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Making of Pakistan

The creation of Pakistan on 14 th Aug. 1947 was the culmination of a


struggle that began in 1857 to overthrow British rule over the
subcontinent.
The British came to subcontinent in 17 th century for the purpose of trade
and merchandising.
Soon they displaced the Mughal Muslim rulers, who had been in the
power of 650 years.
Prior to Muslim rulers, the Hindus and British rulers the original tribes
and Dravidians, were ruling the region.
Many cultures and races have been involved in shaping the destiny of
this region.
Hence, its important to understand the history of the subcontinent in
order to appreciate how and how Pakistan was created.

Battle of 1857

Root War of Independence 1857

Preaching of Christianity
Lard Macuaulys education system
Sex was considered in civil law rather then in criminal law
The title of King after Bahadur Shah Zafar was abolished by
British.
Rules were dictated by British
Unemployment

Ancient Times

Ancient Time
The history of sub-continent started off way back to Stone
Age.
This was an age of hunting and gathering
Though there was some elementary agriculture.

Indus Valley Civilization


The Stone age is followed by Indus valley civilization (3000 to 3500
BC)
Thousands years ago the part of India was called the Indus Valley
civilization
The Indus River is the site of one of the earliest appearances of
civilization.
It contained two major civilization Mohenjo Daro and Harappa which
may date to 3500 BC.
This was the period of sophisticated agriculture, trade and commerce,
art and architecture, cities and buildings, religion and rites.
The Indus Valley civilization is also known as Harappan culture
because Harappa, which was discovered by accident, was the first
city to be excavated by archeologists.

Cotton is known to have been grown in India as early as 3,000


BC, but was almost certainly grown much earlier.
Ancient Indians are known to have worn brightly colored
clothes. The early Indus River culture is the least studied of
the five great river valley cultures

Urban Centers
The civilization encompassed about 2,000 towns and villages,
many of which were mathematically planned.
These are the world's first planned cities. The largest city was
Mohenjo-Daro. The people lived in baked mud brick houses
two and three stories high, and had sewage systems.
Each home had its own private drinking well and its own
private bathroom. Clay pipes led from the bathrooms to sewers
located under the streets.
Some scholars are convinced that Indus cities did not develop
slowly over time. This suggests whoever built these cities
seems to have developed the mathematics and technology in
some other place.

Indus Priest/King Statue

God and Goddess

Seals

Economy
The basis of the economy as the other river valley civilizations
was agriculture.
The Indus people used irrigation to water their fields. The main
crops were barley, wheat, and a variety of vegetables and fruits.
Animals, including the long-horned, humped bull, were
domesticated. Cotton appears to have been the principal plant
used for clothing. It was woven and dyed.
Wheel-made clay was made and decorated with animal and
geometric motifs. Illustration of fish on the seals suggest that
fishing was an important part of the economy.
The long-horned bull was a central image in the Indus culture
and interestingly remains important in subsequent Indian
iconography

Bronze Age culture


The Indus people were a bronze Age culture. Copper and
bronze were in use. They used bronze tools.
Some scholars believe that they may have acquired bronze
technology from the Sumerians.
They did not, however, develop iron technology. The Indus
people were also traders, trade was carried out through the sea.

The Dravidians

The Dravidians
This very civilization was followed by the Indus Valley
civilization.
It was said that this civilization was coexisted within the Indus
Valley civilization
They had high degree of culture, with a religion and
established Social Institutions.

The Aryans

The Aryans
The Aryans invaded subcontinent around 1500 BC. (Originally from
central Asia and entered from Subcontinent from the North-West.
Traveled from Sapta Sindhu or the Seven Rivers, in the area from Kabul
to Jumna Rivers.
Aryans continued their advance eastward, conquering a large part of the
Ganges Plain and later crossing the Vindiyas to enter the Deccan Plateau.
Aryans referred to conquering Dravidians and native tribe of Indus
civilization
They were farmers by nature
They worshiped natural phenomena
The religious rituals of Aryans were derived from Dravidians and later it
resulted in Hinduism

Hinduism
Polytheistic religion
They believe in cast and categories
That all cast are determine from birth not through ones
achievement in life.
At that time subcontinent was divided into different subpolitical units. (Many kingdom)
The largest Hindu kingdom was establish during the regime of
King Ashoka (250 B.C)
At the battle of Kalinga it was thought that Ashoka embrace
Buddhism.
Even at that time Hinduism wasnt dominant religion.
6th century Introduction of new religion Buddhism
This religion was contrary to Hinduism believes of cast system

Thought they established their own independent regions in


subcontinent but couldnt survive.

