Professional Documents
Culture Documents
CHAPTER II
INTRODUCTION
The theft of the electricity is the major concern of the transmission and
distribution losses in the supply of the electricity worldwide. Mainly the electricity
is being stolen via bypassing the energy meter therefore this wireless system is
utilizes to overcome this type of the theft of the electricity and is very beneficial
for the authorized agency to control its revenue loss as all of us know that the cost
of fuel is increasing day by day hence the intensity of stealing the electricity and
using it as a substitute is also increasing therefore it is needed much to design a
system that can detect the theft of the electricity.
OBJECTIVES
This system would provide a simple way to detect an electrical power theft
without any human interface. It would indicate exact zone and distribution line on
which unauthorized taping is done in real time. It would be time saving if
distribution company personnel take reading by this wireless technique.It would
provide a digital record in case of any judicial dispute. To maximize the profit
margin of power utility company
EXISTING METHODS
In the existing methods wireless communication system of energy meter
used with Zigbee, relay control and GPRS. The cryptographic method is used to
secure the communication channel and Zigbee for the transmission of data in a
serial process.
Bandim C.J. et al. proposed utilization of a central observer meter at
secondary terminals of distribution transformer. Vigilant energy metering system
(VEMS) is an advanced energy metering system that can fight against electricity
theft Nagi J. et al. proposed a novel approach of using geneticalgorithm- support
vector machines (GA-SVM) in detecting electricity theft. Modern detecting tools .
CHAPTER II
PROJECT DESCRIPTION
BLOCK DIAGRAM
In this project you start or stop the meter by a unique number sms via gsm
system. This PIN number is sent to microcontroller. Here the microcontroller is the
flash type re programmable microcontroller which we have already programmed
with PIN number. So the typed PIN number is compared with stored number if the
PIN number is valid the microcontroller activates the relay driver circuit. Relay
output is directly given to meter system. Now we can start the meter. This is for the
purpose of theft identification and prevention. The microcontroller is also
programmed to limit the power consumption to a certain limit for particular
periods of time. The microcontroller will switch off the lights and fans if the
consumption limit is exceeded for a particular time of the day.
CURRENT SENSOR:
The Wilson WCS2720 has precise solutions for AC or DC current sensing in
industrial, commercial, and communications systems. The device package allows
for easy implementation by the customer. Typical load detection and management,
switch mode power supplies, and over current fault protection. The device is not
intended for automotive applications. The device consists of a precise, low-offset,
linear Hall circuit with a copper conduction path located near the surface of the die.
Applied current flowing through this copper conduction path generates a magnetic
field which the close proximity of the magnetic signal to the Hall transducer. A
precise, proportional voltage is provided by the low-offset, chopper-stabilized
BiCMOS Hall IC, which is programmed for accuracy after packaging.
The output of the device has a positive slope (>VIOUT (Q)) when an
increasing current flows through the primary copper conduction path (from pins 1
and 2, to pins 3 and 4), which is the path used for current sampling. The internal
resistance of this conductive path is 1.2 m typical, providing low power loss
GSM
The diagram below shows the flow of the data via a GSM module. The first
embedded device is the microcontroller which sends the data to the module. The
module then via wireless link will send the data to the GSM receiver in mobile
phone. The mobile phone here acts as a second embedded device which reads the
data.
More and more applications emerged with the rapid development of wireless
data services, such as meter navigation, remote monitoring, wireless Internet
access, wireless POS, etc. Thus, more and more devices need to be able to do
wireless communication.
Description:
GSM/GPRS Modem-RS232 is built with Dual Band GSM/GPRS engineSIM900A, works on frequencies 900/ 1800 MHz. The Modem is coming with
RS232 interface, which allows you connect PC as well as microcontroller with
RS232 Chip(MAX232). The baud rate is configurable from 9600-115200 through
AT command. The GSM/GPRS Modem is having internal TCP/IP stack to enable
you to connect with internet via GPRS. It is suitable for SMS, Voice as well as
DATA transfer application in M2M interface.
