ENERGY EFFICIENT TARGET TRACKING IN

WSN

Supervised By:
Dr.Sona Malhotra
Astt.prof.
UIET,KUK

Submitted By:
Rakhi Sharma
2513747
M.tech(CE)

Contents

Wireless Sensor Network

Location And Target Tracking In WSN
Dissertation Objective
Methodology Used
Proposed Method
Results And Analysis
Conclusion and Future Scope

Wireless Sensor Network

Wireless Sensor Network is a collection of wireless sensor node

that transactions data among themselves.

A WSN typically consists of a large number of low-cost, low

power, and multifunctional wireless sensor nodes, with sensing,
wireless communications and computation capabilities

The nodes have very limited resources such as memory,

computational power, communication range and most
importantly battery power.

Contd.

The main concern in wsn is that how location can be

accurately estimated with less given energy because
wsn nodes have limed battery life that can not be
irreplaceable.

In scenario forestcasting,surveillance syatem need

arises for wsn to perform energy efficiently.

Location And Target Tracking In WSN

Localization refers to the determination of the position,

relative or absolute, of a device node with an appropriate
accuracy.

Localization is relevant to the network main functions:

communication, cluster creation, network coverage,
geographical routing etc.

Contd.

In target tracking, the main goal is to trace the roaming paths

of moving objects in the area in which sensors are deployed.

Problem: there are no central control mechanisms in wsn and

the wireless communication is very limited.

In a tracking scenario, information obtained from nodes far

away from the region of activity is of little or no use.

Contd.

A way to save energy is to switch on only a

subset of the sensor nodes.

Various
possible
activation
strategies
include:
Naive activation
Randomized activation
Selective activation based on trajectory
prediction and
Duty-cycled activation.

Dissertation Objective

To study various localization mechanisms in WSNs, as

determining the location of each sensor is of critical
importance .

To estimate the location of nodes with less energy

consumption because wsn nodes have limed battery life.

Generation of actual Scenario for testing the node Localization

using Point In Triangulation method.

Methodology Used
OMNET++

OMNeT++ is an object-oriented modular discrete event

network simulation framework. It has a generic architecture,
so it can be (and has been) used in various problem domains:

modeling of wired and wireless communication networks

protocol modeling
modeling of queueing networks

Contd.

OMNeT++ itself is not a simulator, but rather provides

infrastructure and tools for writing simulations and the
simulator as well as user interfaces and tools are highly
portable.

OMNeT++ model consists of the following parts:

NED language topology description(s). These are files with
the .ned extension.
Message definitions, in files with .msg extension.
Simple module implementations and other C++ code, in .cc
files (or .cpp, on Windows)

Proposed Method
APIT
Approximate point in triangulation method considered
network of sensors in a 2D plane. A triangular network is
formed i.e. the sensors are placed in a triangular fashion.
Each sensor is aware of its physical location and that of its
neighboring sensors. All the sensors have a processor, a
memory and required hardware to support sensing,
information gathering and communication capabilities.

Algorithm Steps:

1.

Beacon Exchange: every single WSN node shows a packet

to be flooded across the web containing the packets location.

2.

PIT testing: In this test, a WSN node chooses three anchors

from all audible anchors and tests whether it is inside the
triangle formed by connecting these three anchors.

3.

APIT aggregation: ): APIT aggregate all of the triangles in

which a node resides to determine its estimated position.

4.

COG(center of gravity): Finally COG is calculated to find

out the exact location of node.

Results And Analysis

Simulation of 400 nodes is done in Tkenv. Tkenv is a GUI
tool for monitoring simulation flow, featuring animation of
message flow on network charts, visualizing node state
changes, viewing and manually changing state of simulation
objects etc.

Node Discovery in wsn:

Neighbor Discovery is a component of localization Mechanism
and it is done by broadcasting messages to neighbor nodes.

Network Collision in Deployed Nodes:

Reducing collisions is the main design of APIT method.

Overall system Throughput:

No of lost frames = 994.0 and No of Sent Frames = 13566, the
total system throughput is 92%.

Change in Total Energy of the System During

Simulation:
For 400 nodes with 1J of initial energy total of 400J was
available and after 40 rounds the energy drops to 230 which is
quite expected and is improved from previous works.

End to End Delay between nodes in seconds:

Total Average End to End Delay between nodes is around

0.065 seconds which is sufficient for deploying real world
sensor nodes.

Estimation Error with Respect to time compared

with Base paper (blue) and Proposed work APIT
scheme (red):

Conclusion
APIT Algorithm has accurately trace-back about 400 WSN
and dealt with collision in the nodes effectively.
The simulation results show that Hop by Hop PIT trace-back
mechanisms is feasible in WSN and can provide about 92.67%
of throughput with very less energy consumption.

Future Scope
In future, work can be done on Underwater Acoustic Sensor
Networks. Underwater acoustic sensor networks consist of
sensors and vehicles deployed underwater and networked via
acoustic links to perform collaborative monitoring tasks.
Future work can also include impact analysis of the studied
scheduling and retransmission techniques on different network
topologies such as underwater long linear arrays as well as
drafting a guideline for the optimal use of re-transmission and
TDMA, CSMA and delay-aware scheduling techniques under
different circumstances.

Thank You.