Species N 2 becomes extinct if the initial population of species N 2 is small and if the initial

population of species N 1 is large enough.

1
Also, the extinction of species N 2 may happen if u1 > ∧1−u1−a12 u2 <0 . Note that
a21
1 N1 K2 b21 N 1 d N2
u1 > ❑ > ❑ >1 ,thus <0. Ecologically speaking, this may mean that the
a21 ⇒ K 1 b21 K 1 ⇒ K 2 dt
competitive advantage of species N 1 is greater enough to drive the extinction of species N 2 .

Consider a 21<1:
¿ ¿ ¿ ¿
There are only two steady states: u1 =0 , u2 =0and u1 =1 ,u 2 =0 which are both unstable. Thus,
given this case, there are no locally stable steady states and the system is globally unstable.

U2

1
a12

U1
(0,0) (1,0) 1
unstable unstable a21

b21 K 1
This happens when K 2 is large, or when b 21 ¿ K 1 are small enough ¿ drive theratio to be less
K2
than 1. Ecologically speaking, this may happen when the carrying capacity of species N 1 is small
or the measure of competitive effect of species N1 on N2 is small, so that the population of
species N2 will increase without bound (and this is possible since N 2 has no limited carrying
capacity, as given). Notice that the population of species N 1 will eventually become extinct
(competitive exclusion) as the population of species N2 increases.