The onboard Regulated Power supply allows you to connect wide range
unregulated power supply. Using this modem, you can make audio calls, SMS,
Read SMS, attend the incoming calls and internet act through simple AT
commands
This GSM Modem can accept any GSM network operator SIM card and act
just like a mobile phone with its own unique phone number. Advantage of using
this modem will be that you can use its RS232 port to communicate and develop
embedded applications. Applications like SMS Control, data transfer, remote
control and logging can be developed easily.
The modem can either be connected to PC serial port directly or to any
microcontroller through MAX232. It can be used to send and receive SMS or
make/receive voice calls. It can also be used in GPRS mode to connect to internet
and do many applications for data logging and control. In GPRS mode you can
also connect to any remote FTP server and upload files for data logging.
This
GSM
modem
is
highly
flexible
plug
and
play
quad
band SIM900A GSM modem for direct and easy integration to RS232
applications. Supports features like Voice, SMS, Data/Fax, GPRS and integrated
TCP/IP stack.
The SIM900 is a complete Quad-band GSM/GPRS solution in a SMT
module which can be embedded in the customer applications. Featuring an
industry-standard
interface,
the
SIM900
delivers
GSM/GPRS
With a tiny configuration of 24mm x 24mm x 3 mm, SIM900 can fit almost
all the space requirements in your M2M application, especially for slim and
compact demand of design. SIM900 is designed with a very powerful single-chip
processor integrating AMR926EJ-S core Quad - band GSM/GPRS module with a
size of 24mmx24mmx3mm SMT type suit for customer application An
embedded Powerful TCP/IP protocol stack Based upon mature and field-proven
platform, backed up by our support service, from definition to design and
production
Externally, it looks like a big package (0.94 inches x 0.94 inches x 0.12
inches) with L-shaped contacts on four sides so that they can be soldered both on
the side and at the bottom. Internally, the module is managed by an AMR926EJ-S
processor, which controls phone communication, data communication (through an
integrated TCP/IP stack), and (through an UART and a TTL serial interface) the
communication with the circuit interfaced with the cell phone itself.
.
In addition, the GSM900 device integrates an analog interface, an A/D
converter, an RTC, an SPI bus, an IC, and a PWM module. The radio section is
GSM phase 2/2+ compatible and is either class 4 (2 W) at 850/ 900 MHz or class
1
(1
W)
at
1800/1900MHz.
The TTL serial interface is in charge not only of communicating all the data
relative to the SMS already received and those that come in during TCP/IP sessions
in GPRS (the data-rate is determined by GPRS class 10: max. 85,6 kbps), but also
of receiving the circuit commands (in our case, coming from the PIC governing the
remote control) that can be either AT standard or AT-enhanced SIMCom. The
module is supplied with continuous energy (between 3.4 and 4.5 V) and absorbs a
maximum of 0.8 A during transmission.
Applications
SMS based Remote Control & Alerts
Security Applications
Sensor Monitoring
GPRS Mode Remote Data Logging
Inbuilt Powerful TCP/IP protocol stack for internet data transfer over GPRS.
More and more applications emerged with the rapid development of wireless
data services, such as meter navigation, remote monitoring, wireless Internet
access, wireless POS, etc. Thus, more and more devices need to be able to do
wireless communication.With this background, Sky microwave Corp. develops its
MOD 9001 BENQ GSM/GPRS Modem. Users of this product can add wireless
communication capability easily to their own products, and then, develop many
applications.
The MOD 9001 BENQ GSM/GPRS Modem mostly fits the need of data
transfer, with SMS data communication, GPRS data navigation, Circuit Switch /
Data Connectivity, TCP/IP protocol etc. Because the easy setting up in SCM
(Single Chip Micyoco), it is convenient for network data communication. The
MOD 9001 BENQ GSM/GPRS Modem with small size, which fits both embedded
application and external peripheral equipment.
