4. The system is a combined competition-symbiosis model.

It is a competition model since the growth

rate of each population is decreased to some level. However, there is no competitive exclusion; and
given a balanced population growth between the two species, both population will grow without
bound. This means that the system is globally unstable.

d N1 N1
[ ]
{ dt
d N2
dt
=r 1 N 1 1−

[
=r 2 N 2 1−
K 1 +b 12 N 2 , r , r , b , b , K , K > 0
N2
K 2 +b 21 N 1
1

]
2 12 21 1 2

Steady States:
d N 1¿ d N 2 ¿
= =0
dt dt
¿ ¿
 N 1 =0 , N 2 =0
¿ ¿
 N 1 =0 , N 2 =K 2
¿ ¿
 N 1 =K 1 , N 2 =0
¿ ¿ ¿ ¿ ¿ ¿
Note that N 1 =K 1+ b12 N 2 , N 2 =K 2 +b21 N 1 is not a realistic steady state since N 1 , N 2 <0

Stability Analysis:
2r 1 N 1 −r 1 N 12 b 12

Jacobian Matrix A=
[ r 1−

r 2−
K 1 +b12 N 2
2r 2 N 2
K 2 +b21 N 1
(K 1+ b12 N 2 )2
−r 2 N 22 b 21
(K 2+ b21 N 1 )
2 ]
r 1−λ 0
a. At N 1 =0 , N 2 =0 , | A−λI |=
¿ ¿
| r2 −λ ⇒ |
=0❑ λ1=0 , λ 2=r 1 >0(unstable )

r 1− λ 0
b. At N 1 =0 , N 2 =K 2 , | A−λI |=
¿ ¿
|
r 2−2 r 2 −r 2 b21−λ
=0
|
❑ λ 1=r 1 >0 , λ2 =−r 2 b21< 0 (unstable , saddle point )
⇒

d N1
¿ ¿ ∧d N 2
c. It follows that N 1 =K 1 , N 2 =0 is also a saddle point (unstable) since dt are of the same
dt
form.

Phase Plane Trajectories:

 For Area 1:
N1 N2
1− >0❑ K 1 +b12 N 2 > N 1 , 1− >0❑ K 2 +b21 N 1> N 2.
K 1 +b12 N 2 ⇒ K 2 +b21 N 1 ⇒

d N 1 0∧d N 2
Hence, > > 0.
dt dt
 For Area 2:
N1 N2
1− >0❑ K 1 +b12 N 2 > N 1 , 1− <0❑ K 2 +b21 N 1< N 2.
K 1 +b12 N 2 ⇒ K 2 +b21 N 1 ⇒

d N 1 0∧d N 2
Hence, > < 0.
dt dt

 For Area 3:
N1 N2
1− <0❑ K 1 +b12 N 2 < N 1 , 1− >0❑ K 2 +b21 N 1> N 2.
K 1 +b12 N 2 ⇒ K 2 +b21 N 1 ⇒

d N 1 0∧d N 2
Hence, < > 0.
dt dt

N2
N2 Area 2 1− =0
K 2 +b21 N 1

Area 1

N1
1− =0
K 1 +b12 N 2
K2
saddle point

Area 3
N1
(0,0) K1
unstable saddle point

In Area 1, both populations increase without bound, and this signifies symbiosis. In Area 2,
competition arises so that the larger population of species N 2 will decrease and drive its
population to the symbiotic level. In Area 3, competition arises so that the larger
population of species N1 will decrease and drive its population to the symbiotic level.
Hence, there is no sign of competitive exclusion (no extinction due to competition) and
both populations will co-exist. Also, the decrease in the populations is caused by their
respective carrying capacities.

In summary, the growth of one species is balanced by the growth of the other species
coupled with the effect of the carrying capacity to attain symbiosis.