocean as an electrolyte
222
1.1
Minerals in oceans.
222
1.2
Electron transfer in redox reactions.
1.3

Dot Point
Page
4.5
Using the redox table

to predict corrosion.
257
223
4.6
Cathodic protection.
258
Redox reactions occur when ions

are free to move.
225
4.7
Cathodic protection
chemistry and uses.
260
, PSDFWRI*DOYDQL'DY\)DUDGD\
and electron transfer reactions.

4.8
Applications of cathodic protection.
261
5.
Corrosion in a sunken ship
263

:RUNRI*DOYDQL'DY\DQG)DUDGD\

5.1
Solubility of gases.
263
2.
Ships of metal
229

*DVHVGLVVROYHGLQRFHDQV

2.1
Rusting of iron.
229
5.3
Solubility of gases and depth of oceans.
265
2.2
Conditions for rusting.
230
5.4
Temperature and corrosion rates.
267

)
Corrosion of iron and steel.

)
Rate of corrosion.

2.4
Composition and properties of steel.
234
5.6
Predicting corrosion rates at depth.
269
2.5
Composition, properties and uses

of a range of steels.
236
6.
Corrosion at depth
271

2.6
Iron and steel in ships.
238
LUVWKDQGLQYHVWLJDWLRQ5DWHRI
)
corrosion and acidity.
2.7
Corrosion of active and

passivating metals.
239
6.2
Acidity and corrosion rates.
272
6.3
Corrosion at depth.
274
3.
Electrolytic cells
241

6XOIDWHUHGXFLQJEDFWHULDDQGFRUURVLRQ
3.1
Electrolysis anode and

cathode reactions.
241
7.
Salvage, conservation and

restoration of artefacts
3.2
Factors affecting electcrolysis.
244
7.1
Artefacts from shipwrecks are saturated. 277

)
Rate of electcrolysis.

7.2
Evaporation of a saturated
solution from artefacts.
278
4.
Corrosion in a marine environment
249
7.3
279

LVWRU\RIVKLSFRQVWUXFWLRQ
+
materials used.

Electrolysis to remove salts

from artefacts.
7.4
281
)
Corrosion rate of metals and alloys.

Electrolysis to clean and stabilise

metal artefacts.
7.5
283
4.3
Protection of metal hulls.
253
Chemical procedures to clean,

preserve and stabilise artefacts.

)
Prevention of corrosion.

7.6
RHVWRUDWLRQWHFKQLTXHVXVHG
in Australian projects.

Answers to Shipwrecks, Corrosion and

Conservation
313

277
Science Press
xiii
Notes
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xiv
DOT POINT
Science Press
1. Fossil fuels provide both energy and raw materials such as ethylene, for the production of
other substances.
1.1
Identify the industrial source of ethylene from the cracking of some of the fractions from the
UHQLQJRISHWUROHXP
(WK\OHQHLVSURGXFHGIURPSHWUROHXPE\
fractional distillation of liquid petroleum (Europe and Japan) then cracking
cracking of natural gas (Australia and USA).
UDFNLQJ breaking down of carbon compounds into smaller molecules using heat and/
&
or pressure.
([DPSOHRIFUDFNLQJ&12H26(l)
1.1.1
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:
IUDFWLRQV1DPHWKHSURFHVVXVHGWRSURGXFHIUDFWLRQVIURPOLTXLGSHWUROHXP
(A)
(B)
&
'
Cracking.
Fractional distillation.
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2[LGDWLRQ
catalyst
C2H4(g) + C10H22(g)
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1.1.2
(A)
(B)
(C)
(D)
Identify the laboratory process

represented by the diagram.
Thermometer
X
Cracking.
Polymerisation.
Combustion.
([WHQVLRQ,GHQWLI\WKHSLHFHRIHTXLSPHQW
labelled X.
Water
bath
Water
out
Water
in
Hotplate
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1.1.3
The following chemical reaction occurs during the cracking of hydrocarbon molecules:
C18+36&8+16(g) + Z
What is the name of compound Z?
(A)
(B)
(C)
(D)
Ethene.
Ethane.
Butane.
Propene.
([WHQVLRQ&RPSOHWHWKHHTXDWLRQ
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Science Press
1.1.4
KHIROORZLQJHTXDWLRQUHSUHVHQWVDSURFHVVXVHGLQWKHSURGXFWLRQRIHWK\OHQHIURP
7
petroleum fractions. What is the name of this process?
catalyst
C8+18(l)
(A)
(B)
(C)
(D)
3C2+4(g) + C2+6(g)
Combustion.
Cracking.
Polymerisation.
([WHQVLRQ Explain your choice.

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Identify that ethylene, because of the high reactivity of its double bond, is readily transformed
into many useful products.
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Homologous series
General formula
Functional group
Alkane
CnH2n+2
CC
Ethane
Alkene
CnH2n
C=C
Ethylene (ethene)
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H C-C-H + HF
-
H C C H + F2
-
H F
H H
-
H H
Example
1.2
H H
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-
H H
H
F F
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polyethylene and PVC.
1.2.1
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(
greater reactivity of ethene?
(A)
%
&
(D)
The presence of two carbons in the compound.

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The presence of a double covalent C= C bond.

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Science Press
1.2.2
Identify the homologous series and functional group that describe ethylene.
Homologous series
Functional group
(A)
Alkane
CC
(B)
Alkene
C=C
(C)
Alkyne
CC
(D)
Alkanol
COH
([WHQVLRQ Name three other compounds that are members of this homologous group and give the
general formula.
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The following table shows reactions of chlorine gas with ethane and ethene.
H H
+ Cl2
H C -C-H
-
H H
H C C H + HCl
-
light
H C C H + Cl2
-
H Cl
H H
-
Reaction with ethene
Reaction with ethane
1.2.3
Cl Cl
H H
Describe the types of reactions occurring.

(A)
(B)
(C)
(D)
Addition of chlorine to both ethane and ethene.

Substitution of chlorine into ethane and ethene.
Addition of chlorine to ethane and substitution of chlorine into ethene.
Substitution of chlorine into ethane and addition of chlorine to ethene.
([WHQVLRQ Describe these reactions.

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appropriate alkenes with the corresponding alkanes in bromine water.
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to bromine water.
CH2
CH2
CH2
H2C
light
H2C
H2C
CH2
+ HOBr
CH2
H2C
CH2
Br
+ H20
CH2
Cyclohexane
Br
H
C
CH
H2C
CH
H2C
CH
+ HOBr
CH
Cyclohexene
OH
H2C
H2C
CH2
CH2
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write up hypothesis, aim, method, result and conclusion
include a diagram in the method
include tables and graphs where relevant in the results
explain any precautions needed
justify your choice of equipment and chemicals used
use equations to describe chemical reactions
explain any results, especially if they are unexpected
describe how you disposed of waste
comment on accuracy, reliability and validity of the investigation.
1.3.1
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([WHQVLRQ After using bromine water in an experiment with ethane and ethene, how should you
dispose of waste solutions?
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Science Press
1.3.2
Ethane gas is bubbled through bromine water in a test tube. Which alternative most correctly
predicts the product(s) of this reaction?
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&
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(WKDQH+%U
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of the reaction.
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1.3.3
Bromine water is reacted with ethene in a test tube. Which alternative most correctly predicts
the product(s) of this reaction?
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&
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'LEURPRHWKHQH
%URPRHWKHQH+%U
%URPRHWKDQRO
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of the reaction.
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1.3.4
Safety precautions are essential when bromine water is used in experiments.
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should be used and the reaction must be carried out in a fume cupboard.
Which property of bromine accounts for the use of these precautions?
(A)
(B)
(C)
(D)
Toxic.
A skin and eye irritant.
Corrosive.
All of the above.
([WHQVLRQ Explain these safety precautions.

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Science Press
1.3.5
Which of the following reagents would best be used to distinguish between propene and propane?
(A)
(B)
(C)
'
Phenolphthalein.
Universal indicator.
Bromine water.
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1.4
Identify that ethylene serves as a monomer from which polymers are made.
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3RO\PHUODUJHPROHFXOHFRQVLVWLQJRIPDQ\LGHQWLFDOVPDOOPROHFXOHVPRQRPHUV
joined together, e.g. plastics, rubber, synthetic textiles, starch, cellulose, protein and
DNA.
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3
catalyst.
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1.4.1
The structure of polyethylene can be shown as:

H
Which of the following is a monomer that could be used to make this polymer?
(A)
(B)
C=C
(D)
H
H
(C)
OH
H
H H
C= C
C H
H
H
([WHQVLRQ2XWOLQHKRZWKLVSRO\PHULVSURGXFHG
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Science Press
A section of a polymer can be illustrated as:

Br
-
Br H Br H
C -C-C - C-C-C-C - C H H H H
H Br H
1.4.2
H H H
The monomer from which this polymer could be made is:

-
H Br
(A)
H C-C-H
-
H H
Br
C=C
(B)
H Br H
-
C-C-C-
(C)
H H H
Br
C=C
(D)
Br
H
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1.4.3
The following graph shows the molecular weights of the molecules present at one instant
during the polymerisation of ethylene.
Number of
polymer
molecules
Molecular weight
This graph tells us that:

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(B)
(C)
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3
At any instant during polymerisation the polymer molecules present vary in size.
The polymer molecules formed have a curved shape.
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Science Press
1.5
Identify polyethylene as an addition polymer and explain the meaning of this term.
RO\HWK\OHQHDQDGGLWLRQSRO\PHUPDGHE\DQDGGLWLRQUHDFWLRQEHWZHHQPDQ\
3
PROHFXOHVRIHWK\OHQH
polyethylene (polyethene)
Ethylene (ethene)
catalyst
nCH2 &+2
(CH2 CH2)n (where n is a large number)
1.5.1
:K\LVSRO\HWK\OHQHFODVVLHGDVDQDGGLWLRQSRO\PHU"
(A)
(B)
(C)
(D)
It is made by the adding together of other large molecules.

It is a small molecule which can add onto others.
It contains very reactive double bonds.
It is formed by addition reactions of the monomer ethene.
([WHQVLRQ8VHDQHTXDWLRQWRLOOXVWUDWH\RXUDQVZHU
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C= C
H
H
H
H
C= C
C= C
C= C
The following molecules of ethene undergo an addition reaction to form polyethylene.

-
1.5.2
The section of polyethylene molecule formed from these monomer molecules could be shown as:
-
H
H
H H H
-
C = C C =C C
-
C= C= C = C = C= C =C = C
C =C
(D)
H H H H H
-
H
-
C C= C
-
H H H
-
(B)
C -C-C -C -C-C-C -C -
(C)
H H H H
H H H H
H H H
(A)
H
C6H5
([WHQVLRQ$FFRXQWIRUWKHGLIIHUHQFHLQFDUERQFDUERQERQGLQJRIWKHUHDFWDQWDQGSURGXFW
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Science Press
1.5.3
Vinyl chloride is a monomer that is used to manufacture the polymer polyvinyl chloride
(PVC). The table shows approximate atomic weights for the elements that make up vinyl
chloride.
Element
Approximate atomic weight
Carbon
12
Hydrogen
Chlorine
35
Using data from the table, what would be the approximate molecular weight of a polymer
made from four vinyl chloride monomers?
(A)
(B)
(C)
(D)
48
62
248
300
([WHQVLRQ Show your working.

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1.6
Outline the steps in the production of polyethylene as an example of a commercially and

industrially important polymer.
The stages of polymerisation are initiation, propagation and termination.
, QLWLDWLRQLQLWLDWRUVWDUWVLQLWLDWHVUHDFWLRQE\RSHQLQJGRXEOHERQGRIHWK\OHQH

monomer.
This forms an ethylene (ethene) free radical unpaired outer shell electron so very
active.
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7HUPLQDWLRQVWRSSLQJWHUPLQDWLQJWKHSURFHVVZKHQSRO\PHUPROHFXOHVIRUP
1.6.1
Identify the steps in the production of polyethylene in order of occurrence.
(A)
(B)
(C)
(D)
Combustion, oxidation, reduction.

Initiation, propagation, termination.
Distillation, catalysis, polymerisation.
Addition, hydration, fermentation.
([WHQVLRQ2XWOLQHHDFKVWHS
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10
H H H
H H
C
*C
H H
H -C -C-H
(D)
H H
C -C-C-
(C)
H H H
-
C C C
-
H H H
-
(B)
C =C
H
-
(A)
Identify which of the following diagrams shows an ethylene free radical.
H H H
1.6.2
H H
([WHQVLRQ What is meant by a free radical?

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1.6.3
During polymerisation, chemicals are added that allow the reaction to be carried out at a
lower temperature and pressure than would otherwise be possible. These chemicals are
called:
$
(B)
&
(D)
7UDQVLWLRQPHWDO=HLJOHU1DWWDFDWDO\VWV

Double bond compounds.
2[LGLVLQJDJHQWV
Ethylene free radicals.
([WHQVLRQ$OWHUQDWLYH$PHQWLRQVFDWDO\VWVGHQHDFDWDO\VW
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Science Press
11
1.7
Analyse information from secondary sources such as computer simulations, molecular model
kits or multimedia resources to model the polymerisation process.
A model shows a representation of reality. This could be achieved in many ways, e.g. the models
shown in Question 1.7.1.
1.7.1
The following photographs show models of molecules made by students.
Model P
Model Q
Model R
Model S
Identify the correct names of these models.

Model P
Model Q
Model R
Model S
(A)
Ethene
PVC
Vinyl chloride
Polystyrene
(B)
Polyvinyl chloride
Vinyl chloride
Polystyrene
Ethene
(C)
Polyethylene
Ethene
Polyvinyl chloride
chloroethane
(D)
Ethene
Polyethene
Polyvinyl chloride
Ethylene chloride
([WHQVLRQ What is meant by a model of a molecule?

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Science Press
12
1.7.2
7KHRZFKDUWVKRZVWKHSURGXFWLRQRISRO\HWK\OHQH
Ethanol
Compound
Z
Dehydration
Process
X
Polyethylene
:KLFKRIWKHIROORZLQJLVDFRUUHFWVWDWHPHQWEDVHGRQWKLVRZFKDUW"
(A)
(B)
(C)
(D)
Compound Z is dry ethanol and process X is polymerisation.

Compound Z is ethene and process X is polymerisation.
Compound Z is ethylene and process X is distillation.
Compound Z is a polymer and process X is fractional distillation.
([WHQVLRQ:KDWWHFKQLTXHGRHVWKLVRZFKDUWXVHWRGLVWLQJXLVKEHWZHHQSURFHVVHVDQGVXEVWDQFHV"
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,GHQWLI\WKHIROORZLQJDVFRPPHUFLDOO\VLJQLFDQWPRQRPHUV
vinyl chloride
styrene
by both their systematic and common names.
9LQ\OFKORULGHDQGVW\UHQHDUHFRPPHUFLDOO\VLJQLFDQWPRQRPHUV
H
Cl
C =C
C =C
Ethenyl benzene (C6H5HC=CH2)

-
Chloroethene (C2H3Cl)
Monomer

H
C6H5
(C6H5 is called a benzene ring.)

Common name
Vinyl chloride
Styrene
Vinyl benzene
Polymer
Polyvinyl chloride (PVC)
Polystyrene
1.8.1
What is the systematic name of the monomer vinyl chloride?
(A)
(B)
(C)
(D)
Ethylene dichloride.
Chloroethene.
Styrene.
Polyvinyl chloride.
([WHQVLRQ State the condensed structural formula for this compound.

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Science Press
13
1.8.2
Identify the systematic and common names of the monomer used to make polyethylene.
Systematic name
Common name
(A)
Ethylene
Polythene
(B)
Hydroethene
Ethane
(C)
Ethene
Ethylene
(D)
Ethane
Ethylene
([WHQVLRQ Identify three properties of polyethylene.

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1.9
Describe the uses of the polymers made from the above monomers in terms of their properties.
Polymer
Polyvinyl chloride (PVC)
Polystyrene
Uses
Containers, wrapping lm, blister

packaging, vegetable oil bottles,
electrical insulation, pipes and hoses,
vinyl ooring, records, outdoor furniture,
videos and credit cards.
Fruit boxes, clothes hangers, packing

foam, foam egg cartons, meat trays,
compact disc and audiocassette cases,
plastic cutlery, toys, surfboards and hot
drink cups.
Information
Produces a wide variety of products at

relatively low cost.
Durable; keeps shape well. Very light.
Has re-retardant properties.
Shape can be moulded (custom t) to

protect products.
1.9.1
Good insulator. Relatively low cost.
Identify which of the following answers shows a correct match between uses of the polymer
polyethylene and properties that allow it to be used in this way.
Uses of polyethylene
Properties of polyethylene
(A)
Plastic bags.
Rigid and strong, low density.
(B)
Food containers.
Electrical insulator, high tensile strength.
(C)
Sheathing for phone and TV cables.
Insoluble in water, resists chemical corrosion, insulator.
(D)
Coating for steel pipes.
Soft and exible, low reactivity with food.
([WHQVLRQ Comment on your choice.