The AT command set and RS232 interface will offer easy data connection
without any extra circuit control. Traditionally, the above applications use digital
cellular, CDPD or other wire-line modem to do communication, and these
technologies are of the disadvantages of high communication expense, limited
communication range, dial before communications, etc. When we begin to use
MOD 9001 BENQ GSM/GPRS Modem, all these problems disappeared
Power Measurement And Theft Detection
Aim of the Remote power monitoring is to measure the exact amount of
power that is consumed by the user at a given instant of time so the power
measurement unit is essential and is connected on the consumer side. The power is
measured by using the instrument transformers. Instrument transformers are used
for measurement and protective application, together with equipment such as
meters and relays. Their role in electrical systems is of primary importance as they
are a means of "stepping down" the current or voltage of a system to measurable
values, such as 5A or 1A in the case of a current transformers or 110V or 100V in
the case of a voltage transformer. This offers the advantage that measurement and
protective equipment can be standardized on a few values of current and voltage.
The types of instrument transformers available are
Voltage transformers
Current transformers.
VOLTAGE TRANSFORMERS
The voltage transformer is one in which "the secondary voltage is
substantially proportional to the primary voltage and differs in phase from it by an
angle which is approximately zero for an appropriate direction of the connections."
In an "ideal" transformer, the secondary voltage vector is exactly opposite and
equal to the primary voltage vector, when multiplied by the turns ratio.
In a "practical" transformer, errors are introduced because some current is
drawn for the magnetization of the core and because of drops in the primary and
secondary windings due to leakage reactance and winding resistance. One can thus
talk of a voltage error, which is the amount by which the voltage is less than the
applied primary voltage, and the phase error, which is the phase angle by which the
reversed secondary voltage vector is displaced from the primary voltage vector.
CURRENT TRANSFORMERS
A current transformer is defined as "as an instrument transformer in which
the secondary current is substantially proportional to the primary current (under
normal conditions of operation) and differs in phase from it by an angle which is
approximately zero for an appropriate direction of the connections."
This highlights the accuracy requirement of the current transformer but also
important is the isolating function, which means no matter what the system voltage
the secondary circuit need be insulated only for a low voltage. The current
transformer works on the principle of variable flux. In the "ideal" current
transformer, secondary current would be exactly equal (when multiplied by the
turns ratio) and opposite of the primary current. But, as in the voltage transformer,
some of the primary current or the primary ampere-turns are utilized for
magnetizing the core, thus leaving less than the actual primary ampere turns to be
"transformed" into the secondary ampere-turns.
C. Meter Readers
Utility meter readers typically suspect that electricity theft is taking place
when they find a broken meter tag or other signs of tampering. But as more utility
companies outsource the meter reading function to third parties, training meter
readers to detect theft is becoming more difficult and less efficient. In addition,
third party meter readers do not read disconnected meters.
POWER SUPPLY UNIT
In most of our electronic products or projects we need a power supply for
converting mains AC voltage to a regulated DC voltage. For making a power
supply designing of each and every component is essential. Here Im going to
discuss the designing of regulated 5V Power Supply.
Lets start with very basic things the choosing of components
Component List :
1. Step down transformer
2. Voltage regulator
3. Capacitors
4. Diodes
Voltage regulator :
As we require a 5V we need LM7805 Voltage Regulator IC.
7805 IC Rating :
Input voltage range 7V- 35V
Current rating Ic = 1A
Output voltage range VMax=5.2V ,VMin=4.8V
A bridge rectifier consists of four p-n junction diodes connected in the above
shown manner. In the positive half cycle of the supply the voltage induced across
the secondary of the electrical transformer i.e. VMN is positive. Therefore point E
is positive with respect to F. Hence, diodes D 3 and D2 are reversed biased and
diodes D1 and D4 are forward biased. The diode D3 and D2 will act as open
switches (practically there is some voltage drop) and diodes D1 andD4 will act as
closed switches and will start conducting. Hence a rectified waveform appears at
the output of the rectifier as shown in the first figure. When voltage induced in
secondary i.e. VMN is negative than D 3 and D2 are forward biased with the other
two reversed biased and a positive voltage appears at the input of the filter.
