-Key Issue #1-

Where did agriculture originate?

Identify the major crop and livestock hearths:

Identify the major crop and livestock hearths:

Crop Hearths

TIP, TIP, HURRAY!

(Sung to the tune of Let It Go!)

The crops grow in South America, Central America too,
They grow squash and pepper,
Cassava, lima bean,
Cotton, Maiize, potato, sweet taters too,
Now we move on to
Middle East Africa,
Dont let them in
they will see,
Yam, sorghum, and cowpea
African rice, and coffee, COFFEE,
Finger millet. Fertile Crescent
Barley, einkorn and emmer wheat,
Lentil, Oats, Rye, Bread (wheat)
Broad Bean, Olive,
Now we are almost done
With the song about where crops come from
But we still have eastern Asia-a-a
Theyve got rice, soybean, (Chinese) chestnut, and wal-a-alnut too
Now too southeast Asia, our song is almost through
Coconut!
Mango, Taro!
Pigeon pea, slender millet!
Now were done,
That was so much fun,

Livestock Hearths:

Commercial VS Subsistence
Developed Countries
Crops grown primarily to
sell off the farm
Small percentage of
working population in
country
Uses heavy machinery
Large farm sizes (compared
to the average)
Usually (but not always)
only crops or livestock is
cultivated, not both
Very large scale production

-Key Issue #1-

Where did agriculture originate?

To Wrap It All Up
Before the invention of agriculture, most humans were hunters and gatherers
Agriculture was invented in multiple hearths beginning approximately 10,000 years ago
Modern agriculture is divided between subsistence agriculture in developing countries and
commercial agriculture in developed countries. They differ according to the percentage of
farmers, use of machinery, and farm size

Key Issue 2

Why do people consume

different foods?

Words To Know:

Developed Countries

Eat more food per person

Food is shipped in from different
climates
Wheat is the principle grain consumed
in North America and Europe
Corn is the leading crop around the
world!

Developing Countries
Wheat is the principle grain
consumed in Central and
Southwest Asia (because its
easy to grow in the dry climate)
Rice is the principle grain
consumed in East, South, and
Southeast Asia (easiest to grow
in tropical climates)
*applies to developed countries
also* Other countries primarily
eat other crops, especially in
sub-Saharan Africa (ex: cassava,
sorghum, millet, plantains,
yams)

LEARN, LIVE,
AND LOVE
THESE TWO
MAPS
AND THE MAP
ON THE
SLIDE BEFORE
THIS ONE!
Top Map:
Protein By
Source
Bottom Map:
Protein From
Map

EXPLAIN THE GLOBAL

DISTRIBUTION OF
UNDERNOURISHMENT

The Factoids

To maintain a moderate level of physical activity an

average individual needs to consume at least 1,800 kcal
per day
Average consumption world wide is 2,800 kcal per day
People in developed countries are on average consuming
twice the recommended minimum (About 3,600 kcal per
day per person)
People in developing regions are on average consuming
2,600 kcal per day per person (still above the
recommended minimum [1,800 kcal]
Africa is on average consuming 2,400 kcal-since their
average is low its a sign that a large percent of the African
population isnt getting enough food

More Factoids

Countries are more likely to be too low in countries where people have to
spend a large amount of their income to get food
870 million people are undernourished in the world
99% of the worlds undernourished people live in developing countries
India has the larges number of under nourished people-225 million
China has 130 million undernourished people
of the sub-Saharan Africa population is undernourished
1/5 of the population in South Asia is undernourished
1/6 of the population in all developing countries are undernourished
The amount of undernourished people in the world is not growing, but its not
shrinking either
The percentage of the world population that is undernourished has decreased
though, because of population growth
China, Southeast Asia, Myanmar, Vietnam and East Asias amount of
undernourished is shrinking
South Asia and sub-Saharan Africas amount of undernourished is growing

Illustrates Factoid Slides

Income Spent on food

Compare &
Contrast

Undernourished (million people)

Key
Issue
2
Why do people consume different
foods?

To summarize:
Most food is consumed in the form of cereal grains
especially wheat, rice, and corn/maize
People in developed countries consume more total
calories and a higher percentage through animal
products
Most humans consume more than the recommended
minimum calories, but undernourishment is widespread
in Asia and
sub-Saharan Africa

Where is agriculture
distributed?

