DUCTILITY IMPROVEMENT OF CONCRETE STRUCTURAL MEMBERS BY USING LATERALLY CONFINED CONCRETE WITH HIGH STRENGTH HOOP REINFORCEMENT B. Muguruma (1) Presenting Author: H. Muguruna SUMMARY To verify the full possibility of curvature ductility improvement in con~ crete flexural member by the use of confined concrete, monotonous and repeated high-over loading tests were carried out on the post-tensioned prestressed concrete beams and the ordinary reinforced concrete columns with the high yield strength confining reinforcement. Test results were compared with those ob- tained from corresponding specimens confined by ordinary yield strength hoop reinforcement. From the monotonous loading tests, significant curvature duc- tility improvement were obtained in the beams and columns confined by the high yield strength hoop reinforcement. Also, very stable moment-curvature hyster- etic curves were observed in the repeated high-over loading tests. INTRODUCTION ‘The primary importance in the aseismic design of framed structure is to provide the curvature ductility sufficient to absorb the earthquake energy at the critical section of each constituent menber. There are several methods for increasing the curvature ductility in reinforced and prestressed concrete flexural menbers. The lateral confining of concrete seems to be one of most effective and most practical methods for this purpose, because the compressive deformation capability of concrete can be considerably improved by lateral confining. Past many experimental studies (Ref. 1-5) on laterally confined concrete had been carried out by using relatively low yield strength hoop reinforcenent of 4,000 kgf/cm? or less, and the yielding of confining reinforcement had taken place at an early stage of loading, for instance, when the axial strain of con- exete becomes 0.3 to 0.4%. The yielding of hoop reinforcenent generally re~ duces the improving efficiency of compressive deformation capability in concrete, because of the considerable decrease in lateral confining stiffness by yielding. The author enphasized fron the previous studies on the confined congrete with various strengths of hoop reinforcenent from 1,640 to 14,250 kgf/en? that the use of confining reinforcement having 8,000 ‘kgE/en? or more in yield strength 4s necessary for full improvenent of compressive deformation capability of con crete by elastic lateral confining. In this study, to verify the full possi- biliey of curvature ductility improvement in concrete flexural menber by the use of confined concrete, monotonous and repeated high-over loading tests vere carried out on the post-tensioned prestressed concrete beans and the ordinary reinforced concrete columns with the high yield strength confining reinforce- nent. Test results obtained were mainly discussed on the ability of curvature ductility improvement in comparison with those confined by ordinary yield strength hoop reinforcenent. (1) Professor of Reinforced and Prestressed Concrete Structures, Kyoto University, Kyoto, JAPAN 461‘COMPRESSION BEHAVIOR OF CONCRETE CONFINED BY HIGH YIELD STRENGTH HOOP REINFORCEMENT Prior to describe the beam and column test results, typical loading test results on the laterally confined concrete obtained from the author's previous studies (Ref. 6-9) are summarized briefly in this section. Testa were carried out on 28-615 x30 om concrete cylinders confined by etreular spiral reinforcenent and 36~19.4x19.4 x40 cm square colums by square one. As the confining hoop reinforcement, the steels having 1,640 to 14,250 kgf/en? in yield strength and having 5 to 9.2 mm in diameter were used. “The volunetric ratios of spiral reinforcenent varied from 0.4 to 3.13 2, which correspond to the pitches from 32 to 2.5 cn. The compressive strength of plain concrete was 300 kgf/cn’, excepting that it varied from 300 to 600 kef/en® in sone test series for obtaining the effect of concrete strength upon the confin~ ing efficiency. Typical stress-strain curves and corresponding confining stress for con- crete are shown in Fig. 1. The confining stress is calculated from the meas~ sured strain of spiral reinforcement by the formula oy =2Asfs/(s-D), where Ag denotes the sectional area of spiral reinforcement, fg the tensile stress in spiral reinforcenent, s the pitch of spiral reinforcement and D the diameter of cylinder specimen or width of square column specimen, respectively. It can be seen in Fig. 1 that the yielding of spiral hoops takes place at the concrete strain of 0.4%in case of the ordinary yield strength spiral reinforcement and after that the strain softening can be obviously observed. On the contrary, in the case of high yield strength spiral reinforcement linear increase in hoop strain is obtained with a little or without any decrease in compressive stress over remarkably large compressive strain in concrete. These facts well suggest that the lateral hoop reinforcement should confine the concrete without any release by yielding for purposing the full improvement of compressive deforma tion capability in concrete. = + comm seks (en among Sn ease (isn ua esa ren ene Se AG ose) i a 2 ai i a eB Fig. 1 Typical measured stress-strain curves and corresponding confining stress obtained from axial loading tests To evaluate quantitatively the compressive deformation capability improve~ went in concrete by lateral confining, the axial compressive strain at which the average stress in measured stress-strain curve becomes maximum was calcu 462lated. Such strain is defined as the