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14
1.9.2
Polystyrene has many uses, including the manufacture of surfboards and drinking cups.
Many properties of polystyrene make it useful for both of these products.
What is one property of polystyrene which makes it suitable for use as a drinking cup, but
which is irrelevant to its use as a surfboard?
(A)
(B)
(C)
'
Low density.
Rigid shape.
Chemical inactivity.
+HDWLQVXODWLRQSURSHUWLHV
([WHQVLRQ Justify your answer.

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1.9.3
The development of polymers has had a huge impact on society and on the environment
because it has led to the manufacture of useful products such as plastic cups and bottles,
disposable medical instruments and packaging materials.
These products all have many advantages for society; however, there are also problems with
their use. What is one disadvantage that these plastic items share?
(A)
(B)
(C)
(D)
They are cheaper than previously used materials, e.g. glass.

They are safer to use than previously used materials, e.g. glass.
Their use has increased our waste disposal problems as they do not easily biodegrade.
They are disposable: they are designed to be used once and then thrown away.
([WHQVLRQ Is anything being done to overcome this problem?

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15
Notes
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16
2. Some scientists research the extraction of materials from biomass to reduce our
dependence on fossil fuels.
2.1
Discuss the need for alternative sources of the compounds presently obtained from the
petrochemical industry.
3HWURFKHPLFDOPDGHIURPSHWUROHXPHJOXEULFDWLQJRLOVSRO\PHUVV\QWKHWLFIDEULFV
3HWUROHXPIRVVLOIXHODQRQUHQHZDEOHQLWHUHVRXUFH/LNHO\WRUXQRXWWKLVFHQWXU\
$OWHUQDWLYHUDZPDWHULDOVDUHQHHGHGEHIRUHSHWUROHXPUXQVRXWHJELRPDVV
2.1.1
Which of the following groups of chemicals contains only petrochemicals?
(A)
(B)
(C)
(D)
Petrol, ethene, lubricating oil, iron.

Aviation fuel, polyethylene, water, nylon.
PVC, road tar, kerosene, wax.
Candle wax, sodium chloride, ethanol, PVC.
([WHQVLRQ Explain your answer.

...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
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2.1.2
Many scientists are stressing the need to develop alternative sources of compounds presently
manufactured by the petrochemical industry. This is because:
(A)
%
&
(D)
Petrochemicals are manufactured from fossil fuel.

)RVVLOIXHOVDUHQRQUHQHZDEOH
)RVVLOIXHOUHVRXUFHVDUHQLWHVRWKH\ZLOOUXQRXW
All of the above.
([WHQVLRQ What is meant by a petrochemical?

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Science Press
17
2.2
Use available evidence to gather and present data from secondary sources and analyse progress
in the recent development and use of a named biopolymer. This analysis should name the
VSHFLFHQ]\PHVXVHGRURUJDQLVPXVHGWRV\QWKHVLVHWKHPDWHULDODQGDQHYDOXDWLRQRI
the use or potential use of the polymer produced related to its properties.
Various, e.g. Biopol
%LRSROLVDSRO\K\GUR[\DONDQRDWH3+$,WLVDFRSRO\PHUFRQVLVWVRIWZRPRQRPHUV

3-Hydroxybutyrate
CH2 O
CH3
CH2 O
CH C
HO CH2 OH
3-Hydroxyvalerate
CH C
HO CH2 OH
2FFXUVQDWXUDOO\LQWKHEDFWHULD$]REDFWHUDQG3VHXGRPRQDV
0DQXIDFWXUHGE\JURZLQJEDFWHULDHJAlcaligenes eutrophusLQDFDUERQEDVHGIRRG
source, e.g. whey, molasses and agricultural wastes.
HQHWLFDOO\HQJLQHHUHGEDFWHULDHJE. coli) and plants (e.g. cress and potatoes), allow
*
faster growth, improved yields and easier recovery of the product.
3URSHUWLHVLQVROXEOHLQZDWHUUHVLVWV89OLJKWLQHUWELRFRPSDWLEOHQRQWR[LF
biodegradable, high m.p.
8VHVGLVSRVDEOHFRQWDLQHUVVXUJLFDOSLQVDQGVWUXFWXUHV
2.2.1
Biopol is a commercially produced biopolymer which is manufactured using the bacterium

Alcaligenes eutrophusRUE\XVLQJJHQHWLFDOO\HQJLQHHUHGEDFWHULDVXFKDVE. coli. What
would be one disadvantage of using plants rather than bacteria for its production?
$
(B)
(C)
(D)
+LJKHUFRVWRISURGXFWLRQ
Less waste biomass.
Improved yields.
Large areas of land are not needed.
([WHQVLRQ Name the biopolymer you studied and an organism used in its production.
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Science Press
18
2.2.2
BiopolKDVPDQ\XVHVLQWKHPHGLFDOHOGLQDJULFXOWXUHDQGLQWKHSURGXFWLRQRIGLVSRVDEOH
products for use by the general public.
Choose the alternative below which provides the best match of use and properties for
products made using Biopol.
Area of use
Use
Properties which allows this use
(A)
Medicine.
Disposable syringes and staples.
Biodegradable, biocompatible.
(B)
Agriculture.
Capsule for slow release fertiliser

pellets.
Insoluble in water, resists chemical

corrosion.
(C)
Consumer goods.
Disposable razors, and containers.
Rigid and strong, high density.
(D)
Fast food market.
Disposable plates and cutlery.
Electrical insulator, high tensile strength.
([WHQVLRQ If you studied a different biopolymer, state how it is used and list two properties which
are compatible with this use.
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
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2.2.3
&KRRVHWKHEHVWDQVZHUWRGHQHWKHWHUPVOLVWHGLQWKHWDEOHEHORZ
Biocompatible
Biodegradable
Reusable
Recyclable
(A)
Does not cause an

adverse reaction when
used in people.
Can be used to re-form

the same product
again.
Decomposes within a
reasonable period of
time.
Does not break down

or corrode and can be
used again.
(B)
Decomposes within a
time.

the same product
again.
Does not cause an

used in people.
Does not break down

and can be used again
in a new cycle.
(C)
Does not break down

and can be used again.
Does not cause an

used in people.

the same product
again.
Decomposes within a
time.
(D)
Does not cause an

used in people.
Decomposes within a
time.
Does not break down

or corrode and can be
used again.

into new products.
([WHQVLRQ Identify examples of objects or products which are biocompatible, biodegradable,

reusable and recyclable.
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
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2.2.4
Which of the following substances are renewable?
(A)
(B)
(C)
(D)
Cellulose, and Biopol.

Metals such as aluminium and gold.
Products made from petroleum.
Coke and natural gas.

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Science Press
19
2.3
Explain what is meant by a condensation polymer.

RQGHQVDWLRQSRO\PHUORQJFKDLQFRPSRXQGIRUPHGZKHQPRQRPHUPROHFXOHV
&
join, releasing a small molecule such as water, e.g. cellophane, proteins, starch, cotton,
polyester, nylon.
) CO)n + nH2O
Q+2N (CH2)5&22+1+&+
2 5
Nylon
2.3.1
2IWKHIROORZLQJVWDWHPHQWVZKLFKFDQEHVWEHDSSOLHGWRWKHIRUPDWLRQRIDFRQGHQVDWLRQ
polymer?
(A)
(B)
(C)
(D)
The condensation of water is always involved.

The condensation polymer and another small molecule form.
Two or more monomers condense together.
Biomass is always used.
([WHQVLRQ Account for your answer.

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2.3.2
Which of the following is a condensation polymer?
(A)
(B)
(C)
(D)
Petroleum.
Polyethylene.
Polyvinyl chloride.
Cellulose.
([WHQVLRQ Classify the other alternatives.

...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
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2.3.3
Which list contains only condensation polymers?
(A)
(B)
(C)
(D)
Cellulose, starch, nylon.

Polyester, polyethylene, polyvinyl chloride.
Cotton, proteins, glucose.
Rayon, polylactide, polypropylene.
([WHQVLRQ2IWKHWKUHHSRO\PHUVRQ\RXUFKRVHQOLVWFRXOGDQ\DOVREHFODVVLHGDVDELRSRO\PHU"
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20
2.4
Describe the reaction involved when a condensation polymer is formed.

KHQDFRQGHQVDWLRQSRO\PHULVIRUPHGVPDOOPRQRPHUPROHFXOHVUHOHDVHRQHRUPRUH
:
atoms as they join. The released atoms combine to form a small molecule, e.g. H2O.
)RUH[DPSOHVHH4XHVWLRQ
2.4.1
Identify the reaction which shows the formation of a condensation polymer.

H
(A)
n
H
(B)
=C
H
+ H2O
H
n
OH
CH2OH
CH2OH
OH
O OH HO
O OH HO
+ OH
+ OH
+ OH
OH
HO
O OH
O OH HO
CH2OH
CH2OH
OH
OH
CH2OH
O
OH
O
CH2OH
O
OH
OH
O
O OH
O
CH2OH
OH
OH
OH
O
OH
+ 3H2O
O
CH2OH
Section of a cellulose molecule
C C C
Cl
CH3 n
Cl
C =C
C -C-C-
Cl
Br H Br
-
Cl
=C
C =C
Cl
C =C
(D)
Cl
(C)
H Br H
H
H
CH3
([WHQVLRQ Justify your choice.

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2.4.2
The polymerisation reactions that form condensation and addition polymers both involve the
MRLQLQJRIPRQRPHUXQLWVWRIRUPDORQJFKDLQPROHFXOHDSRO\PHU
Which alternative below best summarises the two main differences between these
condensation and addition reactions?
Condensation reactions
Addition reactions
(A)
No small molecule is produced.

No double bonds are necessary in the monomer.
A small molecule is produced.

The monomer contains a double bond.
(B)

The monomer contains double bonds.

(C)


The monomer contains double bonds.
(D)


The monomer contains a double bond.
([WHQVLRQ Name an example of a condensation polymer and an addition polymer.

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Science Press
21
2.5
Describe the structure of cellulose and identify it as an example of a condensation polymer

found as a major component of biomass.
CH2OH
O
&HOOXORVHLV
OH
O
OH
DFRQGHQVDWLRQSRO\PHU
OH
CH2OH
O
O OH
O
CH2OH
OH
OH
OH
O
OH
O
CH2OH
DPDMRUFRPSRQHQWRIELRPDVV
makes up cell walls of plants.
PDGHRIWKRXVDQGVRIEHWDJOXFRVHPROHFXOHVZLWKHYHU\VHFRQGPROHFXOHLQYHUWHG
+\GURJHQERQGVEHWZHHQFHOOXORVHFKDLQVPDNHLWVWURQJDQGULJLG
\GURJHQERQGVIRUPEHWZHHQDQR[\JHQDWRPLQRQHPROHFXOHDQGK\GURJHQDWRPLQ
+
another molecule.
2.5.1
Cellulose is a condensation polymer. Identify the statement below which is not correct.
(A)
(B)
&
'
Cellulose is a plant polymer.

Cellulose is a biopolymer.
&HOOXORVHLVDQRQUHQHZDEOHUHVRXUFH
*OXFRVHLVWKHPRQRPHUZKLFKXQLWHVWRSURGXFHFHOOXORVH
Section of a cellulose molecule
([WHQVLRQ Explain why this statement is not correct.

...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
2.5.2
The structure of glucose can be shown as:

CH2OH
C
H
H
C
OH
HO
C
H
O
H
H
C
C
OH
OH
Identify the alternative which best describes glucose.

$
(B)
(C)
(D)
$YHFDUERQK\GURFDUERQ
A ring structure with molecular formula C6+1226.
An ionic compound found in biomass.
A biodegradable condensation polymer.
([WHQVLRQ Identify the type of bonding within the glucose molecule.

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Science Press
22
2.5.3
Cellulose is a major component of biomass. Which of the following is largely composed of

cellulose?
(A)
(B)
(C)
(D)
Cells walls of plant cells.

Cytoplasm of plant cells.
Flowers.
Nuclei of the cells of land plants.
([WHQVLRQ What property makes cellulose useful to plants?

...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
2.5.4
(A)
Which of the following shows the correct structure of cellulose?

6 CH2OH
5
O
H
H
4 OH
HO
H
1 CHO
6 CH2OH
5
O
2 CHOH
OH
H
4 H
OH
HO
3 CHOH
H1
4 CHOH
5 CHOH
OH
H1
OH
6 CH2OH
OH
CH2OH
O
OH
(B)
CH2OH
OH
OH
OH
OH
OH
HO
OH
OOH
O
O
CH2OH
OH
OH
OH
OH
OH
O
CH2OH
CH2OH
O OH HO
(D)
CH2OH
O
O
OH
OH
OH
OH
CH2OH
O
-O
OH
OH
OH
CH2OH
O
O
O
(C)
OH
CH2O
CH2OH
O
CH2OH
O OH HO
O OH HO
CH2OH
OH
OH
OH
OH
O OH
CH2OH
([WHQVLRQ Account for the strength of cellulose in terms of bonding.

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23

, GHQWLI\WKDWFHOOXORVHFRQWDLQVWKHEDVLFFDUERQFKDLQVWUXFWXUHVQHHGHGWREXLOGSHWURFKHPLFDOV
and discuss its potential as a raw material.
&HOOXORVHLVDSRO\PHURIJOXFRVHLWFRQVLVWVRIWKRXVDQGVRIJOXFRVHPROHFXOHV
*OXFRVH&6H12O6
an organic compound
FDUERQULQJVWUXFWXUHZLWKDQDWWDFKHG&+2OH group
ULQJFDQRSHQXSLQVROXWLRQWRIRUPDVWUDLJKWFKDLQVWUXFWXUH
H
4
6 CH2OH
5
O
H
OH
1 CHO
2 CHOH
OH
H 1
H
HO
H
3 CHOH
4 CHOH
H
OH
H 1
OH
HO
5 CHOH
OH
6 CH2OH
5
O
6 CH2OH
OH
HOOXORVHKDVKXJHSRWHQWLDOIRUXVHDVDUDZPDWHULDOLQWKHSHWURFKHPLFDOLQGXVWU\
&
EHFDXVHLWFDQEHEURNHQGRZQRUPRGLHGWRSURYLGHDVRXUFHRIFDUERQFRPSRXQGV
(e.g. ethylene) to use in making polymers.
2.6.1
Cellulose can be described as:
(A)
(B)
(C)
'
A useful monomer found in petrol.

An addition polymer made from Biopol.
A condensation biopolymer made of glucose monomers.
$UHXVDEOHFDUERQEDVHGVWUXFWXUH
([WHQVLRQ Why is cellulose called an organic substance?

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2.6.2
Cellulose is a suitable raw material for the production of petrochemicals because it is:
$
%
(C)
'
$UHDGLO\DYDLODEOHFDUERQEDVHGFRPSRXQGIRXQGLQSHWUROHXP
$FDUERQFKDLQVWUXFWXUHDQGDPDMRUFRPSRQHQWRIELRPDVV
The main source of glucose in our diets.
$QRQRUJDQLFUDZPDWHULDO
([WHQVLRQ Identify plants which are being investigated as a source of petrochemicals.

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Science Press
24
2.6.3
Cellulose can be used as a source of carbon chains to manufacture chemicals.Which of the

following statements is not correct?
(A)
%
(C)
(D)
Cellulose can be broken down to glucose then fermented to form ethanol.

&HOOXORVHFDQEHPRGLHGE\DGGLWLRQRIVLGHJURXSVWRWKHJOXFRVHFKDLQ
Cellulose can be reacted to produce ethene.
Cellulose can be converted directly to polyethylene.
([WHQVLRQ Why are scientists keen to use cellulose to manufacture chemicals?

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2.6.4
HOOXORVHKDVWKHUHTXLUHGFDUERQFKDLQVWUXFWXUHIRUXVHLQPDQXIDFWXULQJSHWURFKHPLFDOV
&
What is another property that makes it useful?
(A)
(B)
(C)
(D)
It is abundant and renewable.