Important Information

How much will you

learn?

Vocabulary Words:
TranshumancePastureFallowSwiddenWet RiceSawahPaddy
Terracing
Winnowed
Threshed
Crop Rotation
Legumes

Identify the 11 major agricultural regions

Key:

!!!Study This Map!!!

Explain how Pastoral Nomadism works in the dry lands of developing countries

In the drylands of Southwest Asia, North Africa, Central Asia, and East Asia
A form of subsistence agriculture based on the herding of domesticated animals
Depend on animals rather than crops for survival
Many present-day nomads to grow crops for grain
They usually do not slaughter their animals
The size of a nomads herd is a measurement of power, status, and it provides
security
Some nomads trade their animal products for grain
Some plant in a fixed location and leave while others stay behind
Some plant in a flooded field and return a year later to harvest the food
Animals are chosen based on the climate the nomads are in
They get water through rainfall and following/finding lakes, rivers, or other bodies
of water
Pastoral Nomads have a strong sense of territory
Some nomads practice transhumance
Governments are destroying nomad land for crop land, and confining nomads too
certain areas
Pastoral nomadism is a victim of modern technology, they no longer play an
important role as message carriers ^

Sheep-slow moving
and affected by
climate change, need
lots of water,
selective about what
they eat

Each nomadic family,

to survive, needs
about 25-60 Goats or
10-25 Camels

Explain how shifting cultivation works in the tropics of developing regions

Practiced in much of the worlds Tropical climate which have high

temperatures and a lot of rain
Same as slash-and-burn agriculture
Farmers clear land to plant on by slashing vegetation and burning
the debris
Farmers grow crops on a cleared field for a few years until the
nutrients are low, and then leave the field to fallow
Crops Grown: rice (southeast Asia), corn and cassava/manioc (south
America), millet & sorghum (Africa), yams, sugarcane, plantain, and
vegetables (some places)
Steps:
Villagers clear designated area-cut trees, slash-and-burn, rain washes ashes
into soil providing nutrients to soil
Land is prepared using a hoe
(If fertilizer is used its Potash or potassium-its not usually used)
The land supports crops for a about three years
When that site is no longer fertile-the process is started over in a new site

Explain how Intensive Subsistence Farming works in the high

population concentrations of developing regions
of world uses S.F.
Farmers must work intensively to subsist on a parcel of land
Small farm sizes
Many Asian farmers own several fragmented farms-there
are way more farmers then large pieces of arable land so
farmers must grow enough food for their own survival and
very small pieces of land
No land is wasted!-Corners are irregular shaped, paths are
as narrow as possible, livestock rarely grazed on land that
could plant crops
Asia has wet rice and non wet rice S.F. farming

o Easily grown on flat land-if land is not flat it is

terraced
o Planting two plants and different seasons throughout
the year is called double cropping and is used for Wet
Rice farming-there is winter and spring rice
o Four Steps:
o
o

ces
o

 Some climates prevent wet rice from growing because of harsh

winters or not enough rain in the summer
Wheat is the most used other crops, Barley is the second most
used, Grains, legumes, millet, oats, corn, sorghum, and
soybeans are used also to consume
Cotton, flax, hemp, and tobacco are used to sell
Land is used the same as wet-rice farming, the only main
difference is what is grown
Crop Rotation can be used where wet rice is not grown
China: Organized several large, community farms but because
people werent working to provide for themselves they didnt
work as hard anymore and production went down, now small
legal titles to land are sold to individuals who struggle to farm
because water sources and other equipment was built for large
farms

$COMMERCIAL$
-FARMING-

A form of commercial agriculture found in developing countries

Planation: A large commercial farm in a developing country that
specializes in one crop or two
Located in the tropics and subtropics (Latin America, Africa, Asia)
Owned or operated by Europeans or North Americans
Workers imported in because plantation are in rural locations
Owners must provide food, housing, and social services for workers
More than one crop is planted and harvested annually if possible to
make use of workers that are there
Plantations were important in the South with Cotton in the Civil War
Grow crops for sale in developed countries
Plants like tobacco, cotton, and sugar-cane can only be planted once a
year so they are less likely to be grown now days
Grown: cotton, sugarcane, coffee, rubber, tobacco, cocoa, jute,
bananas, tea, coconuts, palm oil,