Evolution of Muslim society in


Subcontinent

The establishment of Muslim society in subcontinent was due to 3


elements.
Arab Traders:
Arab had trade and business relations with the inhabitants of subcontinents
Many Arab traders had their own resorts and properties in subcontinents
for the purpose of trade
After advent of Islam in 610 entire Arab converted to Islam
Arab traders also converted to Islam.
Its being said that, their humble behavior was one of the reason that why
people in subcontinent converted to Islam
The inhabitants of Malabar (Karalla), Kolaam (Traquor), Gujarat
(Kathiyawar) also converted to Islam
Along with trading the Arabs also preached about Islam

Newly converted professor T.W Arnold wrote in his book that,


Samari (The last King of Malabar) got inspired from the group
of Muslims on the visit to Sri Lanka
However the advent of Muslim society in Sindh was initiated
by Muhammad Bin Qasims invasion
1. Root cause of invading Sindh
- After the successful invasion of Iran during the Khilafat of
Hazrat Umer (R.A) the Arabs came across to the rulers of
Sindh.
- Until the condition of Arabs (In terms of trade) weren't
deteriorated the idea of attacking Sindh was not given serious
consideration.

The root cause of invading Sindh


The rule of Sindh Raja Dahir being famous for his cruelness.
In 703 the fire of invading Sindh reached to maximum when
the inhabitants of Sindh murdered the Governor of Makraan
and approached towards Sindh for shelter
In reaction of this very act, Hijaaj-bin-yousuf questioned of
sending back to the culprits, which was rejected from Raja
Dahir
This led to conflict among Arabs and Sindh administration

2. The plunder of Arabs by inhabitants of Sindh


In Sri Lanka, the Arab (traders) residents died. In condolence,
the King sent gifts to orphans, widows to Hijaaj Bin Yousuf
for Banomia Walid-Bin-Abdul Malik (Khalifa-e-Islam)
Near Thatha the entire travelers were looted by naval robbers.
Hijaaj Bin Yousuf questioned on this very act to Raja Dahir,
the reply given to Hijaaj Bin Yousuf was disappointed.
The planning of taking over Sindh was started from this
particular point
Hijaaj Bin Yousuf finally decided to take over Sindh through
the help of Muhammad Bin Qasim

Muhammad Bin Qasim (695-715) - The


Successor

Muhamamd Bin Qasim defeated Raja Dahir in battles of Debal


and Raward
As the large no of man died in battle so women burned
themselves according to the Hindu customs
Though he kept taking over the possession of areas such as
Barhama Abad, Ayloor (near Rohrdi), then Multan
The inhabitants of Multan fought for 2 months at last they lost
and the entire possession of Multan handed over to
Muhammad Bin Qasim
Thouhg he could have conquered more if the new Governor of
Banomiya weren't sent him to imprisonment

He ruled Sindh for about 3 years.


It was said that he gave religious rights to all peoples.
The civil security and religious rights were guaranteed, as he
said that your temples will be safe and secure as all others
religious groups.
It was said that his humble behavior was the reason locals
converted to Islam even though they were free to spent their
life according to their religion.

Sultan Mehmood Gaznawi (997 1930)


In his 33 years tenure he molest subcontinent 17 times with
immaculate success.
Defeated the rulers of Kangdra, Mithar, Thanseer, Kanooj and
Somnaat
In 1027 Punjab become the part of Mahmood Gaznavis state
and how Lahore became the centre of Islamic culture.

Pakistans fabricated history

History written in Pakistan had been dictated by the ruling


establishment
The nation could not hope to make any real progress, unless
distortion were removed.
We project our leaders actions out of proportion, in terms of
abandoning their black and white
Modern history is leading on the same path
Historians like Dr Ishtiaq Hussain Qureshi, S.M. Ikram and Moinul
Haq wrote history, as dictated by dictators
Some historians negated our ancient Indian and South Asian roots
and tried to establish our links with Central Asia or with the Middle
East

Gen Ayub in fact replaced the subject of history in school


curriculum with social studies and the history departments of
the universities in the country accordingly produced textbooks
which contained articles by pro-Establishment writers

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