available limit of compressive straia ia this study. The values obtained are shown in Fig. 2. From Fig. 2 it can be seen that the available limit of compressive strain obtained from the specimens with high yield spiral hoop reinforcement become more than 2 times those ob- tained from ordinary yield strength ones in the cylinder specinens and alnost 1.5 times in the square column specimens, when the amount of spiral hoop rein- forcement is sufficient. Especially, it is notable that the lateral confining by square spiral hoop reinforcement becomes significantly effective for improv- ing the compressive deformation capability in concrete when using the high yield strength steel. (Square Column Specimen) (Cylinder Specimen) exereaet 77 svenAOLE UORT OF CEHPRESSNE STRANGE IN weet Sapo = | See i Sor I sun. Atwromatventt Pat ‘enroncrnennt en Fig. 2. Available limit of compressive strain of concrete obtained from monotonous concentric loading tests As a reference, typical stress-strain curves under cyclic high-over axial loads obtained from the cylinder specimen with the high yield strength spiral hoop reinforcement is shown in Fig. 3 with comparative that with the ordinary sry” sTAANC) Fig. 3. Typical stress-strain curves for cylinder specimens under cyclic high intensity axial loadings 463yield strength one. The stable stress-strain hysteretic curves are observed in the former in comparison with those in the latter. Also, the stress-strain relationship of confined concrete with various yield strength of hoop reinforcement was idearized by the author basing on the measured stress-strain curves. Details are omitted in this report (see Ref. 9), IMPROVING THE CURVATURE DUCTILITY IN PRESTRESSED CONCRETE BEAMS BY HIGH YIELD STRENGTH LATERAL CONFINING REINFORCEMENT The prestressed concrete beam shows relatively smaller curvature ductility in comparison with the ordinary reinforced concrete one, and thus the improving of its' curvature ductility is necessary for successful use in the seismic area. To verify the possibility of flexural ductility improvement by the use of high yield strength lateral confining reinforcenent, monotonous loading tests were carried cut on three post-tensioned bonded beans laterally confined by high yield strength rectangular spiral reinforcement and corresponding three beans confined by ordinary yield strength one. The beans are 16x 21cmin rectangular cross sectional dimension with 14x19 om in confined concrete core dimension shown in Fig. 4. As the confining reinforcenent, @6 mm round bar with 11,740 kgf/on? in yield strength was used in the forner beam specimens and that of 3,600 kgE/cm? in the latter ones. Three different pitches of 2.5, 5.0 and 7.5 cm in confining reinforcement are prepared in corresponding to the volumetric ratio of 2.81, 1.40 and 0.94 %, respectively. The mix proportion of concrete was 1: 2.17: 2.65 by weight with the water cement ratio of 45%. The M0 ——— ri compressive strength of concrete at the age of tory tests (at 5 weeks) no tS come ny tas 356 Kgt/ent im average. After OTT) im casting the concrete, the bean vere qLUW I ¢ fA 5 et-cured until the test ages ae) QL the age of two weeks, the prestress- i tressing men in la. ing force of 19-6 tons in nominal, \_S Lat! Hoop Reorsent as tranoaiteed ia each beam by ¢ 21 tm straight prectreseing eteel tar Tig. 4 Schene of cast specimen and in the eccentricity of 3.5 cm. loading condition (unit : cm) In addition, two beans confined by 46 mm confining reinforcement of 2.5 em in pitch were prepared in the same manner for repeated high-over loading tests, where one is confined by high yield strength rectangular spiral reinforcement and remaining by ordinary yield strength one. The loading tests were carried out under the loading condition shown in Fig. 4, and compressive and tensile fiber strains at midspan section were meas- ured by the electric displacement transducer in the guage length of 50 em, from which the flexural curvature was calculated. Moment-curvature relations obtained from the monotonous loading tests are shown in Fig. 5 and Fig. 6, respectively. From these figures, it can be seen the the degree of ductility improvement becomes larger as the increase of volumetric ratio of lateral confining reinforcement. Especially, in case of the specimen with the confining reinforcement of high yield strength with the Pitch of 25 mm, (Specimen BH25M), excessively large post peak deformation was 464‘canine Cem) “ nate (ent Fig. 5 Measured and calculated Fig. 6 Measured and calculated monent- moment-curvature curves for curvature curves for beans with beams with the confining the confining reinforcenent of reinforcement of high yield ordinary yield strength strength observed without any obvious decrease of load carrying capacity. Such a con- siderably ductile curvature deformation seems to be owing to the improvement in compressive deformation capability of concrete by using the lateral rein— forcement of high yield strength. For the quantitative comparison of degree of curvature ductility improve~ ment, the curvature at which the compressive fiber strain of confined core concrete reaches at the available limit of strain in the stress-strain curve @escribed in previous section is indicated on the measured curves in Fig. 5 and Fig. 6 . In this study, such a curvature is naues as the available liait. In Table 1, the available limits of curvature obtained are summerized with the values at the yield load. Table 1 Available limit of curvature and ductility ratio |e 7 yeleaiculated) | # ve [> Tote Pita Pate | 9 en Te Te] rol [ime | ee | cae | leafs levnsu| 7s | t00 | ban, eure Hts! 20 fava 25 | © x0s0 | ose | oses | 2as | 260 lansou] 5 | 3060) Ose | ours eon lenzsm) 75 | 60 | 037 owe | Lis | rae 402% ot-aet sess As a reference, the moment-curvature relationships calculated by using the idearized stress-strain curve of confined concrete (Ref. 9) are plotted in Fig. 5 and Fig. 6 by broken lines with the indication of available limit of curva- ture. Good agreement are obtained between experimental and calculated results. Fig. 7 and Pig. 8 show the midspan deflection hysteretic curves obtained from repeated high-over loading tests on additional beans. Test results showed that even under the repeated high-over load, the deflection ductility can be considerably improved by using the closely spaced lateral confining reinforce- 465ment. Especially, it can be emphasized from the comparison between the hyster- etic curves in Fig. 7 and Fig. 8 that the improving of the flexural ductility becomes excessively large in case of the confining reinforcement of high yield strength, which provides the extremely stable hysteretic load-deflection char- acteristics in a plastic range without any decrease of load carrying capacity. Owecton at can em) “perecion at Bann tem l® Fig. 7. Load-deflection hysteretic curve on the beam with the confining reinforcement of high yield strength Load deflection hysteretic curve on the beam with the confining reinforcement of ordinary yield strength IMPROVING THE FLEXURAL DUCTILITY OF REINFORCED CONCRETE COLUMN BY HIGH YIELD STRENGTH LATERAL CONFINING REINFORCEMENT ‘The improving of ductility in colums is also quite important to secure the ductility of frame itself because the rupture of the colum inmediatly Leads to the collapse of total frame as a structure. From such consideration, the possibility of improving the flexural ductility of colums by using high yield strength spirals were also investigated in this study. The specimens used are 20x 20cm in full sectional dimension with the core of 18x18 em and are confined by 46 mm square spiral hoops with 11,240 kg£/en® and 3,165 kgf/en? in yield strength. The pitches were 3 cm and’6 cm, which correspond to the volunetric ratios of 1.68 % and 0.84 %, respectively. In Fig. 9, the schenatic figure of specimen is shown. The target compressive strength of concrete was 200 kgf/en®. The tests were carried out by means of applying the flexural load under the action of various magnitudes of constant axial load. Fig. 9 Scheme of column specimen and loading condition (Unit : em) 466 orale (em) Fig-10 Measured and calculated moment- curvature curves for colunns with various strength hoop reinforcementsee atte MRR e730; 29 y — Vr onarentem) Fig. 11 Measured and calculated moment-curvature hysteretic curves for columns with various yield strength hoop reinforcenent The typical moement-curva— sostasagien ture relationships as well as the typical hysteretic moment 70 Sees curvature curves obtained are wi vist semeee tour shown in Fig. 10 and Fig. 11.9 “=r Also the test results are plot— ted on the calculated moment- and the curvature-axial load interaction curves in Fig. 12. As can be seen in these figures, the rotational capacity of the tance column can be also significantly improved by using the high yield 4. nee strength hoop reinforcement even —Si'™eletenn” under considerably high axial oad. curmnlon Neentien canon) emetenm) Fig. 12 Calculated moment- and curvature- axial load interaction curves for columns specimens CONCLUSIONS From the test results, following conclusions can be derived. 1) Lateral confinement of concrete by high yield strength lateral reinforce- ment can remarkably enhance the compressive ductility of concrete subjected to uniaxial load in comparison with that by ordinary strength lateral rein~ forcement, Such confinement is also very effective for preventing the early fatigue failure of concrete under high intensity repeated load. 2) The flexural ductility of prestressed concrete beams, which is generally supposed to be undesirably small compared with ordinary reinforced concrete beams, can be considerably improved by using the confined concrete with high yield strength lateral reinforcement not only under monotonous load but also under repeated high-over load. 4673) 4) y 2) 3) 4) 5) 6) D 8) 9%) Also, in case of ordinary reinforced concrete column subjected to combined axial load and flexural moment the use of such confined concrete enables to increase significantly the curvature ductility. As the test results obtained in this study concern, it can be recommended that the steel having the yield strength more than 10,000 kgf/cm? is desir~ able to use as a lateral confining reinforcement for full improvement of flexural ductility in the prestressed concrete and the ordinary reinforced concrete flexural nembers. REFERENCES A. L. L. Baker & A. M. N. Amarakone, Inelastic Hyperstatic Frames Analysis, Proc. of the International Symposium on Flexural Mechanics of Reinforced Concrete, Miami, pp.85- 142, Nov. 1964 H. E. H. Roy &M. A. Sozen, Ductility of Concrete, Proc. of the International Symposium on Flexural Mechanics of Reinforced Concrete, Miami, pp.213~ 224, Nov. 1964 V, V. Bertero & C. Felippa, Discussion on the Paper by Roy and Sozen, Proc. of the International Symposium on Flexural Mechanics of Reinforced Concrete, Miami, pp.227~- 234, Nov. 1964 E. G. Burdette and H. K. 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