It is readily hydrolysed to glucose.
All polymers made from cellulose are biodegradable.
It is soluble in water.
([WHQVLRQ Explain why the other alternatives are incorrect.

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25
Notes
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Science Press
26
3. Other resources, such as ethanol, are readily available from renewable resources such as
plants.
3.1
Describe the dehydration of ethanol to ethylene and identify the need for a catalyst in this
process and the catalyst used.
(WKDQROFDQEHFRQYHUWHGWRHWK\OHQHHWKHQHE\GHK\GUDWLRQUHPRYDORIZDWHU

-
H H
-
H-C-C-OH
conc.
H2SO4
180C
C=C
H
H
H H
3.1.1
Which of the following statements best describes ethanol?
$
(B)
(C)
'
$QDONDQHFRPSRVHGRIDWZRFDUERQFKDLQ
An alkanol with formula C2+52+
An alkene with a double bond.
$QDONDQROFRPSRVHGRIDWZRFDUERQFKDLQDQGDQK\GUR[LGHJURXS

...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
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...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
3.1.2
Identify the product formed by the dehydration of ethanol.
(A)
(B)
(C)
(D)
Ethylene.
Ethane.
Alcohol.
An alkane.
([WHQVLRQ :ULWHDQHTXDWLRQIRUWKLVUHDFWLRQ
3.1.3
Identify a catalyst used for the dehydration of ethanol.
(A)
(B)
(C)
(D)
Platinum.
Concentrated sulfuric acid.
A transition metal
Iron or iron oxide.
([WHQVLRQ'HQHFDWDO\VW
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Science Press
27
3.1.4
What is the role of a catalyst in a chemical reaction such as dehydration?
$
(B)
(C)
(D)
7RSURYLGHDQDOWHUQDWLYHSDWKZD\IRUWKHUHDFWLRQWKDWUHTXLUHVOHVVHQHUJ\
To speed up a chemical reaction.
To react and form a product.
To alter the products of a chemical reaction.
([WHQVLRQ What do we call catalysts that act within living things?

...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
3.2
Describe the addition of water to ethylene resulting in the production of ethanol and identify the
need for a catalyst in this process and the catalyst used.
(WKDQROLVSURGXFHGE\K\GURO\VLVDGGLWLRQRIZDWHUWRHWK\OHQHHWKHQH
+
dilute acid
H C-C-OH
-
H H
C=C
H H
H
3.2.1
Name the process that involves the addition of water to ethylene in order to manufacture
ethanol.
(A)
%
(C)
(D)
Dehydration.
+\GURO\VLV
Fermentation.
Polymerisation.
([WHQVLRQ:ULWHDQHTXDWLRQIRUWKLVUHDFWLRQ
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
3.2.2
Identify the most common catalyst for the manufacture of ethanol from water and ethylene.
(A)
(B)
(C)
(D)
Water.
Concentrated sulfuric acid.
Dilute sulfuric acid.
Ethene.
([WHQVLRQ Is this the same catalyst used in dehydration of ethanol?

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Science Press
28
Process information from secondary sources such as molecular model kits, digital technologies
RUFRPSXWHUVLPXODWLRQVWRPRGHO
the dehydration of ethanol
the addition of water to ethylene.
0RGHOVDUHUHSUHVHQWDWLRQVRIUHDOLW\
RXFDQXVHPROHFXODUPRGHONLWVGLJLWDOWHFKQRORJLHVRUFRPSXWHUVLPXODWLRQV<RXFDQ
<
also use simple materials such as foam balls and toothpicks or even diagrams showing
structural formulas.
HDEOHWRGHVFULEHWKHPRGHOV\RXPDGHDQGGLVFXVVWKHLUDGYDQWDJHVDQG
%
disadvantages.
3.3.1
Which of the following represents a correct model for the dehydration of ethanol?
H H
180C
C=C
H
H
H H
H
C=C
H
H
H -C -C-OH
-
H C C H
H2SO4
+ H
C=C
H -C -C-OH
2H2O
(D)
H H
H
H H
(C)
C=C
conc.
H H
180C
(B)
H
H H2SO4
H -C -C-OH +
H H
H H
(A)
H H
3.3
([WHQVLRQ Identify one reason for using a model to represent a chemical reaction.
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
3.3.2
Identify the photograph that shows a model of ethanol.
(A)
(B)
(C)
(D)
([WHQVLRQ Identify the other models and suggest one advantage of using a model to represent a
chemical substance.
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29
3.4
Process information from secondary sources to summarise the processes involved in the
industrial production of ethanol from sugar cane.
(WKDQROPDQXIDFWXUHGLQGXVWULDOO\E\IHUPHQWDWLRQRIVXJDUVWKHQGLVWLOODWLRQ
The sugars are fermented by enzymes from fungi, e.g. Saccharomyces cerevisiae.
Recently, genetically engineered E. coli have been used to ferment wastes.
C6H12O6(aq)
yeast enzymes
2C2H5OH(l) + 2CO2(g)
Use the following information for the next THREE questions.

7KHRZFKDUWEHORZVXPPDULVHVWKHLQGXVWULDOSURGXFWLRQRIHWKDQRO
Solid residue
Sugar cane
Process
P
Add H2SO4
Process
R
By-product
Ethanol
Filtrate (sugars in
acid solution)
Solid
residue
Waste
product
Process
S
Process
Q
Ethanol +
impurities
3.4.1
Identify the process that occurs at R.
$
(B)
(C)
(D)
+\GURO\VLV
Distillation.
Fermentation.
Filtration.
Add yeast
Filtrate
(sugars
solution)
Add Ca(OH)2
Process
Q
([WHQVLRQ2XWOLQHWKLVSURFHVV
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
3.4.2
$WZKLFKVWDJHGRHVWKHSURFHVVRIOWUDWLRQWDNHSODFH"
(A)
(B)
(C)
(D)
P
Q
R
S
([WHQVLRQ'HVFULEHKRZ\RXUHFRJQLVHGWKDWOWUDWLRQZDVWDNLQJSODFHDQGLGHQWLI\WKHRWKHUSURFHVVHV
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
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30
3.4.3
,GHQWLI\WKHE\SURGXFWPDGHGXULQJSURFHVV5
(A)
(B)
(C)
(D)
Unused sugar cane.

Carbon dioxide gas.
Calcium sulfate.
Alcohol.
([WHQVLRQ :ULWHDQHTXDWLRQWRVKRZSURFHVV5
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
3.4.4
:KLFKDOWHUQDWLYHLGHQWLHVWZRPHWKRGVXVHGWRPDQXIDFWXUHHWKDQRO"
(A)
(B)
(C)
'
Fermentation of sugars and the addition of water to ethene.

Fermentation of ethylene and the dehydration of ethylene.
Fermentation of sugars and the hydration of ethanol.
+\GURO\VLVRIVXJDUVDQGRIHWK\OHQH
([WHQVLRQ What is the main source of the chemicals that are used to manufacture ethanol?
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...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................

HVFULEHDQGDFFRXQWIRUWKHPDQ\XVHVRIHWKDQRODVDVROYHQWIRUSRODUDQGQRQSRODU
'
substances.
(WKDQROSRODUPROHFXOHVGXHWRSUHVHQFHRI2+K\GUR[\OJURXSVRIRUPVGLSROHV

(Oxygen is more electronegative than carbon or hydrogen.)
3RODUVXEVWDQFHVDUHVROXEOHLQHWKDQROGXHWRGLSROHGLSROHDWWUDFWLRQ
WKDQRODOVRIRUPVK\GURJHQERQGVZLWKRWKHUFRPSRXQGVHJZDWHULIWKH\KDYH

(
K\GURJHQR[\JHQXRULQHRUQLWURJHQDWRPVSUHVHQW
7KHSUHVHQFHRIDFDUERQFKDLQDFFRXQWVIRUWKHVROXELOLW\RIQRQSRODUVXEVWDQFHV
(WKDQROLVXVHGDVDVROYHQWLQ
medicines, e.g. cough mixtures
industrial processes, e.g. the production of perfumes, varnishes, adhesives and
plastics.
3.5.1
In terms of bonding, which description of ethanol is most correct?
(A)
(B)
(C)
'
Ethanol is a polar, covalent molecule with hydrogen bonds between the molecules.
Ethanol is an ionic, organic compound because it is a good solvent.
Ethanol is covalent, with strong hydrogen bonds within the molecule.
(WKDQROKDVFRYDOHQWGLSROHGLSROHERQGVEHWZHHQPROHFXOHV
([WHQVLRQ What are covalent bonds.

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Science Press
31
The following diagram shows bonding between two ethanol molecules.

H
C-OH
H
H
-
H- C
H
-
3.5.2
HO -C - C - H
H
What type of attractive force is represented by the dotted line joining the two ethanol
molecules?
(A)
(B)
&
'
Covalent bond.
Ionic bond between two hydroxide radicals.
'LSROHGLSROHIRUFH
+\GURJHQERQG
([WHQVLRQ Describe this attractive force.

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3.5.3
WKDQROLVDQH[FHOOHQWVROYHQWPL[LQJZLWKERWKZDWHUDQGRUJDQLFOLTXLGVEHFDXVHRILWV
(
bonding. Which statement correctly describes the bonding of ethanol?
$
(B)
(C)
(D)
(WKDQROKDVDSRODUDQGDQRQSRODUHQGVRLWIRUPVGLSROHGLSROHERQGV
Ethanol forms hydrogen bonds between molecules.
Ethanol forms covalent bonds between molecules.
(A) and (B) only.
([WHQVLRQ State two examples of the use of ethanol as a solvent.

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Science Press
32
3.6
Outline the use of ethanol as a fuel and explain why it can be called a renewable resource.
(WKDQRODIXHOEHFDXVHLWXQGHUJRHVFRPEXVWLRQSURGXFLQJHQHUJ\
(WKDQRODUHQHZDEOHUHVRXUFHEHFDXVHLWLVPDGHIURPSODQWPDWHULDO
(WKDQRODQDGGLWLYHLQSHWUROIRUPRWRUYHKLFOHV
3.6.1
Which of the following statements about the current use of ethanol as a fuel is most accurate?
(A)
(B)
(C)
(D)
Throughout the world, ethanol is replacing petrol in slow combustion engines such as cars.
Ethanol cannot be used in cars because it destroys engines.
In some countries, ethanol is being used as an additive to petrol for use in cars.
Ethanol is soon to replace petrol and natural gas and become our main fuel.
([WHQVLRQ Justify your answer.

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3.6.2
Which form of energy is converted to heat energy when ethanol burns?
(A)
(B)
(C)
(D)
Electrical.
Nuclear.
Chemical.
Electromagnetic.
([WHQVLRQ Identify the source of this energy.

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3.6.3
Why is ethanol referred to as a renewable resource?
(A)
(B)
(C)
(D)
Ethanol is made from plant material and we can grow more plants.
Ethanol can be reused over and over again.
Ethanol can be recycled.
All of the above.

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Science Press
33

,GHQWLI\WKH,83$&QRPHQFODWXUHIRUVWUDLJKWFKDLQHGDONDQROVIURP&WR&
$ONDQROVKRPRORJRXVJURXSZLWK
the general formula CnH2n+1OH
functional group is hydroxyl (OH) group.
,83$&QDPLQJIRUWKHUVWHLJKWDONDQROVLQWKHVHULHVLVVKRZQLQWKHWDEOHEHORZ
Name
Molecular formula
Methanol
CH3OH
Ethanol
C2H5OH
Propanol
C3H7OH
Butanol
C4H9OH
Pentanol
C5H11OH
Hexanol
C6H13OH
Heptanol
C7H15OH
Octanol
C8H17OH
Structural formula
3.7.1
:KLFKRIWKHIROORZLQJLVWKHPROHFXODUIRUPXODIRUKH[DQRO"
(A)
(B)
(C)
(D)
C6+112+
C6+122+
C6+142
C3+82
([WHQVLRQ What is a molecular formula?

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Science Press
34
H
-
H H H
-
H
-
H
-
H H H H
(D)
H -C -C - C = C - C -H
C H
-
H C C C C
-
H H H
H
-
(C)
H C -C - C -C -H
H OH H H
-
H C C=C C H
-
(B)
H H H
-
H
-
(A)
:KLFKLVWKH,83$&VWUXFWXUDOIRUPXODIRUEXWDQRO"
3.7.2
H HO H H H
H H
([WHQVLRQ Name the other formulas given.

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3.7.3
Which of the following is not a correct statement about alkanols?
(A)
(B)
&
The general formula for alkanols is Cn+2n+12+

The functional group for alkanols is the hydroxide ion.
7KHFDUERQDWRPVDUHQXPEHUHGVRWKDWWKHFDUERQZLWKWKH2+DWWDFKHGKDVWKHORZHVW
possible number.
Alkanols are polar compounds.
(D)
([WHQVLRQ Explain your response.

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3.7.4
8VLQJ,83$&QRPHQFODWXUHZKDWLVWKHFRQGHQVHGVWUXFWXUDOIRUPXODIRUSHQWDQRO"
$
(B)
(C)
'
&+3&+2&+2+&+2&+3
C5+132
C5+122+
&+3&+2+&+2+&+2+&+3
([WHQVLRQ What does IUPAC stand for?

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Science Press
35

, GHQWLI\GDWDVRXUFHVFKRRVHUHVRXUFHVDQGSHUIRUPDUVWKDQGLQYHVWLJDWLRQWRGHWHUPLQHDQG
compare heats of combustion of at least three liquid alkanols per gram and per mole.
KLVLQYHVWLJDWLRQLQYROYHVWKHFRPEXVWLRQRIDPHDVXUHGPDVVRIDQDONDQROZLWK
7
the heat released being used to heat a measured mass of water through a measured
temperature rise.

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+ P&7ZKHUH+ FKDQJHLQKHDWFRQWHQWHQWKDOS\FKDQJH
m PDVVRIZDWHUEHLQJKHDWHGE\WKHEXUQLQJDONDQRO
& VSHFLFKHDWRIWKHZDWHUEHLQJKHDWHG3 J kg1 K1)
7 FKDQJHLQWHPSHUDWXUHRIZDWHUEHLQJKHDWHG

Note7\SLFDOO\UHVXOWVIURPWKLVH[SHULPHQWDUHYHU\LQDFFXUDWHGXHWRWKHODUJH
amount of heat that is lost to the environment it does not go into heating the water.
Use the following information for the next

THREE questions.
Thermometer
A group of students measured the heats of

combustion of the fuels ethanol and methanol
XVLQJWKHHTXLSPHQWVKRZQ
Container
Water
Wick
Fuel, e.g. ethanol
in bottle
3.8.1
The correct value for the heat of combustion of ethanol is 1367 kJ mol17KHVWXGHQWVUHVXOWV
show a heat of combustion of 254 kJ mol1.
+RZFRXOGWKH\LPSURYHRQWKHDFFXUDF\RIWKHLUUHVXOWV"
$
(B)
&
(D)
/RZHUWKHDVNVRLWLVFORVHUWRWKHDPH
Do the experiment outside.
5HSODFHWKHDVNZLWKD39&FRQWDLQHU
All of the above.

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36
3.8.2
KHIROORZLQJWDEOHVKRZVWKHVWXGHQWVUHVXOWVDQGWKHDFFHSWHGYDOXHVIRUWKHPRODUKHDWRI
7
combustion of the alcohols used.
Molar heat of combustion (kJ mol1)
Alcohol
Methanol
Ethanol
Students values
Accepted values
82
727
254
1367
Which of the following statements could form part of an acceptable conclusion?

$
%
(C)
(D)
2XUH[SHULPHQWIDLOHGZHPXVWKDYHGRQHVRPHWKLQJZURQJ
2XUUHVXOWVZHUHZURQJWKH\DUHQRWUHOLDEOH
Although our results were inaccurate, this method can still be used to make valid comparisons
of the relative values of alkanols.
We did the experiment carefully, but the results are so inaccurate that this experiment is not
worth doing.

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3.8.3
The students measured the molar heat of combustion of methanol three times and obtained
the following results:
82 kJ mol1
80 kJ mol1
78 kJ mol1
Identify an acceptable statement based on these results.
(A)
(B)
(C)
(D)
The results were not reliable as they consistently gave very low values.
The results are inaccurate so they are not reliable.
The results are not valid because they are wrong.
The results obtained for methanol are reliable.