Key:
Latin America

Describe how Mixed Crop and Livestock Farming works

-Most common form of commercial agriculture in the United States west of the Appalachians and in
much of Europe from France to Russia
-integration of crops and livestock: most crops fed to animals not humans, livestock provide fertilizer for
crops, almost all land for growing crops, gets of pay from animal products, (beef, milk, eggs),
-In US pigs are bread and farms, cows are fattened on corn
-Both crops and livestock allows farmers to distribute workload: fields require attention in winter and
spring, crops require attention when they are planted in the spring, and harvested in the fall
-Livestock products can be sold all year round but crops cant
-Corn is the most planted crop in the US: higher yield per area then other crops, most corn is fed to pigs
and cattle, Corn Belt is from Ohio to the Dakotas (most important mixed crop and livestock area in the
US)
-Soybeans are the 2nd most important crop in the US: also mostly used in animal feed
-Soybean is widely used in US foods
-Crop Rotation: farm is divided into a number of fields, each filed is planted on a cycle, the same crop
isnt planted on the same field, like shifting cultivation but shifting cultivation depletes resources with in
a few years and then the field cant be used again
-Two field crop rotation: cereal planted in filed A, filed B left fallow, next year field B is planted, Field A is
left fallow
-Three field crop rotation: two fields are planted one with winter crop one with spring crop and the third
left fallow, they rotate
-Four field: Year one: root crop in Field A, cereal in Field B, rest crop that returns nutrients to the soil in
field C, cereal in Field D, Year Two: cereal for Field A, rest crop Field B, Cereal field C, root field D-this
rotating crops repeated for two more years before the cycle started over again (root/rest-cereal)
-Crop Rotation in general=more yield per year

Two Field Rotation:

Year OneField A: Cereal

Year TwoField A: Fallow

Year OneField B: Fallow

Year TwoField B: Cereal

Three Field Rotation: (Year Three: Filed A: Spring Cereal, Field B: Fallow, Field C: Winter Cereal)
Year OneYear TwoYear TwoYear OneYear TwoYear OneField B:
Field B:
Field C:
Field A:
Field A:
Field C:
Spring
Winter
Spring
Winter
Fallow
Fallow
Cereal
Cereal
Cereal
Cereal

4 Field Rotation: (Year 4: A-Rest, B-Cereal, C-Root, D-Cereal, Year 4: A-Cereal, B-Root, C-Cereal, D-Rest
Year OneField A:
Root
Crop

Year OneField B:
Cereal

Year OneField C:
Rest Crop

Year OneField D:
Cereal

Year TwoField A:
Cereal

Year TwoField B:
Rest
Crop

Year TwoField C:
Cereal

Year TwoField D:
Root
Crop

Describe how Dairy Farming and Commercial Gardening Work

Predominate in southeastern US
Long growing season, humid climate, accessible to large markets
Truck Farming=grow fruits and veg. that consumers in developed
countries demand (apples, asparagus, cherries, lettuce,
mushrooms, tomatoes), some of these are sold straight to
consumers fresh, most are processed, then canned, or frozen
Highly efficient, large scaled,
Willing to experiment with new seeds, fertilizers and other
inputs to increase efficiency
Hires migrate workers to labor costs are done
Farms tend to specialize in a few crops
Specialty farming=a form of farming where farmers grow crops
that have limited but increasing demand among consumers
(asparagus, peppers, strawberries), profitable alternative since
dairy farming is declining because of high operation costs and
low milk prices

Describe how dairy farming and commercial gardening work

Near large urban areas in north east US, southeast Canada, northwest Europe
Important in south and east Asia
India is the largest milk producer, US is second, China is 3rd, Pakistad is 4th
Dairy farming is spreading worldwide
Most important agriculture in developed countries in the first ring because of
transportation. It needs to be transported quickly because it spoils easily
The ring around a city where milk is produced is the milk shed
With new transportation Dairy farming can be farther away then before
Dairy farmers sell products to wholesalers and retailers, not consumers directly
Further the farm is from urban areas the smaller the % of output because the
transportation costs are higher less is transported
Countries specialize in certain milk products (New Zealand-only 5% capita
producer to liquid milk because they are far away from North America and
Europe, two wealthy urban areas
Challenges: Profit is low, expenses are high
Cows must be milked twice a day, every day, milking can be done by machines:
Labor Intensive
Feeding cows in the winter is expensive because crops arent growing nearby
(in the northeast US) hay or stored grain is purchased

