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Introduction to

Ultrasonic Testing
SD 218
SLAMET WALUYO
PT. MULTI KHARISMA PERKASA
2007
Krautkramer NDT Ultrasonic

Straight beam probe


housing

socket

dampingblock

matchingelement

crystal

protecting face
(probe delay)

workpiece

Sound pulse
Krautkramer NDT Ultrasonic

Angle beam probe


damping blocks
housing
socket
perspex wedge
(probe delay)

workpiece

crystal

Sound pulse

Krautkramer NDT Ultrasonic

Sound field

N = near field length

near field

far field

= angle of divergence
acoustical axis (central beam)

Krautkramer NDT Ultrasonic

Flaw detection

Krautkramer NDT Ultrasonic

Flaw detection
10

Krautkramer NDT Ultrasonic

20

30

40

Flaw detection
10

20

30

40

Krautkramer NDT Ultrasonic

Bad flaw orientation

Krautkramer NDT Ultrasonic

Improper flaw location

crack

Krautkramer NDT Ultrasonic

Angle reflection
10

crack

Krautkramer NDT Ultrasonic

20

30

40

Angle reflection

Krautkramer NDT Ultrasonic

Vertical, near surface flaw

10

Krautkramer NDT Ultrasonic

20

30

40

Tandem technique (top)


a1
T

5 10

5 10

15

Krautkramer NDT Ultrasonic

15

Tandem technique (middle)


a2
T

5 10

15

5 10

15

Krautkramer NDT Ultrasonic

Tandem technique (bottom)


a3
T

5 10

15

5 10

15

Krautkramer NDT Ultrasonic

Improper flaw orientation

10

Krautkramer NDT Ultrasonic

20

30

40

Perfect flaw orientation

10

20

30

40

Krautkramer NDT Ultrasonic

Flaw detectability with improper flaw


orientation
reflected sound waves

5 10

15

sound beam
flat defect
Krautkramer NDT Ultrasonic

Flaw distance

Krautkramer NDT Ultrasonic

Principle of transit time measurement


finish signal
(echo)
transmitter
start signal
(pulse)
sound transit
path

Stopwatch
probe
transit time
measurement

work piece
Krautkramer NDT Ultrasonic

CRT / A-scan display

10

Krautkramer NDT Ultrasonic

Priciple, transmission pulse


transmitter

transmission
pulse

sound wave starts at crystal

work piece
probe
light point

10

Krautkramer NDT Ultrasonic

Priciple, sound wave in the workpiece


transmitter
sound wave

work piece
probe

10

Krautkramer NDT Ultrasonic

Priciple, sound pulse at the back wall


transmitter

work piece
probe

10

Krautkramer NDT Ultrasonic

Priciple, sound pulse at the coupling


surface
transmitter

work piece
probe

10

Krautkramer NDT Ultrasonic

Priciple, echo display and 2nd run


transmitter

work piece
probe
back wall
echo

10

Krautkramer NDT Ultrasonic

Probe delay

electrical
zero
(initial pulse)

mechanical
zero
(surface)

crystal
probe
protecting face

Krautkramer NDT Ultrasonic

10

Probe delay
electical
zero
(initial pulse)

probe

delay
(wedge)
sound wave

work piece

Krautkramer NDT Ultrasonic

10

mechanical
zero
(surface)

Flaw location and echo display


flaw

work piece
probe
back wall
echo
flaw
echo

10

Krautkramer NDT Ultrasonic

Flaw location and echo display


flaw
work piece
probe
back wall
echo
flaw
echo
0

10

Krautkramer NDT Ultrasonic

Flaw location and echo display


flaw
work piece
probe

flaw
echo

back wall
echo

10

Krautkramer NDT Ultrasonic

Flaw location and echo display


flaw

work piece
probe
back wall
echo
flaw echo
covered
by initial
pulse

10

Krautkramer NDT Ultrasonic

Flaw location and echo display


flaw

work piece
probe
back wall
echo:
without
with flaw
0

10

Krautkramer NDT Ultrasonic

Flaw location and echo display


flaw

work piece
probe

flaw echo
sequence

10

Krautkramer NDT Ultrasonic

Dead zone
dead zone

Krautkramer NDT Ultrasonic

10

Near surface detectability with angle


beam pobes

10

Krautkramer NDT Ultrasonic

20

TR-probe / dual crystal probe


transmitter
socket
acoustical
barrier

receiver
socket
damping blocks

crystal
delay

Krautkramer NDT Ultrasonic

Probe delay with


TR-probes

BE

IP

TR-probe

work piece

Krautkramer NDT Ultrasonic

10

Cross talk at
high gain

BE

IP

flaw
echo

cross talk
echo
0

TR-probe

Krautkramer NDT Ultrasonic

flaw

10

Range calibration

0
0

6
50

10

div.

100 mm
steel, L

Krautkramer NDT Ultrasonic

Calibration block 1 with angle beam


probes
5

15

10

70

10

60
45

Krautkramer NDT Ultrasonic

1st echo from circular section

10

15

100 mm

Krautkramer NDT Ultrasonic

10

Echo sequence from 100 mm radius

10

15

10

100 mm 200 mm 300 mm

Krautkramer NDT Ultrasonic

25 mm radius of calibration block 2


this wave will be
absorbed !

s 1 = 25 mm
s 2 = 100 mm
s 3 = 175 mm
etc.
Krautkramer NDT Ultrasonic

50 mm radius of calibration block 2

s 1 = 50 mm
s 2 = 125 mm
s 3 = 200 mm
etc.
Krautkramer NDT Ultrasonic

100 mm range calibration on K2

10

15

Krautkramer NDT Ultrasonic

10

100 mm
steel

Flaw location
s = sound path
k = scale factor
R = screen
reading

s = kR

0
15

10

s
work piece

reflector

Krautkramer NDT Ultrasonic

10

Flaw location with angle beam probes


projection
point

Sound entry point

"flaw triangle"

s
= probe angle
s = sound path
a = surface distance
d = depth

a = ssin
d = scos

Krautkramer NDT Ultrasonic

flaw location

Flaw location with angle beam probes

x
15

10

a = surface distance
a' = reduced surface distance
x = x-value = distance:
index point front edge of probe

a'

s
work piece

d
reflector

Krautkramer NDT Ultrasonic

Flaw location with an angle beam probe


on a plate
a
15

10

d = apparent depth
apparent flaw location

Krautkramer NDT Ultrasonic

Flaw location with an angle beam probe


on a plate
d' = apparent depth
d = real depth
T = work piece thickness

a = s sin
d = s cos
d = 2T - d

a
15

10

real flaw location

d'
apparent flaw location

Krautkramer NDT Ultrasonic

Large defects parallel to the scanning


surface

Krautkramer NDT Ultrasonic

Scanning the edge of the defect

Flaw echo drops to 50% of


its maximum value

Krautkramer NDT Ultrasonic

Flaw sizes and echo amplitudes

IP

BE

10

IP

BE

10

Krautkramer NDT Ultrasonic

IP

BE

10

Flaw distances and


echo amplitudes
IP

BE

IP

Krautkramer NDT Ultrasonic

10

BE

IP

10

R BE

10

Defect evaluation by comparison - 1

instrument gain: G = 34 dB

IP

BE
80 %

F
0

Krautkramer NDT Ultrasonic

10

Defect evaluation by comparison - 2

IP

0
instrument gain:

34 dB

Krautkramer NDT Ultrasonic

BE

10

Defect evaluation by comparison - 3

RE BE

IP

+ 8 dB

0
instrument gain:

42 dB

Krautkramer NDT Ultrasonic

10

Krautkramer NDT Ultrasonic

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