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37
3.8.4
The table below compares the molar heat of combustion for four different alcohols.
Heat of combustion (kJ mol1)
Alcohol
Molar mass (g)
60
2016
74
2677
32
727
46
1367
Which fuel would provide the most energy for each gram burned?
(A)
(B)
(C)
(D)
A
B
C
D
([WHQVLRQ Show your calculations for the correct answer.

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HQHWKHPRODUKHDWRIFRPEXVWLRQRIDFRPSRXQGDQGFDOFXODWHWKHYDOXHIRUHWKDQROIURP
'
UVWKDQGGDWD
0RODUKHDWRIFRPEXVWLRQWKHKHDWHQHUJ\LQMRXOHVRUNLORMRXOHVUHOHDVHGE\WKH
combustion of one mole of a fuel.
&RPEXVWLRQLVDQH[RWKHUPLFUHDFWLRQ
7KHHQHUJ\UHOHDVHG HQHUJ\UHOHDVHGZKHQHQHUJ\DEVRUEHGLQEUHDNLQJ
new bonds form
bonds (so atoms can react)
8VHWKHHTXDWLRQ+
+
m
&
7
P&7ZKHUH
FKDQJHLQKHDWFRQWHQWRUHQWKDOS\FKDQJH
PDVVRIZDWHUEHLQJKHDWHGE\WKHEXUQLQJDONDQRO
VSHFLFKHDWRIWKHZDWHUEHLQJKHDWHG3 J kg1 K1)
FKDQJHLQWHPSHUDWXUHRIZDWHUEHLQJKHDWHG
Use this equation to calculate the heat released by ethanol burned during the experiment.
Then calculate the heat that would be released by burning 1 mole of the ethanol.
3.9.1
:KLFKDOWHUQDWLYHEHORZSURYLGHVDFRUUHFWGHQLWLRQIRUWKHPRODUKHDWRIFRPEXVWLRQRIDIXHO"
(A)
(B)
(C)
(D)
The heat energy, in joules or kilojoules, released by the combustion of 1 mole of a fuel.
The heat energy, in joules or kilojoules, used by the combustion of 1 mole of a fuel.
The heat energy, in kilojoules, released by the combustion of 1 kilogram of a fuel.
The heat energy, in kilojoules, used to burn 1 kilogram of a fuel.
([WHQVLRQ'HQHFRPEXVWLRQ
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Science Press
38
3.9.2
7KHKHDWRIFRPEXVWLRQIRUSURSDQROLVN-PRO1.
Calculate its heat of combustion in kJ g1.
(A)
(B)
(C)
(D)
33.5
22.9
45.4
121 150
([WHQVLRQ Show your working.

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3.9.3
JURXSRI<HDUVWXGHQWVSHUIRUPHGDUVWKDQGLQYHVWLJDWLRQWRQGWKHKHDWRI
$
combustion of ethanol. They burned ethanol in a spirit burner, and used it to heat 100 mL of
water, as shown in the diagram below.
Thermometer
Container
Water
Wick
Ethanol in
spirit burner
The results they obtained were:

Initial temperature of 100 mL water = 21.8C
Final temperature of 100 mL water = 34.4C
Initial mass of spirit burner + ethanol = 239.14 g
Final mass of spirit burner + ethanol = 237.81 g
6SHFLFKHDWRIZDWHU 3 J kg1 K1
Which alternative provides the experimental molar heat of combustion of ethanol?
$
(B)
(C)
'
5 kJ mol1
12.6 kJ mol1
5292 kJ mol1
2 kJ mol1
([WHQVLRQ Show how you calculated this value.

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Science Press
39
3.10 Process information from secondary sources to summarise the use of ethanol as an alternative
car fuel, evaluating the success of current usage.
(WKDQROXVHGLQPRWRUYHKLFOHIXHODVVXSSOHPHQWWRSHWURO
up to 10% ethanol can be added to petrol without causing damage to most car engines
sold in Australia as an additive (E10 at service stations)
used in other countries, e.g. Brazil and USA only as an additive to bolster petroleum
supplies, not as a replacement for petrol
production is expensive as distillation needs a lot of energy.
2WKHUDOWHUQDWLYHVDUHDYDLODEOHLQFOXGLQJ
solar energy (an attractive choice here because of our long hours of sunlight)
/3*DOVRDIRVVLOIXHO
diesel (also a fossil fuel)
biodiesel (limited amounts available)
HOHFWULFLW\PDGHLQ16:E\EXUQLQJWKHIRVVLOIXHOFRDO
fuel cells (energy is needed to provide the hydrogen).
3.10.1 Which of the following is the least important when assessing the reliability of a source of
information on the internet?
(A)
(B)
&
(D)
Is the source recognised as reputable?

Is the source likely to be biased?
+RZGRHVLQIRUPDWLRQIURPGLIIHUHQWVLWHVFRPSDUH"
Is the site easy to navigate?
([WHQVLRQ Describe what is meant by reliability of information.

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3.10.2 Which of the following would you expect to provide the most valid information about the
usefulness of ethanol as a fuel?
(A)
(B)
&
'
A company which manufactures ethanol for use as a fuel.

A company which produces petrol for automobiles.
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$VFLHQWLFUHVHDUFKRUJDQLVDWLRQZKLFKLVVHOIIXQGHGE\VDOHVRISXEOLFDWLRQV

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Science Press
40
3.11 Assess the potential of ethanol as an alternative fuel and discuss the advantages and
disadvantages of its use.
$GYDQWDJHVRIXVLQJHWKDQRO
Statement
Description
Explanation
Ethanol is
produced from a
renewable source
(unlike fossil
fuels).
Ethanol is produced by the

fermentation of biomass whereas
other fuels are produced from
petroleum.
Ethanol is produced by fermenting

biomass plants are renewable.
Ethanol burns
more completely/
cleanly than fossil
fuels.
C2H5OH(l) + 3O2(g) 2CO2(g) + 3H2O(g)
The oxygen in the ethanol molecule

ensures that less oxygen is needed to
allow complete combustion of the fuel.
Fermentation is by fungi such as the

yeast Saccharomyces cerevisia and
genetically engineered E. coli bacteria.
Toxic carbon monoxide is reduced by

25-30%.
Ethanol is an excellent solvent, dissolving

deposits built up in the engine.
Little or no carbon is produced.

Carbon dioxide
neutral.
Net CO2 stays constant. The amount of

CO2 used to produce crops for ethanol
production = CO2 produced when
ethanol burns.
Carbon dioxide is produced when ethanol

burns.
CO2 used in photosynthesis to make
crops that will later be converted to
ethanol.
6CO2(g) + 6H2O(g) C6H12O6(l) + 6O2(g)
10% ethanol can

Ethanol acts as a petrol extender
be safely added to without damage to engines.
petrol.
No engine modication needed if only

10% added. Makes petrol supplies last
longer.
'LVDGYDQWDJHVRIXVLQJHWKDQRO
Statement
Description
Explanation
Ethanol has a
lower heat of
combustion
(29.7 kJ g1) than
petrol (47.9 kJ g1).
Combustion of ethanol
produces less energy than
combustion of same amount of
octane.
Existing car
engines need to
be modied if
> 10% ethanol
used.
It is difcult to remove all water Water causes corrosion of engines and fuel lines.
during distillation of fermented
biomass.
Large areas of
land needed.
Land is needed to grow crops

to make ethanol.
Car can travel further with the same amount

of octane than ethanol thus ethanol is more
expensive.
This is a problem because land is also needed

to grow food crops and removal of forests is not
acceptable on ecological grounds.
(Note: Ethanol can now be produced from waste
left over from food crops.)
Lots of energy
is used in
production of
ethanol.
Ethanol has to be distilled from

the fermentation mix.
This is a problem because distillation is energy

intensive energy is obtained by burning fossil
fuels and also costs are high, making ethanol
expensive.
VVHVVPHQW%DVHGRQWKHHYLGHQFH\RXKDYHJDWKHUHG\RXVKRXOGPDNH\RXURZQ
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assessment of the potential of ethanol as an alternative fuel.
Science Press
41
3.11.1 Which alternative most accurately presents an advantage of using ethanol as an alternative
fuel?
(A)
(B)
(C)
(D)
Ethanol does not produce any greenhouse gases during combustion.

Ethanol uses up greenhouse gases when it burns.
During combustion, ethanol produces more greenhouse gases than other fuels.
The net production of greenhouse gases is lower for ethanol than for petrol.
([WHQVLRQ Explain your response.

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3.11.2 Which of the following statements about the use of ethanol as a fuel is most correct?
(A)
(B)
(C)
(D)
Ethanol can replace petrol as a fuel as it is renewable and there are no disadvantages to its use
in existing cars.
Ethanol is used as a supplement to petrol in order to help conserve petrol supplies.
Ethanol is an excellent replacement fuel for petrol as it can be produced inexpensively from
organic wastes.
Ethanol will never be used as a fuel as it is more volatile than petrol.
([WHQVLRQ Explain why you did not choose the other alternatives.
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3.11.3 2
FWDQHLVRQHRIWKHPDLQFRPSRQHQWVRISHWUROXVHGLQFDUV
Ethanol is used as an additive to petrol.
Use the information in the table to select the most correct statement below.
Fuel
(A)
(B)
&
'
Heat of combustion (kJ g1)
Boiling point (C)
Octane (C8H18)
47.9
125.7
Ethanol (C2H5OH)
29.7
78.3
Ethanol provides the best mileage as it uses up less heat during combustion.
Ethanol is easier to vaporise but provides fewer kilometres per kilogram of fuel.
2FWDQHSURGXFHVPRUHHQHUJ\EHFDXVHLWVERLOLQJSRLQWLVKLJKHU
2FWDQHUHOHDVHVPRUHHQHUJ\DVKHDWZKHQLWLVXVHGLQFDUVVRHWKDQROLVDEHWWHUIXHO
([WHQVLRQ What does the difference in boiling points tell you about bonding in octane and ethanol?
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Science Press
42
6
ROYHSUREOHPVSODQDQGSHUIRUPDUVWKDQGLQYHVWLJDWLRQWRFDUU\RXWWKHIHUPHQWDWLRQRI
glucose and monitor mass changes.
,QWKLVH[SHULPHQW\RXZRXOGQHHGWRVWHULOLVHDOOHTXLSPHQWWRDYRLGFRQWDPLQDWLRQ
HWXSDZDUPJOXFRVHVROXWLRQLQDVXLWDEOHVWHULOHFRQWDLQHUDGG\HDVWZHLJKLWDQG
6
then leave it in a warm environment so fermentation can occur.
:HLJKWKHFRQWDLQHUDWWKHHQGRIWKHH[SHULPHQWDQGFDOFXODWHDQ\FKDQJHLQPDVV
<RXZRXOGH[SHFWWKHPDVVWRGHFUHDVHEHFDXVHFDUERQGLR[LGHLVSURGXFHGDQGHVFDSHV
8VHIUDFWLRQDOGLVWLOODWLRQWRVHSDUDWHDQ\HWKDQROSURGXFHGIURPWKHPL[WXUHLQWKHDVN
Use the following information

for the next THREE questions.
Day
Mass (g)
378.03
366.24
355.13
347.99
342.60
340.10
340.09
340.10
A group of students studied the

IHUPHQWDWLRQRIJOXFRVHLQDDVN
ZLWKZDWHUDQG\HDVW7KHDVN
was stoppered with cotton wool.
The students measured the mass
RIWKHDVNDQGFRQWHQWVIRU
eight days and their results are
reproduced in the table.
3.12.1 Which of the following correctly describes and accounts for changes that occurred to the total
mass of the reaction vessel and contents during fermentation?
(A)
(B)
(C)
(D)
Mass decreased because carbon dioxide gas was produced and escaped.
Mass decreased because yeast grew and used up oxygen.
Mass increased as oxygen was taken up.
Mass remained constant as the gas lost was balanced by the increase in number of yeast cells.
([WHQVLRQ8VHDQHTXDWLRQWRVXSSRUW\RXUDQVZHU
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3.12.2 :K\PXVWWKHHTXLSPHQWXVHGIRUWKLVIHUPHQWDWLRQH[SHULPHQWEHVWHULOH"
$
%
(C)
(D)
<HDVWZLOOQRWUHDFWZLWKJOXFRVHXQOHVVLWLVVWHULOH
2WKHURUJDQLVPVPD\JURZLQWKHUHDFWLRQYHVVHOSURGXFLQJLQYDOLGUHVXOWV
Any alcohol produced will kill any organisms present.
The sterile environment provides a control.

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43
3.12.3 Calculate the moles of carbon dioxide released during this experiment.
(A)
(B)
(C)
(D)
44.01
37.93
1.16
0.86
([WHQVLRQ Show how you calculated the moles of carbon dioxide released.
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3.12.4 Fermentation of glucose solution produces a mixture containing ethanol.

The ethanol can be separated out by fractional distillation.
:KDWLVRQHGLIFXOW\ZLWKWKHSURGXFWLRQRIHWKDQROXVLQJWKHVHWZRSURFHVVHVLQWKHVFKRRO
laboratory?
(A)
(B)
&
(D)
Distillation is such an expensive process at school.

The mass of the mixture decreases during fermentation.
7KHHTXLSPHQWFDQQRWEHVWHULOLVHG
Ethanol molecules bond with water molecules in the fermentation mixture.
([WHQVLRQ Account for your choice of answer.

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3.13 Describe conditions under which fermentation of sugars is promoted.

)HUPHQWDWLRQRIVXJDUVQHHGV
:DUPPRLVWDQDHURELFFRQGLWLRQV
(Q]\PHVHJIURP\HDVWSaccharomyces cerevisiae or genetically engineered E. coli.
&DUERQGLR[LGHSURGXFHGPXVWEHDEOHWRHVFDSHIURPWKHUHDFWLRQYHVVHO
(WKDQROPXVWEHUHPRYHGDVLWLVSURGXFHGFRQFHQWUDWLRQRIFDQNLOO\HDVW
3.13.1 The most favourable conditions for the fermentation of sugar include the presence of:
$
(B)
&
(D)
2[\JHQZDWHUDQGDZDUPHQYLURQPHQW
No oxygen or water and a cold environment.
2[\JHQQRZDWHUDQGDZDUPHQYLURQPHQW
Water and a warm environment but no oxygen.

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3.13.2 7
KHIHUPHQWDWLRQRIVXJDUE\\HDVWRFFXUVLQDQDHURELFFRQGLWLRQV+RZFRXOGDQDHURELF
conditions be best achieved in the school laboratory?
$
(B)
&
'
%RLOWKHDVNRIZDWHUVXJDUDQG\HDVWIRUPLQXWHV
Boil the sugar solution and allow it to cool before yeast is added.
5LQVHWKHDVNZLWKDFLGWRNLOOJHUPV
8VHDFRPPHUFLDOVWHULOLVLQJVROXWLRQDQGWKHQVHDOWKHDVNZLWKDUXEEHUVWRSSHUVRQRPRUH
germs can enter.
([WHQVLRQ Justify your answer and then suggest another way to achieve anaerobic conditions.
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3.13.3 When making ethanol in the laboratory, fermentation is always followed by fractional
distillation. What is the reason for this?
(A)
%
&
'
Fractional distillation uses lots of energy and energy is needed for fermentation.
)UDFWLRQDOGLVWLOODWLRQLVWKHQDOVWHSRIIHUPHQWDWLRQ
)HUPHQWDWLRQWDNHVSODFHLQDQDTXHRXVVROXWLRQDQGHWKDQROFDQEHVWEHVHSDUDWHGRXWE\
fractional distillation.
7KHHQ]\PHVSURGXFHGE\\HDVWZRUNEHVWLQWKHZDUPWKRIWKHGLVWLOODWLRQDVN
([WHQVLRQ6XJJHVWVRPHOLTXLGVWKDWFRXOGEHSUHVHQWLQWKHIHUPHQWDWLRQPL[WXUHZKLFKXQGHUJRHV
fractional distillation.
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
3.14 Summarise the chemistry of the fermentation process.

HUPHQWDWLRQFKHPLFDOUHDFWLRQWKDWRFFXUVLQDQDHURELFFRQGLWLRQVSURGXFLQJ
)
ethanol and carbon dioxide gas. Oxygen is not needed.
&6H12O6(aq) fermentation 2C2H5OH(l) + 2CO2(g)
(Q]\PHVQHHGHGIRUIHUPHQWDWLRQHJSURGXFHGE\IXQJXV\HDVW
3.14.1 Which statement describing the fermentation of sugars is incorrect?

