References

TA Defined
Putwain, D. W. (2008). Deconstructing test anxiety. Emotional & Behavioural
Difficulties, 13(2), 141-155. doi:10.1080/13632750802027713
Reber, A. S. (1995). (2nd ed.). Dictionary of Psychology. London, Penguin/Viking.
Snowman, J., & McCown, R. R. (2015). Theories of psychosocial and cognitive development:
formal operational stage (middle school, high school and beyond). Psychology applied to
teaching (14th ed.). (p. 44). Boston: Houghton Mifflin.
Steinmayr, R., Crede, J., McElvany, N., & Wirthwein, L. (2016). Subjective well-being, test
anxiety, academic achievement: Testing for reciprocal effects. Frontiers in Psychology, 113. doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2015.01994
Wang, Z.A., Hart, S.A., Kovas, Y., Lukowski, S., Soden, B., Thompson, L., Plomin, R.,
McLoughlin, G., Bartlett, C, Lyons, I, & Petrill, S. Who is afraid of math? Two sources of
genetic variance for mathematical anxiety. Journal of Child Psychology & Psychiatry.
55(9), 1056-1064.

Symptoms
Alam, M. M. (2013). A study of test anxiety, self-esteem and academic performance among
adolescents. IUP Journal Of Organizational Behavior, 12(4), 33-43.
Huberty, T. J. (2009, September). Performance and test anxiety. [Graphic]. Student Services.
12-16.
The Nemours Foundation. (2016). Test Anxiety. Retrieved from TeensHealth:
http://kidshealth.org/en/teens/test-anxiety.html#
OCarroll, P. J., & Fisher, P. (2013). Metacognitions, worry and attentional control in predicting

OSCE performance test anxiety. Medical Education, 47(6), 562-568.

doi:10.1111/medu.12125
Weems, C. F., Scott, B. G., Graham, R. A., Banks, D. M., Russell, J. D., Taylor, L. K., & ...
Marino, R. C. (2015). Fitting anxious emotion-focused intervention into the ecology of
schools: results from a test anxiety program evaluation. Prevention Science: The Official
Journal of the Society for Prevention Research, 16(2), 200-210. doi:10.1007/s11121-0140491-1

Effects
Eum, K., & Rice, K. G. (2011). Test anxiety, perfectionism, goal orientation, and academic
performance. Anxiety, Stress & Coping: An International Journal, 24(2), 167-178.
doi:10.1080/10615806.2010.488723
Logel, C. R., Walton, G. M., Spencer, S. J., Peach, J., & Mark, Z. P. (2012). Unleashing latent
ability: Implications of stereotype threat for college admissions. Educational
Psychologist, 47(1), 42-50.
Steinmayr, R., Crede, J., McElvany, N., & Wirthwein, L. (2016). Subjective well-being, test
anxiety, academic achievement: Testing for reciprocal effects. Frontiers in Psychology, 113. doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2015.01994

Groups Affected
Goetz, T., Preckel, F., Zeidner, M., & Schleyer, E. (2008). Big fish in big ponds: A multilevel
analysis of test anxiety and achievement in special gifted classes. Anxiety, Stress &
Coping, 21(2), 185-198. doi:10.1080/10615800701628827

Thames, A., Panos, S., Arentoft, A., Byrd, D., Hinkin, C., & Arbid, N. (2014). Mild test anxiety
influences neurocognitive performance among African Americans and European
Americans: Identifying interfering and facilitating sources. Cultural Diversity and Ethnic
Minority Psychology, 21(1), 105-113. doi:10.1037/a0037530
Zeidner, M. (1990). Does test anxiety bias scholastic aptitude test performance by gender and
sociocultural group? Journal of Personality Assessment, 55(1/2), 145.

Classroom-Based Responses to Test Anxiety

Blow, M. (2011, May 3). Conquering test anxiety. Retrieved from
http://www.scholastic.com/teachers/classroom-solutions/2011/05/state-assessmentsreducing-test-anxiety
Boatwright, J. & Solis, J. (2012, March 8). Tips and tricks for taking the test. Retrieved from
http://www.scholastic.com/teachers/classroom-solutions/2012/03/tips-and-tricks-takingtest
Chandler, J., Connell, G., Hicks, S. & Roudez, T. (n.d.). Teaching tip: Preparing for high-stake
testing. Retrieved from http://www.scholastic.com/teachers/article/teaching-tippreparing-high-stake-testing
Christ, Scott. (2013, December 17). Twenty surprising, science-backed health benefits of music.
USA Today. Retrieved from
http://www.usatoday.com/story/news/health/2013/12/17/health-benefits-music/4053401/
Dotinga, R. (2015, September 16). What drinking coffee at night does to your body clock.
Retrieved from http://www.cbsnews.com/news/what-drinking-coffee-at-night-does-toyour-body-clock/

Glanz, J. (1994). Effects of stress reduction strategies on reducing test-anxiety among learningdisabled students. Journal of Instructional Psychology, 21(4), 313.
Harris, H. L., & Coy, D. R. (2000, September 9). Helping students cope with test anxiety.
Retrieved from http://www.ericdigests.org/2005-2/anxiety.html
Mizerny, C. (2015, March 6). Tips to ease students test anxiety. Retrieved from
http://smartblogs.com/education/2015/03/06/tips-to-ease-students-test-anxiety/
TeachThought. (2013, May 01). Five basic tips to reduce student test anxiety. Retrieved from
http://www.teachthought.com/uncategorized/5-basic-tips-to-reduce-student-test-anxiety/
Witte, Brian. (2014, May 26). Five ways to reduce anxiety on test day. U.S. News & World
Report. Retrieved from http://www.usnews.com/education/blogs/collegeadmissionsplaybook/2014/05/26/5-ways-to-reduce-anxiety-on-test-day

School-Based Responses to Test Anxiety

Harris, H. L., & Coy, D. R. (2000, September 9). Helping students cope with test anxiety.
Retrieved from http://www.ericdigests.org/2005-2/anxiety.html
Crawley, S., Kendall, P., Benjamin, C., Brodman, D., Wei, C., Beidas, R., Mauro, C. (2013).
Brief cognitive behavioral therapy for anxious youth: Feasibility and initial outcomes.
Cognitive and Behavioral Practice, 20(2), 123-133. doi:10.1016/j.cbpra.2012.7.003
Ramirez, Eddie. (2009, March 20). Schools battle student stress with creative strategies. U.S.
News & World Report. Retrieved from
http://www.usnews.com/education/articles/2009/03/20/schools-battle-student-stress-withcreative-strategies

Tenenbaum, L. S. (2012). A school-based intervention for third grade students experiencing test
anxiety. Retrieved from ScholarWorks @ Georgia State University
http://scholarworks.gsu.edu/cps_diss/69/
Weems, C. F., Scott, B. G., Graham, R. A., Banks, D. M., Russell, J. D., Taylor, L. K., & ...
Marino, R. C. (2015). Fitting anxious emotion-focused intervention into the ecology of
schools: results from a test anxiety program evaluation. Prevention Science: The Official
Journal of the Society for Prevention Research, 16(2), 200-210. doi:10.1007/s11121-0140491-1
Witte, Brian. (2014, May 26). Five ways to reduce anxiety on test day. U.S. News & World
Report. Retrieved from http://www.usnews.com/education/blogs/collegeadmissionsplaybook/2014/05/26/5-ways-to-reduce-anxiety-on-test-day