Describe how grain and Mediterranean Farming work

Reaper-a machine that cuts grain standing in the field

Combine-reaping, threshing, cleaning
When planting wheat the workload can be distributed by planting winter and spring wheat
Commercial grain farms are usually located where its too dry for mixed crop and livestock; Three
Main Areas in the US:
1.

2.
3.

Winter Wheat belt in Kansas, Colorado, Oklahoma-planted in fall, strong root system, growth stops for
winter, wheat survives winter, insulated beneath snow blanket, ripe at the beginning of Summer
The Spring Wheat belt in the Dakotas, Montana, and southern Saskatchewan in Canada-toe severe of
winters, spring wheat is planted in spring and harvested in the late summer
Palouse region of Washington State- smallest of the 3, important source of legumes-80% of US Lentils
are grown in the region

In lands that border Mediterranean Sea; southern Europe, North Africa, Western Asia; and
California, middle Chile, southwest South Africa, southwest Australia
Landborders sea, west coasts, sea wind provide moisture and moderate temperature, hot and
dry summers, cool sea breezes provide relief, hilly land, mountains plunge into sea leaving flat land
by coast
Small income from animal products-some use transhumance (goats, sheep)
Horticulture-fruit, veg, flowers, tree crops: hilly landscape allows for variety
Olives and Grapes are most important!!!
Olives important in olive oil
of land is for cereal crops-wheat for pasta and bread
Seeds sown in fall, harvested early summer, crop rotation
Low percentage of cereal planting in Cali.
Cali=fruit and veg, a lot from here consumed in US, rapid growth of Cali. Urban areas is destroying
farm land and moving them to arid areas with not enough water

Describe how Livestock Ranching works

Ranching=commercial grazing of livestock over an extensive area
Semiarid/arid land
Developed and developing countries
In places where vegetation is scarce and hard to grow
Cattle Ranching in the US: Expanded in 1860s because of demand for beef
Farmers migrate cattle to Chicago where they are slaughtered-which is easier then shipping them there when they are
already dead
Cattle drive was from Texas to railhead
Declined in importance in 1880
Code Of West=rights ranchers had, graze on any open land, access to scarce water and grass
Early ranchers owned a lot of cattle and little land this changed when the US government sold the land ranchers were
feeding their cattle on to farmer to plant crops
Barbed wire was invented to keep the ranchers out because they kept trying to graze on the land even though it
wasnt theres
Most land is now for crops not for ranching
Ranching has a low income per area of land, lower operation costs then farming
Cattle are raised on ranches but are sent to fattening farms then to meat processors now instead of driving the cattle
to the butcher
Commercial Ranching In Other Places

Australia-ranches sheep since the 19th century

Ranching isnt in Europe except Spain and Portugal
South America: Argentina, southern Brazil, Uruguay-all ranch cattle and sheep
Argentina: industry grew rapidly because land for ranching was accessible to the ocean=transporting

China is the leading producer of meat (US 2nd, Brazil 3rd)

Develop Countries only produce 1/3 of meat production (2010)

Stages: 1-herding of animals on open ranges, 2-fixed farming by dividing open land into ranches, 3-new methods of breeding
and sources of water and feed as ranchers are replaced by crop farmers and forced to move to dryer land
Ranching is a part of the meat industry-not an activity on an isolated farm
^^^ This is how Ranching is different from Pastoral Nomadism

To Sum It Up
Agriculture can be divided into 11 major regions,
including 5 in developing regions and 6 in developed
regions
In developing regions, pastoral nomadism is prevalent
in the drylands, shifting cultivation in tropical forests,
and intensive subsistence in regions with high
population concentrations
In developed regions, mixed crop and livestock is the
most common form of agriculture. Dairy, commercial
gardening, grain, Mediterranean, and livestock
ranching are also important

Key Issue 4

All summarized in just 1 PHOTO!