(A)
(B)
(C)
(D)
An anaerobic chemical reaction that proceeds in stages.

A reaction catalysed by enzymes produced by growing yeast cells.
A reaction that produces ethanol and carbon dioxide from sugars.
An anaerobic reaction that needs carbon dioxide to proceed to completion.
([WHQVLRQ([SODLQZK\LWLVGLIFXOWWRJHWKLJK\LHOGVRIHWKDQROLQWKHODERUDWRU\
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3.14.2 Identify the reactant(s) of the fermentation process.

(A)
%
(C)
(D)
Sugar only.
<HDVWRQO\
Sugar and carbon dioxide.
Sugar and water.
([WHQVLRQ Are enzymes considered to be reactants in a chemical reaction? Explain.

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3.15 Present information from secondary sources by writing a balanced equation for the
fermentation of glucose to ethanol.
&6H12O6(aq) fermentation 2C2H5OH(l) + 2CO2(g)
3.15.1 ,GHQWLI\DFKHPLFDOHTXDWLRQWKDWVXPPDULVHVWKHFKHPLVWU\RIWKHIHUPHQWDWLRQSURFHVV
(A)
C2+4(g) fermentation C2+52+O&22(g)
%
&22(g) + 2C2+52+Ofermentation by yeast C6+1226DT
(C)
C6+1226V+22Ofermentation 3C2+52+O22(g)
(D)
C6+1226DTfermentation by yeast 2C2+52+O&22(g)
([WHQVLRQ Why is yeast important in this reaction?

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4. Oxidation-reduction reactions are increasingly important as a source of energy.

3HUIRUPDUVWKDQGLQYHVWLJDWLRQWRLGHQWLI\WKHFRQGLWLRQVXQGHUZKLFKDJDOYDQLFFHOOLVSURGXFHG
0DNHDJDOYDQLFFHOO
WZRKDOIFHOOVHDFKFRQWDLQLQJDQHOHFWURGHLQHOHFWURO\WHVROXWLRQ
ZLUHFRQQHFWLQJWKHWZRHOHFWURGHVVRHOHFWURQVFDQRZIURPRQHKDOIFHOOWRWKH
other
VDOWEULGJHFRQQHFWLQJWKHWZRHOHFWURO\WHVLIWKHKDOIFHOOVDUHLQVHSDUDWHFRQWDLQHUV
so ions can travel and equalise the charge.
4.1.1
A galvanic cell allows a spontaneous redox reaction to take place in such a way that
electricity is produced. What is needed to construct a galvanic cell?
$
(B)
(C)
(D)
7ZRKDOIFHOOVHDFKFRQWDLQLQJDQHOHFWURGHLQDQHOHFWURO\WHVROXWLRQ
A wire connecting two electrodes.
A salt bridge connecting the two solutions.
All of the above.

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4.1.2
Which of the following diagrams does not represent a galvanic cell?
(A)
(B)
e-
e
Anode
Copper
cathode
Zinc
anode
ZnSO4
Cathode
Chlorine
gas
Hydrogen gas
CuSO4
Sodium chloride solution
Porous divider
(C)
e-
(D)
Salt bridge
V
Salt bridge
e-
Negative ions
Zinc
electrode
Iron
electrode
Fe2+ solution
Zn2+ solution
Zinc
electrode
Zinc chloride
solution
Positive
ions
Silver
electrode
Silver chloride
solution

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4.1.3
The following diagram shows a galvanic cell set up by a student. Explain why the cell does
not produce a current.
V
Al(s)
Cu(s)
Al3+ (aq)
(A)
(B)
(C)
(D)
Cu2+ (aq)
Copper is a poisonous metal.

There is no salt bridge.
Copper is more active than aluminium.
Aluminium is more active than copper.
([WHQVLRQ Account for your answer.

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HUIRUPDUVWKDQGLQYHVWLJDWLRQDQGJDWKHUUVWKDQGLQIRUPDWLRQWRPHDVXUHWKHGLIIHUHQFH
3
in potential of different combinations of metals in an electrolyte solution.
KLVLQYHVWLJDWLRQZRXOGLQYROYHWKHVHWWLQJXSRIDSSDUDWXVDVLQGLDJUDPIRUTXHVWLRQV
7
4.2.1 and 4.2.2.
8VHGLIIHUHQWFRPELQDWLRQVRIPHWDOVDQGFRPSDUHWKHYROWDJHVSURGXFHG
&KHFNWR[LFLW\RIDOOFKHPLFDOVXVHGDQGSUHFDXWLRQVQHHGHGIRUWKHLUXVH
.HHSVDOWEULGJHPRLVWZLWKDVROXWLRQHJSRWDVVLXPQLWUDWHWRDOORZWUDQVIHURILRQV
8VHWKHIROORZLQJLQIRUPDWLRQIRUWKHQH[W7:2TXHVWLRQV
)RXUPHWDOV6Q;<DQG=ZHUHFRQQHFWHGLQSDLUVDVVKRZQLQWKHWDEOHEHORZ
Each pair was placed in an electrolytic solution to form a galvanic cell as shown in the following
diagram.
Salt bridge
V
Metal electrode
Metal electrode
Science Press
48
The voltage measured was recorded for each combination of metals. These results are listed in the table.
Negative terminal
(anode)
Positive terminal
(cathode)
Voltage recorded
(V)
Sn
2.2
Sn
0.61
Sn
1.24
4.2.1
:KLFKRQHRIWKHIRXUPHWDOV6Q;<RU=LVWKHEHVWUHGXFLQJDJHQW"
(A)
(B)
&
(D)
Sn
X
<
Z
([WHQVLRQ Account for your response.

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4.2.2
What is the order of activity of the four metals in the experiment described above?
$
%
&
'
6Q;<=
;<=6Q
=<6Q;
;6Q<=
([WHQVLRQ If the electrolytes used have a concentration of 1 mol L1, what is the identity of metal X?
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
4.3
Explain the displacement of metals from solution in terms of transfer of electrons.

FWLYHPHWDOVGLVSODFHOHVVDFWLYHPHWDOVIURPVROXWLRQHJPDJQHVLXPGLVSODFHVFRSSHU
$
IURPDVROXWLRQRIDFRSSHUFRPSRXQG
0J0J2+ + 2e2
(OHFWURQVWUDQVIHUUHGIURPPRUHDFWLYHWROHVVDFWLYHPHWDO
4.3.1
Which one of the following lists contains metals which will all displace tin from a solution of
tin(II) nitrate?
(A)
(B)
(C)
(D)
Copper, iron and silver.

Copper, magnesium and lead.
Nickel, iron and lead.
Magnesium, aluminium and zinc.
Cu2++ 2e2 &X
([WHQVLRQ Account for your choice of answer.

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4.3.2
A piece of zinc was placed in a copper sulfate solution.
Copper
sulfate
solution
Petri dish
Zinc
After a while the copper sulfate solution changed from dark blue to light blue and copper was
deposited indicating that a redox reaction had taken place.
Which alternative correctly describes the movement of electrons?
(A)
(B)
(C)
(D)
From zinc metal to copper ions.

From copper ions to zinc metal.
From zinc ions to copper metal.
From copper metal to zinc ions.
([WHQVLRQ8VHHTXDWLRQVWRVXSSRUW\RXUFKRLFHRIDQVZHU
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4.3.3
During the experiment described in Question 4.3.2, copper ions in copper sulfate are said to
be displaced by zinc because:
(A)
(B)
(C)
(D)
Zinc is more active than copper so zinc ions take the place of the copper ions.
Copper is more active than zinc so copper sulfate becomes colourless.
Copper goes into solution and zinc is deposited.
Zinc dissolves in copper sulfate, making it colourless.
([WHQVLRQ Describe the chemistry involved in this process.

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4.4
Identify the relationship between displacement of metal ions in solution by other metals to the
relative activity of metals.
$FWLYHPHWDOVGLVSODFHOHVVDFWLYHPHWDOVIURPVROXWLRQ
(OHFWURQVDUHWUDQVIHUUHGIURPWKHPRUHDFWLYHPHWDOWRWKHOHVVDFWLYHPHWDO
0RVWDFWLYH
.1D&D0J$O=Q)H3E&X$J
4.4.1
Identify the mixture that will undergo a displacement reaction.
(A)
(B)
(C)
(D)
Copper metal placed in sodium chloride solution.

Pieces of solid lead placed in magnesium sulfate solution.
Silver metal placed in magnesium nitrate solution.
Silver nitrate solution containing a magnesium strip.
/HDVWDFWLYH

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4.4.2
Which of the following would cause the most vigorous displacement reaction?
(A)
(B)
(C)
(D)
Magnesium in silver nitrate.

Magnesium in lead nitrate.
Magnesium in copper nitrate.
Magnesium in zinc nitrate.

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4.4.3
A piece of copper is placed into a sodium chloride solution. There is no visible reaction. What
can you deduce about the relative reactivity of copper and sodium?
(A)
(B)
(C)
(D )
Copper and sodium are both unreactive metals.

Copper and sodium are identical in reactivity.
Copper is more active that sodium.
Copper is less active than sodium.
([WHQVLRQ What led you to this deduction?

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4.4.4
Two beakers are set up as shown:

Copper
Magnesium
Magnesium
chloride solution
Copper sulfate solution
Beaker P
Beaker Q
The beakers are allowed to stand for 24 hours and then observed. Which of the following is
the most likely observation?
(A)
(B)
(C)
(D)
The magnesium chloride solution turns blue.

The copper disappears.
The magnesium disappears.
Bubbles appear in the solution in beaker P.
([WHQVLRQ State a chemical principle which you used in making your choice of response.
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4.5
Account for changes in the oxidation state of species in terms of their loss or gain of electrons.
2[LGDWLRQVWDWHVZRUNHGRXWXVLQJWKHIROORZLQJUXOHV
Category
Oxidation state
Example
Uncombined elements.
Ca = 0, H2= 0
Ions.
Charge on their ion.
Ca2+ = +2
Oxygen in compounds.
2 on oxides, 1 in peroxides.
O in CaO = 2
Hydrogen in compounds.
1 when combined with metals.
H in H2S = +1
+1 when combined with non-metals.
H in NaH = 1
Sum of its atoms.
SO4 = 2
Polyatomic ions.
2-
:KHQDVXEVWDQFHORVHVHOHFWURQVLWVR[LGDWLRQVWDWHLQFUHDVHVLWLVR[LGLVHG
:KHQDVXEVWDQFHJDLQVHOHFWURQVLWVR[LGDWLRQVWDWHGHFUHDVHVLWLVUHGXFHG
4.5.1
Which change in oxidation number indicates oxidation?
(A)
(B)
(C)
(D)
+1 to 2
1 to +3
1 to 3
+2 to +1
([WHQVLRQ Use a general rule to justify your answer.

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4.5.2
, URQRFFXUVLQFRPSRXQGVVXFKDV)H2)H223)H624 and FeCl3. Based on this information,

which of the following statements is most correct?
(A)
(B)
(C)
(D)
The oxidation state of iron is always +2.

The oxidation state of iron can be +2 or +3.
The oxidation state of iron ions can be 2 or 3.
The oxidation state of iron ions can be +2 or +3.

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4.5.3
7KHR[LGDWLRQRI]LQFLVVKRZQE\WKHHTXDWLRQ
=QV=Q2+DTH
During this reaction, the oxidation state changes from 0 for zinc to +2 for the zinc ions.
Which statement best describes and accounts for this change in oxidation state.
(A)
(B)
(C)
(D)
It has decreased due to the loss of electrons from the zinc metal.
It has increased due to the loss of electrons from the zinc metal.
It has decreased due to the loss of electrons from the zinc ions.
It has increased due to the loss of electrons from the zinc ions.
([WHQVLRQ What is the usual oxidation state of uncombined elements?

...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
4.5.4
:KLFKRIWKHIROORZLQJHTXDWLRQVVKRZVWKHJUHDWHVWFKDQJHLQR[LGDWLRQVWDWH"
$
(B)
(C)
(D)
)HV)H3+DTH
Al3+DTH$O2+DT
Cl2DTH &O
Ca2+ + 2e&D

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4.6
Describe and explain galvanic cells in terms of oxidation/reduction reactions.

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5HGR[UHDFWLRQRFFXUVR[LGDWLRQDQGUHGXFWLRQUHDFWLRQVKDSSHQDWWKHVDPHWLPH
0RUHDFWLYHPHWDOLVWKHDQRGH/HVVDFWLYHPHWDOLVWKHFDWKRGH
2[LGDWLRQRFFXUVDWDQRGHUHOHDVLQJHOHFWURQV
5HGXFWLRQRFFXUVDWFDWKRGHXVLQJHOHFWURQV
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53
The following diagram shows a galvanic cell.
Zinc
electrode
Copper
electrode
V
Negative ions
Positive
ions
Cu2+(aq)
ZnSO4
Salt bridge
CuSO4
4.6.1
In the galvanic cell illustrated above, electrons are produced at:
(A)
(B)
(C)
(D)
The copper electrode because copper is more active than zinc.

The copper electrode because copper is less active than zinc.
The zinc electrode because zinc is more active than copper.
Both electrodes because zinc and copper are both more active than silver.
([WHQVLRQ Identify the process that involves the release of electrons.

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4.6.2
,QWKHJDOYDQLFFHOOLOOXVWUDWHGDERYHHOHFWURQVRZIURPWKH]LQFHOHFWURGHWRWKHFRSSHU
electrode. What does this tell us?
(A)
(B)
(C)
(D)
Zinc is more active than copper.

Zinc metal is undergoing oxidation.
The zinc electrode is the anode.
All of the above.
([WHQVLRQ Where and when does reduction occur?

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2XWOLQHWKHFRQVWUXFWLRQRIJDOYDQLFFHOOVDQGWUDFHWKHGLUHFWLRQRIHOHFWURQRZ
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&RQQHFWWKHPE\DZLUH
&RQQHFWWKHWZRHOHFWURO\WHVZLWKDVDOWEULGJHHJOWHUSDSHUVRDNHGLQ.123 solution).
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0RUHDFWLYHPHWDOEHFRPHVWKHDQRGHUHOHDVHVHOHFWURQV
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&DWKRGHUHFHLYHVHOHFWURQVWKHVHFRPELQHZLWKLRQVLQHOHFWURO\WHUHGXFWLRQRFFXUV
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54

Magnesium electrode
Salt bridge
V
Copper electrode
MgSO4 solution
CuSO4 solution
4.7.1
:
KLFKDOWHUQDWLYHFRUUHFWO\GHVFULEHVWKHGLUHFWLRQRIRZRIHOHFWURQVLQWKHFHOOLOOXVWUDWHGDERYH"
(A)
(B)
(C)
(D)
Through the salt bridge from left to right.

From the magnesium electrode to the copper electrode.
From the copper electrode to the magnesium electrode.
From the site of reduction to the site of oxidation.
([WHQVLRQ8VHDUURZVWRVKRZWKHGLUHFWLRQRIRZRIHOHFWURQVRQWKHGLDJUDPDERYH
4.7.2
In the galvanic cell illustrated above, which of the following allows the balance of charge to
be maintained?
(A)
(B)
(C)
(D)
The presence of a wire to carry protons.

The presence of a salt bridge.
Magnesium and calcium each having a valency of two.
Both solutions being present in the same volume.
([WHQVLRQ Name a solution that might be used when making the salt bridge.
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
4.7.3
,QWKHFHOOLOOXVWUDWHGDERYHLGHQWLI\DQGDFFRXQWIRUZKHUH\RXZRXOGQGWKHDUHDRIKLJKHVW
negative charge.
(A)
At the magnesium electrode, because oxidation occurs here producing negatively charged
electrons.
At the copper electrode, because reduction occurs here producing negatively charged
electrons.
At the salt bridge, because the charged ions move through here.
At the voltameter, because electrolysis occurs here.
(B)
(C)
(D)
([WHQVLRQ2XWOLQHWKHPRYHPHQWRISRVLWLYHDQGQHJDWLYHLRQVDFURVVWKHVDOWEULGJH
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(OHFWURGHGHYLFHZKLFKFDUULHVHOHFWULFLW\LQWRDQGRXWRIWKHHOHFWURO\WH
$QRGHHOHFWURGHZKHUHR[LGDWLRQWDNHVSODFHHOHFWURQVDUHUHOHDVHG
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(OHFWURO\WHFKHPLFDOWKDWFRQGXFWVHOHFWULFLW\
4.8.1
In a galvanic cell, what do we call the electrode where oxidation occurs?
(A)
(B)
(C)
(D)
Anode.
Cathode.
Anion.
Cation.
([WHQVLRQ What happens to the electrons produced during oxidation?

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4.8.2

Copper anode
Salt bridge
Negative ions
Silver cathode
Positive
ions
Copper sulfate
Silver nitrate
In this diagram which of the following would be called an electrolyte?

(A)
(B)
(C)
(D)
Copper anode.
Salt bridge.
Voltameter.
Silver nitrate solution.
([WHQVLRQ2QZKDWGLG\RXEDVH\RXUFKRLFHRIUHVSRQVH"
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4.9
Solve problems and analyse information to calculate the potential E requirement of named
electrochemical processes using tables of standard potentials and half equations.
5HGR[WDEOHOLVWRIVWDQGDUGUHGXFWLRQSRWHQWLDOV( ).
WDQGDUGUHGXFWLRQSRWHQWLDOUHODWLYHWHQGHQF\RIDVXEVWDQFHWRJDLQRQHRUPRUH
6
HOHFWURQVZKHQFRPSDUHGZLWKWKHVWDQGDUGK\GURJHQKDOIFHOO
RWHQWLDOVDUHPHDVXUHGXQGHUVWDQGDUGFRQGLWLRQV&N3DSUHVVXUHDQG
3
HOHFWURO\WHFRQFHQWUDWLRQRIPRO/1).
7RFDOFXODWHWKHVWDQGDUGUHGXFWLRQSRWHQWLDOV( IRUDJDOYDQLFFHOO
write two half equations
look up relevant voltages in redox table, reverse sign for oxidation
add the two half equations.
4.9.1
The following diagram shows a standard hydrogen electrode which can be used to compare
the strengths of oxidants and reductants.
H2 gas
Inert
metal,
e.g. Pt
1 mol L1[H+]
What would be a suitable electrolyte solution?

$
(B)
(C)
(D)
+\GURJHQJDVGLVVROYHGLQZDWHU
A solution of a platinum salt.
A solution containing 1 mol L1 sodium chloride concentration.
A solution containing 1 mol L1 hydrogen ion concentration.
([WHQVLRQ What concentration of electrolyte solutions is used in a standard galvanic cell?

...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
4.9.2
The redox table is a list of standard reduction potentials. Use the redox table at the back of
this book to determine the correct oxidation reaction for copper.
(A)
(B)
(C)
(D)
Cu(s)
Cu2+ + 2e
2+
Cu + 2e
Cu(s)
2+
Ca(s)
Ca + 2e
2+
Ca + 2e
Ca(s)
+0.34 V
0.34 V
2.87 V
+2.87 V
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4.9.3
A galvanic cell is set up containing a copper electrode in copper(II) sulfate solution connected
to a nickel electrode in nickel sulfate solution.
Calculate the E potential for this cell if standard conditions apply.
(A)
(B)
(C)
(D)
0.11 volts.
0.28 volts.
0.59 volts.
0.76 volts.
([WHQVLRQ6KRZ\RXUFDOFXODWLRQV,QFOXGHKDOIHTXDWLRQV
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*
DWKHUDQGSUHVHQWLQIRUPDWLRQRQWKHVWUXFWXUHDQGFKHPLVWU\RIDGU\FHOORUOHDGDFLGFHOO
DQGHYDOXDWHLWLQFRPSDULVRQWRRQHRIWKHIROORZLQJ
EXWWRQFHOO
IXHOFHOO
YDQDGLXPUHGR[FHOO
OLWKLXPFHOO
OLTXLGMXQFWLRQSKRWRYROWDLFGHYLFHHJWKH*UDW]HOFHOO
LQWHUPVRI
FKHPLVWU\
FRVWDQGSUDFWLFDOLW\
LPSDFWRQVRFLHW\
HQYLURQPHQWDOLPSDFW
Various you will need to summarise information about the cells that you researched.
The dry cell (Leclanche cell)
The lithium cell
Uses
Torches, radios, toys.
Cardiac pacemakers, cameras, cell

phones, watches, computers.
Anode
(oxidation here)
Zinc container:
Lithium:
Zn Zn2+(aq) + 2e
Li Li+(aq) + e
Cathode
Mn(IV) + e Mn(III)
I2 + 2e 2I
Electrolyte
Paste of ammonium chloride and zinc

chloride.
Alkaline cells use potassium hydroxide.
Lithium iodide
Advantages
s#HEMICALSAREAPASTEnEASIERTO
transport than liquid.
s3MALLLIGHTWEIGHT
s!LKALINECELLSARERELATIVELYEFlCIENT
maintain a steady voltage, perform
well at low temperatures.
s,ONG LASTING
s2ECHARGEABLE
s'ENERATEACONSTANTHIGHVOLTAGE
s6ERYLIGHTWEIGHT
s$ELIVERMOREPOWERTHANDRYCELLS
Disadvantages
s3HORTLIFE
s.OTRECHARGEABLE
s"ULKIERTHANLITHIUMCELLS
s!MMONIAPRODUCEDMAYEXPANDAND
burst cell if used continuously.
s(IGHCOST
s#ARENEEDEDWITHHANDLINGANDSTORAGE
Science Press
58
4.10.1 7KHIROORZLQJGLDJUDPVVKRZDGU\FHOODQGDOHDGDFLGFHOO
Pb anodes
PbO cathodes
Carbon rod
e
X
e
Electrolyte
Dry cell
Lead-acid cell
In these diagrams, what is the part labelled X?

(A)
(B)
(C)
(D)
The cathode which is a positive terminal.

The cathode which is a negative terminal.
The anode which is a positive terminal.
The anode which is a negative terminal.
([WHQVLRQ What chemical process occurs at X?

...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
Answer Question 4.10.2 or 4.10.3 depending on which cell you have studied.
4.10.2 &KRRVHWKHPRVWFRUUHFWVWDWHPHQWDERXWOHDGDFLGFHOOV
(A)
(B )
(C)
(D)
They are used in cars and can be recharged.

They produce a high voltage and are used in cardiac pacemakers.
They are very light and safe to transport by hand.
Their small size and portability have led to development of smaller electronic devices.
([WHQVLRQ2XWOLQHWKHKLVWRULFDODGYDQWDJHJDLQHGE\WKHGHYHORSPHQWRIOHDGDFLGFHOOV
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
4.10.3 Choose the most correct statement about dry cells.

(A)
(B)
(C)
(D)
They contain sulfuric acid, so care must be taken when they are moved.
They are very expensive and contain heavy metals.
Dry cells are used in torches, some toys and portable radios.
The carbon casing is the cathode.
([WHQVLRQ What is the main advantage of dry cells?

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Science Press
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Notes
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Science Press
60
5. Nuclear chemistry provides a range of materials.

5.1
Distinguish between stable and radioactive isotopes and describe the conditions under which a
nucleus is unstable.
,VRWRSHVIRUPVRIHOHPHQWZLWKGLIIHUHQWQXPEHUVRIQHXWURQVDQGGLIIHUHQWPDVVQXPEHUV
/LJKWHOHPHQWVVWDEOHLIWKHLUQHXWURQSURWRQUDWLRLVDSSUR[LPDWHO\
+HDY\HOHPHQWVVWDEOHLIWKHLUQHXWURQSURWRQUDWLRLVDSSUR[LPDWHO\
5DGLRDFWLYHLVRWRSHVIRUPVRIDQHOHPHQWZLWKXQVWDEOHDWRPV
decay spontaneously and emit alpha, beta and/or gamma radiation
includes all isotopes of elements with atomic number > 83.
7KUHHW\SHVRIUDGLDWLRQ
Property
Alpha radiation
Beta radiation
Particles
Gamma radiation
Structure
Particles
Electromagnetic
radiation.
Consist of
2 protons and 2 neutrons Electron from the

(same as a helium
nucleus.
nucleus).
High frequency
radiation.
Charge
+2
Nil
Ionising ability
Good
Fair
Poor
Penetration
Poor (210 cm in air).
Fair (5 m in air, 2 mm
in aluminium).
Very good (several cm

of lead).
Deection in
electric eld
Towards negative plate.
Towards positive
plate.
Nil
$OSKDDQGEHWDUDGLDWLRQLVGHHFWHGE\DQHOHFWULFHOG
Negatively charged field
Radioactive
source
Positively charged field
KHKDOIOLIHRIDUDGLRDFWLYHHOHPHQWLVWKHWLPHWDNHQIRUKDOIRIWKHDWRPVLQDVDPSOH
7
of the element to decay.
5.1.1
&XDQG&XDUHLVRWRSHVRIFRSSHUDQHOHPHQWZLWKDQDWRPLFQXPEHURI
:KDWGRWKHDWRPVRIERWK&XDQG&XKDYHLQFRPPRQ"
(A)
(B)
(C)
(D)
29 neutrons.
29 protons.
29 protons and 29 electrons.
29 neutrons and 29 electrons.
([WHQVLRQ Justify your response.

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Science Press
61
5.1.2
Which alternative most correctly states the mass and charge of gamma radiation?
Mass relative to a proton
Charge
(A)
(B)
(C)
+1
(D)
+2
([WHQVLRQ Account for your choice.

...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
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...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
5.1.3
:KLFKRIWKHIROORZLQJHTXDWLRQVVKRZVWKHSURGXFWLRQRIDOSKDSDUWLFOHV"
(A)
131
53
I m
238
92
U m
238
92
U +
(B)
(C)
(D)
201
80
131
54
Xe + 10 e
234
90
Th + 42 He
4
2
Hg
He
0
1
e m
239
94
Pu + 3 10 n
201
79
Au + 0 G 0
([WHQVLRQ Describe the composition of alpha radiation.

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5.1.4
All isotopes of elements with an atomic number greater than 83 are radioactive. Identify the
list containing elements with no stable isotopes.
(A)
(B)
(C)
(D)
Mercury, sodium, aluminium.

Polonium, radon, calcium.
Radium, cerium, lead.
Americium, curium, plutonium.
([WHQVLRQ+RZGLG\RXGHFLGHWKDWWKHVHHOHPHQWVKDYHUDGLRDFWLYHDWRPV"
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Science Press
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5.2
Process information from secondary sources to describe recent discoveries of elements.

1HZHOHPHQWVDUH
produced in nuclear reactors or particle accelerators
very unstable and only exist for a fraction of a second before decaying.
([DPSOHV
Rutherfordium and seaborgium are produced by positive ion bombardment in
SDUWLFOHDFFHOHUDWRUV
249
98
Cf + 126 C m
257
104
Rf + 4 1 n
249
98
Cf + 188 O m
263
106
Sg + 4 1 n
Neptunium and americium are produced in nuclear reactors by neutron

ERPEDUGPHQWRIXUDQLXPDQGSOXWRQLXPUHVSHFWLYHO\
238
92
U + 01 n m
239
93
Np + 10 e
239
94
Pu + 2 10 n m
241
95
Am + 10 e
5.2.1
Identify the element, from the following list, which was discovered most recently.
(A)
(B)
(C)
(D)
Neptunium.
Iron.
Copper.
Silver.
([WHQVLRQ:KLFKRIWKHHOHPHQWVOLVWHGZDVGLVFRYHUHGUVW"
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
5.2.2
:KDWW\SHRIHTXLSPHQWKDVEHHQXVHGWRPDNHUHFHQWGLVFRYHULHVRIHOHPHQWV"
(A)
(B)
(C)
(D)
A furnace.
A nuclear reactor or an accelerator.
An electrolytic cell.
An electric generator or solar powered device.
([WHQVLRQ Do recently discovered elements occur naturally? Explain.

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Science Press
63
5.3
Describe how transuranic elements are produced.

7UDQVXUDQLFHOHPHQW
element with atomic number larger than uranium
produced in nuclear reactors or particle accelerators.
)RUH[DPSOH
2
5.3.1
:KLFKDOWHUQDWLYHSURYLGHVDGHQLWLRQRIDWUDQVXUDQLFHOHPHQW"
(A)
(B)
(C)
(D)
A transuranic element is an element which occurs naturally on Earth and has a large nucleus.
A transuranic element is one which has the same size atoms as those of uranium.
A transuranic element is an element which is made from uranium.
A transuranic element is an element with an atomic number greater than 92.
([WHQVLRQ Name a device that could be used to manufacture a transuranic element.

...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
5.3.2
Small amounts of transuranic elements have been synthesised by scientists. Neptunium is a

transuranic element which was synthesised and isolated in 1940.
7KHUHDFWLRQXVHGWRSURGXFHQHSWXQLXPFDQEHVKRZQE\WKHIROORZLQJLQFRPSOHWHHTXDWLRQ
238
92
U+X o
239
93
Np + 10 e
What is particle X?
(A)
(B)
(C)
(D)
An electron.
A proton.
A neutron.
An atomic nucleus.
([WHQVLRQ:KDWV\PEROZRXOG\RXXVHWRUHSODFH;LQWKHHTXDWLRQ"
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
5.3.3
Identify the set which contains only transuranic elements.
(A)
(B)
(C)
(D)
Neptunium, plutonium, rubidium.

Americium, californium, mendelevium.
Rhenium, einsteinium, nobelium.
Polonium, francium, technetium.

...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
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Science Press
64
5.4
Describe how commercial radioisotopes are produced.

Various, e.g.
$PHULFLXPXVHGLQVPRNHDODUPV
SURGXFHGLQDQXFOHDUUHDFWRUE\QHXWURQERPEDUGPHQW
7HFKQHWLXPPXVHGLQPHGLFDOGLDJQRVLV
SURGXFHGIURPPRO\EGHQXPLQDVSHFLDOSRUWDEOHJHQHUDWRU
0RSURGXFHGLQQXFOHDUUHDFWRU
5.4.1
KHIROORZLQJHTXDWLRQVKRZVWKHSURGXFWLRQRIDFRPPHUFLDOUDGLRLVRWRSH7KLVLVLQGLFDWHG
7
with the letter X. Identify this element.
(A)
(B)
(C)
(D)
Plutonium.
Uranium.
Americium.
Technetium.
([WHQVLRQ6KRZWKHV\PERO\RXZRXOGXVHWRUHSODFH;LQWKHHTXDWLRQ
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
5.4.2
, RGLQHLVDQHXWURQULFKLVRWRSHXVHGLQPHGLFLQH,GHQWLI\ZKLFKRIWKHIROORZLQJ
devices would most likely be used for its manufacture.
(A)
(B)
(C)
(D)
A nuclear reactor.
A synchrotron.
A cyclotron.
An accelerator.
([WHQVLRQ,GHQWLI\RWKHUH[DPSOHVRIQHXWURQULFKDQGQHXWURQGHFLHQWLVRWRSHV
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Science Press
65

7KHJUDSKEHORZVKRZVVWDJHVLQWKHGHFD\RIDQDWRPRIXUDQLXPXVHGLQUHDFWRUV
U
Pa U
238
Th
230
Th
Ra
Mass 222
number
214
Rn
Po
Bi Po
Bi Po
Pb
Pb
206
Pb
82
84
86
88
90
92
Atomic number
5.4.3
Which of the following is a stable species?
$
%
&
'
3R
8
3E
3E
([WHQVLRQ Identify an unstable species in the graph which has commercial applications.
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
5.4.4
Which of the following conversions involves beta decay?
(A)
(B)
(C)
(D)
Bismuth to polonium.
Thorium to radium.
Radon to polonium.
Radium to polonium.

...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
5.4.5
(A)
(B)
(C)
(D)
KLFKRIWKHIROORZLQJHTXDWLRQVPRVWFRUUHFWO\SRUWUD\VDUDGLRDFWLYHGHFD\VKRZQRQWKH
:
graph above?
238
92
238
92
222
86
82
214
U
U
327
89
234
90
234
84
83
210
Th + 11e
Th + 42 He
Rn
Po + 11e
Pb
Bi + 42 He
([WHQVLRQ$FFRXQWIRUWKHV\PEROXVHGLQHTXDWLRQVIRUDQDOSKDSDUWLFOH
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
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Science Press
66
5.5
Identify instruments and processes that can be used to detect radiation.

5DGLDWLRQFDQEHGHWHFWHGE\
SKRWRJUDSKLFOPUDGLDWLRQKDVVDPHHIIHFWRQOPDVOLJKW
*HLJHU0OOHUWXEHFRQWDLQVJDVWKDWLRQLVHVDVUDGLDWLRQSDVVHVWKURXJK
WKHUPROXPLQHVFHQWGRVLPHWHUXVHGLQEDGJHVPHDVXUHH[SRVXUHWRJDPPDUDGLDWLRQ
V FLQWLOODWLRQFRXQWHUXVHVSKRVSKRUHVFHQWVXEVWDQFHHJ1D,WRUHFRUGUDGLDWLRQ
exposure.
5.5.1
Which of the following instruments or devices can be used to detect radiation?
$
(B)
(C)
'
*HLJHU0OOHUFRXQWHUVDQGQXFOHDUUHDFWRUV
Scintillation counters and radioactive isotopes.
Thermoluminescent dosimeters and accelerators.
3KRWRJUDSKLFOPDQG*HLJHU0OOHUWXEHV
([WHQVLRQ+RZPDQ\RIWKHGHYLFHVOLVWHGFDQEHXVHGWRGHWHFWUDGLDWLRQ"
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
5.5.2
7KHIROORZLQJGLDJUDPVKRZVD*HLJHU0OOHUWXEH
Argon gas Anode
Mica
window
Cathode
Counter
:KLFKSURSHUW\RIDOSKDDQGEHWDSDUWLFOHVDOORZVWKHPWREHGHWHFWHGE\D*HLJHU0OOHU
tube?
(A)
(B)
(C)
'
They cause a chain reaction.

They ionise the argon gas inside the tube.
They cause oxidation at the anode.
7KH\VWRSFXUUHQWRZLQJLQWKHWXEH
([WHQVLRQ'HVFULEHKRZ*HLJHU0OOHUWXEHVGHWHFWUDGLDWLRQ
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Science Press
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5.5.3
Thermoluminescent dosimeters (TLDs) are often worn by workers using radioactive

substances. They contain crystals of an inorganic salt that absorbs radiation and when heated
emits light. The amount of light emitted is determined by the amount of exposure to radiation.
What is the purpose of wearing TLDs?
(A)
%
(C)
'
To absorb radiation emitted so it cannot harm the body.

7RPHDVXUHWKHKDOIOLIHRIUDGLRLVRWRSHVZLWKZKLFKWKH\DUHZRUNLQJ
To provide a pretty brooch that glows when it is hot.
7RPHDVXUHWKHSHUVRQVH[SRVXUHWRUDGLDWLRQ
([WHQVLRQ What happens if workers receive a higher than acceptable radiation dose?
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
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...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................

,GHQWLI\RQHXVHRIDQDPHGUDGLRLVRWRSH
in industry
in medicine.
5DGLRDFWLYHLVRWRSHVKDYHPDQ\XVHVLQPHGLFLQHDQGLQGXVWU\IRUH[DPSOH
Radioactive isotope
Use
Carbon-14
Date wood and cloth artefacts.
Cobalt-60
Sterilise medical supplies.
Californium-252
Check airline baggage for explosives.
Cadmium-109
Analyse metal alloys.
Iridium-192
Test pipeline welds.
Krypton-85
Gauge the thickness of thin plastic, sheet metal, rubber, textiles and
paper.
Iodine-131
Detect and treat problems of the thyroid gland.
Thallium-201
Assess damage to heart muscle after a heart attack.
Carbon-14 and phosphorus-15
Trace metabolic pathways.
Iron-59
Study iron metabolism.
The table provides information about some radioactive isotopes.
Name of radioisotope
Radiation emitted
Half-life
Caesium-137

432 years
Iodine-131

8 days
Cobalt-60

5.3 years
Uranium-238
4.5 109 years
Science Press
68
5.6.1
, RGLQHLVXVHGLQWKHPDQXIDFWXUHRIWK\UR[LQE\WKHWK\URLGJODQGVRUDGLRDFWLYHLRGLQH
FDQEHLQMHFWHGLQWRWKHERG\WRVWXG\WKHDFWLRQRIWKHWK\URLG+RZORQJZRXOGLWWDNHIRU
WKHRULJLQDODPRXQWRILRGLQHLQMHFWHGWRGHFUHDVHWR"
(A)
(B)
(C)
(D)
131 days.
8 days.
16 days.
24 days.
([WHQVLRQ Show how you calculated this answer.

...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
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5.6.2
&DHVLXPLVXVHGWRPHDVXUHWKHWKLFNQHVVRIVXEVWDQFHVVXFKDVVWHHODQGWRFKHFNZHOGV
LQPHWDOV,GHQWLI\RQHSURSHUW\ZKLFKPDNHVFDHVLXPVXLWDEOHIRULQGXVWULDOSXUSRVHV
but not suitable for medical uses?
(A)
%
&
(D)
It produces beta radiation.

,WLVLQ*URXS,RIWKH3HULRGLF7DEOH
,WKDVDYHU\ORQJKDOIOLIH
It is one of the main elements making up bone.

...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
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5.6.3
REDOWLVXVHGIRUGHVWUR\LQJFDQFHUVE\UDGLDWLRQZLWKWKHVRXUFHRXWVLGHWKHERG\,WLV
&
also used to sterilise surgical instruments.
:KDWLVDSURSHUW\ZKLFKPDNHVFREDOWVXLWDEOHIRUERWKRIWKHVHUROHV"
$
%
&
'
&REDOWHPLWVKLJKHQHUJ\JDPPDUDGLDWLRQ
&REDOWHPLWVEHWDUDGLDWLRQ
&REDOWLVDUDUHLQHUWJDV
&REDOWODVWVIRU\HDUV
([WHQVLRQ:RXOG\RXH[SHFWFREDOWWREHLQMHFWHGLQWRWKHERG\WRJKWFDQFHU":K\RUZK\QRW"
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
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Science Press
69
5.7
Describe the way in which the above named industrial and medical radioisotopes are used and
explain their use in terms of their chemical properties.
Various, e.g.
$PHULFLXPXVHGLQVPRNHDODUPV
(PLWVDOSKDSDUWLFOHVDQGORZHQHUJ\JDPPDUDGLDWLRQ241
$P237
Np + 42 He
95
93
:KHQQRVPRNHLVSUHVHQWDOSKDSDUWLFOHVLRQLVHDLULQGHWHFWRUDOORZLQJFXUUHQWWRRZ
:KHQVPRNHLVSUHVHQWLWDEVRUEVDOSKDSDUWLFOHVVRUDWHRILRQLVDWLRQGURSVDQGWKLVVHWV
off alarm.
Useful because can ionise gases and emits low energy radiation so safe to use in
homes and businesses.
7HFKQHWLXPPXVHGWRGLDJQRVHDQGWUHDWGLVHDVHV
&DQGHWHFWDEQRUPDOLWLHVLQEORRGRZKHDUWGHIHFWVDQGFDQFHUV
8VHIXOEHFDXVHFDQDWWDFKWRDUDQJHRIELRORJLFDOFDUULHUVVKRUWKDOIOLIHERG\FDQ
excrete it.
5.7.1
KHUDGLRLVRWRSHXVHGPRVWH[WHQVLYHO\LQPHGLFLQHLVWHFKQHWLXPP7KLVUDGLRLVRWRSH
7
is used in the detection and treatment of disease. It can be attached to biological carriers and
LQMHFWHGLQWRWKHERG\VRDVWRWDUJHWVSHFLFRUJDQV
:KLFKRIWKHIROORZLQJSURSHUWLHVRIWHFKQHWLXPPZRXOGEHUHOHYDQWWRLWVXVHVLQPHGLFLQH"
$
(B)
&
(D)
,WKDVDVKRUWKDOIOLIHRIKRXUV
It is readily excreted from the body.
,WHPLWVORZHQHUJ\JDPPDUDGLDWLRQ
All of the above.

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5.7.2
SDWLHQWLVWRKDYHDUDGLRDFWLYHLVRWRSHLQMHFWHGLQWRWKHEORRGVWUHDPLQRUGHUWRWUHDWDOLIH
$
WKUHDWHQLQJGLVRUGHU7KHUDGLRLVRWRSHLVH[SHFWHGWRDFFXPXODWHLQWKHSDWLHQWVERG\
Which of the following radioisotopes has properties that are most suited for this purpose.
Isotope
Properties
Half-life
Type of emission
(A)
7.5 hours
Alpha and gamma.
(B)
3.2 minutes
Low energy gamma only.
(C)
6 hours
Gamma only.
(D)
5400 years
Beta and gamma.

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Science Press
70
5.7.3
PHULFLXPLVXVHGLQVPRNHDODUPVZKHUHLWHPLWVDOSKDSDUWLFOHVDQGORZHQHUJ\
$
gamma rays.
$P237
Np + 42 +H
93
241
95
What is the property of alpha or gamma radiation most relevant to the use of this isotope in
smoke detectors?
$
(B)
&
(D)
*DPPDUD\VDUHQRWGHHFWHGE\DQHOHFWULFFXUUHQW
Alpha particles cause ionisation of gases.
*DPPDUD\VKDYHQRPDVVRUFKDUJH
Alpha rays are made of heavy particles with a charge of +2.
([WHQVLRQ+RZGRVPRNHDODUPVZRUN"
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
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...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................

VHDYDLODEOHHYLGHQFHWRDQDO\VHEHQHWVDQGSUREOHPVDVVRFLDWHGZLWKWKHXVHRIUDGLRDFWLYH
8
LVRWRSHVLQLGHQWLHGLQGXVWULHVDQGPHGLFLQH
3UREOHPVDVVRFLDWHGZLWKWKHXVHRIUDGLRDFWLYHLVRWRSHV
6HFXULW\RIWUDQVSRUWDQGVWRUDJH
6DIHW\RIZRUNHUVDQGZDVWHGLVSRVDO
5DGLDWLRQFDQDIIHFWOLYLQJFHOOVE\
destroying enzymes so they cannot catalyse reactions
altering DNA
changing membrane structure affects transport of chemicals
altering sex cells affects future generations.
(IIHFWVRIUDGLDWLRQGHSHQGRQ
type of radiation
distance from the source, time exposed
chemical properties
part of the body exposed
age and general health.
5.8.1
WURQWLXPLVDUDGLRDFWLYHLVRWRSHZLWKDKDOIOLIHRI\HDUV6WURQWLXPDWRPVDUHYHU\
6
similar in chemical properties to those of calcium, although slightly more active. Which of
WKHIROORZLQJDFFRXQWVIRUWKHFRQFHUQDERXWDQ\SRVVLEOHUHOHDVHRIVWURQWLXPLQWRWKH
atmosphere from nuclear power plants?
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Science Press
71
5.8.2
QHSUREOHPDVVRFLDWHGZLWKWKHXVHRIUDGLRLVRWRSHVLVWKHLUHIIHFWRQOLYLQJFHOOV:KDW
2
effect(s) can radiation have on living cells?
(A)
(B)
(C)
Radiation can cause mutations in sex cells which may cause defects in offspring.
Radiation can affect the structure of enzymes so they cannot act as catalysts in cells.
Radiation can change the structure of membranes, preventing transport within and between
cells.
All of the above.
(D)
([WHQVLRQ Many scientists are concerned about suggestions that Australia should have a nuclear
power plant. State an advantage of such a plant and reasons for the concern about this course of action.
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Science Press
72
DOT POINT
Answers
Science Press
287
Answers
Notes
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Science Press
Answers
288
1.1.1
(B)
Fractional distillation can separate out components of a mixture with different boiling points.
1.1.2
(B)
X is the condenser.
1.1.3
(A)
The reaction is: C18+36&8+16(g) + C2+4(g)
1.1.4
&
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&
into the smaller molecules ethene and ethane.
1.2.1
(D)
Double C= C bonds increase the reactivity of the molecule.
1.2.2
%
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1.2.3
(D)
In the reaction with ethane, a chlorine atom is being substituted for a hydrogen. The reaction produces two products.
In the reaction with ethene, the double bond breaks and two chlorine atoms are added into the ethene molecule. The
reaction with ethene is faster and only produces one product.
1.3.1
(B)
Do not pour wastes down the sink. Place them in a bottle of organic wastes to be disposed of later.
1.3.2
(C)
H C C H + HOBr
-
light
H Br
H H
-
H C -C-H + H20
-
H H
H H
+ HOBr
C =C
H H
H -C -C-H
-
(D)
1.3.3
A substitution reaction occurs very slowly with bromine and ethane, when carried out in ultraviolet light.
Br OH
An addition reaction occurs between bromine water and ethene. This is a fast reaction, even when carried out in the dark.
1.3.4
'
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*
are worn to prevent toxic bromine being absorbed through the skin. A fume cupboard is used to prevent toxic bromine
being inhaled.
1.3.5
(C)
Propene reacts rapidly (addition reaction) with bromine water decolourising it from brown to colourless. Propane will
only react very slowly and only in the presence of ultraviolet light.
1.4.1
(B)
To form polyethylene, the double bond of ethene is broken forming free radicals which can then join together by an
addition reaction.
1.4.2
(B)
The double bond between the carbon atoms breaks during polymerisation, forming a free radical, and the monomers
can then join in a chain.
1.4.3
(B)
The weight of a molecule of a substance.
1.5.1
(D)
nCH2= CH2
catalyst
(CH2CH2)n
(where n is a large number)

1.5.2
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1.5.3
(C)
Vinyl chloride C2+3Cl = 24 + 3 + 35 = 62
XQLWVRIYLQ\OFKORULGH
1.6.1
(B)
Initiation the double bond is opened forming an ethylene free radical.

Propagation the ethylene monomers join to form a chain.
7HUPLQDWLRQWKHSURFHVVVWRSVZKHQWKHSRO\PHUFKDLQLVWKHUHTXLUHGOHQJWK
1.6.2
(D)
A structure which is very reactive due to the presence of unpaired electrons.
1.6.3
(A)
Catalysts are chemicals that can change the rate of a chemical reaction without being used up by the reaction.
1.7.1
(C)
A model is a representation of reality. It could take many forms, e.g. a diagram, computer image or 3D structure.
Science Press
289
1.7.2
(B)
Rectangular boxes are used for substances, diamond shapes are used for processes.
1.8.1
%
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1.8.2
&
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1.9.1
(C)
All of the properties listed can be properties of polyethylene, but this answer gives the best match between uses and
relevant properties.
1.9.2
(D)
A cup should be able to keep its contents warm or cool. This is not important for surfboards. The other three properties
are useful for both cups and boards.
1.9.3
(C)
Polymers are now being developed that are biodegradable.
2.1.1
(C)
Iron (A), water (B) and sodium chloride (D) are not obtained from petroleum, so they are not petrochemicals. All the
other chemicals mentioned are produced from petroleum.
2.1.2
(D)
A petrochemical is a chemical manufactured from a fossil fuel such as petroleum.
2.2.1
(A)
Various, e.g. Biopol, Kevlar.
2.2.2
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2.2.3
(D)
Various, e.g. Biocompatible Biopol; biodegradable cellulose; reusable a towel or cutlery; recyclable
aluminium.
2.2.4
(A)
Cellulose and Biopol can both be made from plants. When we have used up existing supplies, we can grow more
plants to make more. (B), (C) and (D) cannot be replaced. When they are used up, there will be no more supplies.
2.3.1
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small molecule, often water.
2.3.2
(D)
Petroleum is a mixture of mainly hydrocarbons (A). Polyethylene and polyvinyl chloride are addition polymers (B and C).
2.3.3
(A)
Cellulose and starch these are made from plant glucose. (Not nylon as it is currently made from petroleum products.)
2.4.1
%
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2.4.2
(D)
Various, e.g. Addition polymer polyethylene, polyvinyl chloride; Condensation polymer cellulose, starch.
2.5.1
(C)
Cellulose is made from glucose which is produced by plants, so it is renewable.
2.5.2
(B)
Covalent bonding.
2.5.3
(A)
Cellulose is rigid and strong.
2.5.4
(C)
Chains of glucose are parallel and held close together by strong hydrogen bonds between hydrogen atoms in one chain
and oxygen atoms in nearby chains.
2.6.1
&
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2
molecules each of which contains six carbon atoms.
2.6.2
(B)
Various, e.g. corn, sugar cane.
2.6.3
(D)
When existing cellulose has been used up, more can be produced by growing more plants. Cellulose is a renewable
substance. Fossil fuels are becoming scarce so new sources need to be found of chemicals which are presently only
manufactured from fossil fuels (petrochemicals).
2.6.4
(A)
Various, e.g. It is not easy to hydrolyse (B); although cellulose is biodegradable, the products made from it may not be
(C); it is insoluble in water (D).
3.1.1
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(
group.
H -C -C-OH
-
(A)
3.1.2
H H
conc.
H2SO4
180C
C=C
H
H
conc.
+ H20
or
C2H5OH(l)
H2SO4
C2H2(g) + H2O(l)
180C
H
3.1.3
(B)
A substance which changes the rate of a chemical reaction without being used up by that reaction.
3.1.4
(A)
Enzymes.
Science Press
290
3.2.1
(B)
C2+4J+22O&2+52+O
3.2.2
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acid.
3.3.1
(B)
Various, e.g. The model helps us to visualise and hence understand the mechanism for the reaction.
3.3.2
(C)
(A) ethane; (B) ethene; (D) ethanoic acid.

A model helps us to visualise the structure of the substance and understand the bonding involved.
3.4.1
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(solution).
P is hydrolysis, S is distillation R is fermentation.
3.4.3
(B)
Carbon dioxide is produced during fermentation of sugars.

C6+1226DTyeast
2C2+52+O&22(g)
3.4.4
(A)
Ethanol can be manufactured by the fermentation of sugars mainly from sugar cane or corn plants. It can also be
produced by the hydrolysis of ethene mainly from petroleum.
3.5.1
(A)
Strong forces of attraction between atoms within a molecule caused by the sharing of electrons between the atoms.
3.5.2
'
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3.5.3
(D)
Ethanol is used as a solvent in medicines, e.g. cough mixtures, and in perfumes, varnishes and adhesives.
3.6.1
&
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is safe for most engines. There is no suggestion by scientists that we will be able to make enough ethanol to replace
petrol.
3.6.2
(C)
Chemical energy is in the bonds of ethanol. (The original source of this energy was the Sun.)
3.6.3
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from new plant material.
3.7.1
(C)
A molecular formula, e.g. C6+142VKRZVWKHHOHPHQWVSUHVHQWDQGWKHUDWLRLQZKLFKWKH\RFFXU
3.7.2
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(A)
International Union of Pure and Applied Chemists.
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would ensure more heat went into raising the temperature of the water rather than the air or container. (A shield could
EHLQFOXGHGWRUHGXFHDLURZDQGWKHDVNFRXOGEHUHSODFHGZLWKDEHWWHUFRQGXFWRUHJPHWDOVRPRUHKHDWSDVVHV
into the water.) Alternative (B) would probably involve more heat loss to the environment. A PVC container (C) would
burn.
3.8.2
(C)
Although results are very low, this method can still be used to make valid comparisons of the relative molar heats of
combustion of different alkanols. The results are your observations and as such they are not wrong (B) or a failure (A).
<RXFDQQRWFRPPHQWRQWKHUHOLDELOLW\RIUHVXOWV'LI\RXRQO\KDYHRQHUHVXOW
3.8.3
(D)
The results are reliable because very similar results were obtained consistently using this method (A). They are indeed
inaccurate, but this does not make them unreliable (B). Validity refers to the experimental method or to the statement
about results.
3.8.4
(B)
2677/74 = 36 kJ/g. (A) = 34, (B) = 36, (C) = 23, (D) = 30, making (B) the highest.
3.9.1
(A)
Burning a chemical reaction involving combination with oxygen and the release of heat energy to the surroundings.
3.9.2
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There are 60.094 g of methanol in 1 mol and this produces 2016 kJ of energy when burnt.
JUDPZLOOSURGXFH RUN-
Science Press
291
3.9.3
(D)
Temperature rise in 100 mL water = 12.6C.
6RKHDWUHOHDVHG J NEthanol burnt = 1.33 g and molar mass of ethanol (C2+52+ J
JSURGXFHN-VRPROSURGXFHV N-
3.10.1
(D)
Information is considered reliable if a number of reputable, unbiased references provide consistent information.
3.10.2
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serve their own interests.
3.11.1
'
RPEXVWLRQRIHWKDQROGRHVSURGXFHJUHHQKRXVHJDVHVHJ&22EXWVRPH&22 is also used up during its production,

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3.11.2
(B)
(A) incorrect as there are disadvantages to the use of ethanol in cars. (C) ethanol is very expensive to produce as
GLVWLOODWLRQUHTXLUHVODUJHDPRXQWVRIHQHUJ\'HWKDQROLVDOUHDG\EHLQJXVHGDVDVXSSOHPHQWWRSHWURO
3.11.3
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molecules than ethanol, so intermolecular attraction is greater for octane.
Note: Covalent bonds do not affect boiling points.
3.12.1
(A)
Fermentation produces carbon dioxide that escapes into the atmosphere.

C6+1226DT
fermentation by yeast
2C2+52+O&22(g)
3.12.2
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glucose) or to the growth of the other organisms (which may not produce ethanol). Thus your results will not be valid.
3.12.3
'
0RODUPDVVRI&22 = 12.01 + 32.0 = 44.01

Loss of mass = 378.03 340.10 = 37.93 g
1RRIPROHV PROHV&22
3.12.4
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Distillation is expensive when large volumes are involved (A), but very small volumes are involved here. The mass
RIWKHPL[WXUHGRHVGHFUHDVH%EXWWKLVGRHVQRWFDXVHDQ\GLIFXOW\7KHHTXLSPHQWFDQEHVWHULOLVHG&XVLQJ
commercial substances or by boiling (as long as you cool to 37C before the yeast is added so as not to kill the yeast).
3.13.1
(D)
Water is needed to dissolve the glucose; a warm temperature is essential for the activity of enzymes in yeast that bring
about the fermentation; no oxygen is needed as the reaction is anaerobic.
3.13.2
(B)
Boiling the mixture (A) would kill the yeast cells (a living fungus); acid (C) would also kill the yeast; sealing with a
UXEEHUVWRSSHU'FRXOGFDXVHWKHDVNWRH[SORGHDV&22 gas is produced and the pressure builds up.
$QRWKHUPHWKRGXVKWKHDVNZLWKQLWURJHQRUFDUERQGLR[LGHJDV
3.13.3
(C)
Various, e.g. ethanol, water, sugar solution.
3.14.1
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RIWKHHQ]\PHVQHHGHGIRUWKHIHUPHQWDWLRQSURFHVV,WQHHGVWREHUHPRYHGDVLWLVSURGXFHGDQGWKLVLVGLIFXOWLQ
VFKRROODERUDWRULHV$OVRWKHHWKDQROERQGVZLWKZDWHUPDNLQJLWGLIFXOWWRVHSDUDWHRXWWKHHWKDQRO
3.14.2
(A)
No, enzymes are organic catalysts: they affect the rate of a chemical reaction without taking part in the reaction, so
they cannot be considered as reactants.
3.15.1
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reaction of fermentation to proceed.
4.1.1
(D)
(A), (B), and (C) together form a galvanic cell. There must be a complete electrical circuit.
4.1.2
(B)
This diagram shows a source of electricity producing the current (this is called an electrolytic cell). There is no source
of electricity in the other three diagrams. In these three a spontaneous reaction produces electricity, as measured by the
voltmeter.
4.1.3
(B)
A salt bridge is needed to balance the charge of ions in the two beakers. Ions move across the salt bridge completing
the circuit.
Science Press
292
4.2.1
(D)
Z is the best reducing agent (reductant), it is most likely to give up electrons and form ions, so it will most readily
UHGXFHDQRWKHUVXEVWDQFH2IWKHIRXUPHWDOVVWXGLHGWKLVPHWDOZRXOGKDYHWKHPRVWQHJDWLYH( value on the redox
table. (It will be the highest of the four on the table.)
4.2.2
(C)
Magnesium. (From values in the redox table.)
4.3.1
(D)
This is the only group in which all the metals are more active than tin. Thus they will all displace tin from solution.
4.3.2
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This shows that zinc metal has released electrons which have been accepted by the copper ions:
Zn(s) + Cu2+DT=Q2+DT&XV
4.3.3
(A)
Copper ions are removed from solution by the more active zinc. Relatively active zinc atoms give up their electrons
to the copper ions in copper sulfate. When zinc atoms give up electrons they become ions. When copper ions accept
electrons they become atoms, forming a lattice of solid metallic copper. So zinc ions take the place of the copper ions
forming zinc sulfate solution. Zn(s) + Cu2+DT=Q2+DT&XV
4.4.1
(D)
Magnesium is more active that silver, so magnesium metal will go into solution and displace the silver ions. Silver
metal will be deposited. The other alternatives have less active metals so they will not displace the metal ions from
solution.
4.4.2
(A)
Magnesium would react most vigorously with silver nitrate because there is a greater difference in activity between
magnesium and silver than between magnesium and any of the other metals. Thus magnesium will displace silver ions
more vigorously than any of the other ions.
4.4.3
(D)
Copper cannot displace sodium ions from the sodium chloride solution so copper is less active than sodium.
4.4.4
(C)
A metal will displace a less active metal from a solution in which it is placed. (Magnesium is more active than
copper.)
4.5.1
(B)
A rise in oxidation number indicates that oxidation has occurred the oxidation number has risen.
4.5.2
'
, URQLRQVKDYHDQR[LGDWLRQVWDWHRILQ)H2DQG)H624 and an oxidation state of +3 in Fe223, and FeCl3. Iron (as for
all uncombined elements) has an oxidation state of 0.
4.5.3
(B)
4.5.4
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(C) and from +2 to 0 (D).
4.6.1
(C)
Zinc is more active than copper so zinc releases electrons, we say the zinc is oxidised and oxidation takes place.
4.6.2
(D)
Statements (A), (B) and (C) are correct. At the same time reduction is occurring at the copper cathode.
4.7.1
(B)
Magnesium electrode
e-
Salt bridge
e
Copper electrode
MgSO4 solution
CuSO4 solution
4.7.2
(B)
Various, e.g. potassium nitrate.
4.7.3
(A)
Positive ions move towards the cathode (left to right in this diagram), negative ions move towards the anode (right to
left).
4.8.1
(A)
Electrons are released at the anode (oxidation occurs) and they travel through the wire to the cathode.
Science Press
293
4.8.2
(D)
The electrolyte is the solution in which the electrode is placed.
4.9.1
(D)
1 mol L1
4.9.2
(B)
Electrons are released in an oxidation reaction. Cu is the symbol for copper.
4.9.3
(C)
Cu2+DTH
U Cu(s)
+ 0.35 V
Ni(s)
U Ni2+DTH
+ 0.24 V
Cu2+DT1LVU Ni2+DT&XV
9
( = 0.59 volts
4.10.1
(A)
X is the cathode of the cell. Reduction occurs here. (The cathode is positively charged, so it attracts the electrons that
will cause the reduction.)
4.10.2
(A)
Their development meant that cars could be started much more easily and reliably they did not have to be cranked.
They improved the capability of people to move around and travel long distances.
4.10.3
&
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5.1.1
(C)
They are the same element so they have the same number of protons. In a neutral atom, the number of positive protons
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proton and (D) describes alpha radiation.
5.1.3
(B)
Alpha radiation consists of a stream of particles with a +2 charge and a mass of 4 relative to a proton. Each particle is
the same as a helium nucleus, consisting of 2 protons and 2 neutrons.
5.1.4
(D)
These elements have atomic numbers > 83. Atoms with a large nucleus tend to be unstable.
5.2.1
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5.2.2
(B)
No, these large elements are unstable and are synthesised in nuclear reactors and accelerators, usually by bombarding
atoms with neutrons.
5.3.1
(D)
Various, e.g. a nuclear reactor or accelerator (cyclotron, synchrotron).
5.3.2
(C)
1
0
5.3.3
(B)
This is the only set in which all the elements have a larger atomic number than uranium (92).
5.4.1
(C)
241
95
5.4.2
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5.4.3
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5.4.4
(A)
This is the only alternative in which the atomic number increases by 1 and the mass number stays the same. The
electrons of beta decay are released when a neutron disintegrates to form a proton and an electron.
5.4.5
(B)
4
2
5.5.1
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radiation.
5.5.2
(B)
Alpha and beta radiation will ionise the argon gas inside the tube, causing electrons to be released and thus pulses of
current.
5.5.3
(D)
The TLD or other device registers a high exposure; the person is removed from the area where radiation is present and
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5.6.1
&
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OHDYLQJRIWKHRULJLQDODPRXQWLQMHFWHG
5.6.2
&
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probably cause cancers. Used in industry, workers can be protected from radiation. It is useful in industry because the
gamma radiation produced can pass through metals.
5.6.3
$
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1
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destroying tissues and causing other cancers. It can only be used when the cancer can be targeted.
Am
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atomic number of 2 (2 protons) and a mass number of 4 (2 protons + 2 neutrons).
Science Press
294
5.7.1
'
7KHVKRUWKDOIOLIHDQGDELOLW\WREHH[FUHWHGPHDQVWKDWWKHLVRWRSHGRHVQRWVWD\LQWKHERG\IRUORQJ+DOIRILWKDV
GHFRPSRVHGZLWKLQKRXUVZRXOGEHGHFRPSRVHGLQKRXUV,IWKHLVRWRSHVWD\HGLQWKHERG\RUHPLWWHGKLJK
energy gamma rays it could cause further cancers in the targeted organs or surrounding tissues.
5.7.2
%
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5.7.3
(B)
The alpha particles ionise nitrogen and oxygen in the air in the smoke detector when no smoke is present. When
smoke is present, the smoke absorbs the alpha particles so the rate of ionisation decreases and the alarm is activated.
5.8.1
%
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7
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5.8.2
(D)
Advantage of nuclear power plant reduced carbon emissions and thus less greenhouse gases produced.
&RQFHUQVDERXWQXFOHDUSRZHUSODQWRSHUDWRUFDXVHGDFFLGHQWVRUWHUURULVWLQWHUYHQWLRQFRXOGOHDGWRDUHOHDVHRI
UDGLRDFWLYHLVRWRSHVZLWKYHU\ORQJKDOIOLYHVWKDWFRXOGFDXVHPRUHGDPDJHWRKXPDQVWKDQHYHQWKHJUHHQKRXVH
effect. Also, there is as yet no completely acceptable method for storing the large amounts of radioactive wastes
produced by nuclear power reactors.
Science Press
295
Notes
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Science Press
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Production of Materials Dotpoints

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HSC CHEMISTRY

Science Press 2008

All rights reserved. No part of this publication

The Acidic Environment

Chemical Monitoring and Management

Shipwrecks, Corrosion and Conservation

Questions and Summaries

The Acidic Environment

Chemical Monitoring and Management

Shipwrecks, Corrosion and Conservation

The Acidic Environment

Chemical Monitoring and Management

Shipwrecks, Corrosion and Conservation

Dot Point HSC Chemistry Multiple Choice

Dot Point HSC Chemistry Multiple Choice

Dot Point HSC Chemistry Multiple Choice

Dot Point HSC Chemistry Multiple Choice

Energy and raw materials

Ethylene (ethene) from petroleum.

Calculating molar heat of combustion.

3.10 Ethanol as a car fuel.

3.11 Ethanol as an alternative fuel.

Polymers, e.g. polyethylene.

3.13 Conditions for fermentation.

Industrial production of polyethylene.

3.14 Chemistry of fermentation.

Vinyl chloride and styrene as monomers.

Energy from redox reactions

Properties and uses of

Materials from biomass

Products of the petrochemical industry.

Displacement of metals from solution.

Development and use of a biopolymer.

Activity of metals and displacement.

Formation of condensation polymers.

Redox reactions in galvanic cells.

Construction of galvanic cells.

Components of galvanic cells.

Calculations using the redox table.

Ethanol use and manufacture

Modelling the dehydration

4.10 Chemistry and uses of batteries compared. 58

Stable and radioactive isotopes.

Recent discoveries of elements.

Production of transuranic elements.

Production of commercial radioisotopes.

Radioisotopes in industry and medicine.

Radioisotopes uses and properties.

Answers to Production of Materials

Dot Point HSC Chemistry Multiple Choice

Dot Point HSC Chemistry Multiple Choice

The Acidic Environment

3.11 Strong and weak acids ionisation.

Indicators colour changes.

 6WURQJDQGZHDNDFLGVFDOFXODWLQJS+ 

3.14 Acids as food additives.

Acidic, basic or neutral.

Acidity/basicity of household substances. 80

Using secondary sources.

Acidic oxides and the atmosphere

Development of ideas about acids and

Periodic Table and acidity of oxides.

Conjugate acids and bases.

Conjugate acid/base pairs.

6WURQJDQGZHDNDFLGVFDOFXODWLQJS+