DC Filteration
The rectified voltage from the rectifier is a pulsating dc voltage having very high
ripple content. But this is not we want, we want a pure ripple free dc waveform.
Hence a filter is used. Different types of filters are used such as capacitor filter, LC
filter, Choke input filter, type filter. Figure below shows a capacitor filter
connected along the output of the rectifier and the resultant output waveform.
As
the
instantaneous voltage starts increasing the capacitor charges, it charges till the
waveform reaches its peak value. When the instantaneous value starts reducing the
capacitor starts discharging exponentially and slowly through the load (input of the
regulator in this case). Hence, an almost constant dc value having very less ripple
content is obtained.
Regulation
This is the last block in a regulated DC power supply. The output voltage or
current will change or fluctuate when there is change in the input from ac mains or
due to change in load current at the output of the regulated power supply or due to
other factors like temperature changes. This problem can be eliminated by using a
regulator. A regulator will maintain the output constant even when changes at the
input or any other changes occur.
Ideally
the
output
voltage
is
given
by
Regulated
power
supply
is
the
main
component
of
The circuit is made up of linear voltage regulator 7805 along with capacitors
and resistors with bridge rectifier made up from diodes. From giving an
unchanging voltage supply to building confident that output reaches uninterrupted
to the appliance, the diodes along with capacitors handle elevated efficient signal
conveyal.
As we have previously talked about that regulated power supply is a device
that mechanized on DC voltages and also it can uphold its output accurately at a
fixed voltage all the time although if there is a significant alteration in the DC
input voltage. ICs regulator is mainly used in the circuit to maintain the exact
voltage which is followed by the power supply.
A regulator is mainly employed with the capacitor connected in parallel to
the input terminal and the output terminal of the IC regulator. For the checking of
gigantic alterations in the input as well as in the output filter, capacitors are used.
While the bypass capacitors are used to check the small period spikes on the input
and output level. Bypass capacitors are mainly of small values that are used to
bypass the small period pulses straightly into the Earth. A circuit diagram having
regulator IC and all the above discussed components arrangement revealed in the
figure below.
To obtain a stable output of 5V, IC 7805 is attached with 6-0-6V along with
500mA step down transformer as well as with rectifier. To suppress the oscillation
which might generate in the regulator IC, C2 capacitor of 0.1 uF value is used.
When the power supply filter is far away from the regulated IC capacitor C2 is
used. Ripple rejection in the regulator is been improved by C4 capacitor(35uf) by
avoiding the ripple voltage to be amplified at the regulator output.
The output voltage is strengthen and deduction of the output voltage is done
capacitor C3(0.1uF). To avoid the chance of the input get shorted D5 diode is used
to save the regulator. If D5 is not presented in the circuit, the output capacitor can
leave its charge immediately during low impedance course inside the regulators.
ARDUINO MICROCONTROLLER
The Arduino microcontroller is an easy to use yet powerful single board
computer that has gained considerable traction in the hobby and professional
market. The Arduino is open-source, which means hardware is reasonably priced
and development software is free. This guide is for students in ME 2011, or
students anywhere who are confronting the Arduino for the first time. For
advanced Arduino users, prowl the web; there are lots of resources.
The Arduino project was started in Italy to develop low cost hardware for
interaction design. An overview is on the Wikipedia entry for Arduino. The
Arduino hardware comes in several flavors. In the United States, Sparkfun
of
chips,
specifically
The Arduino board exposes most of the microcontroller's I/O pins for use by
other circuits. The Diecimila, Duemilanove, and current Uno provide 14 digital I/O
pins, six of which can produce pulse-width modulated signals, and six analog inputs,
which can also be used as six digital I/O pins. These pins are on the top of the board,
via female 0.10-inch (2.5 mm) headers. Several plug-in application shields are also
commercially available.
The Arduino Nano, and Arduino-compatible Bare Bones Board [9] and Boarduino
boards may provide male header pins on the underside of the board that can plug
into solderless breadboards.
There are many Arduino-compatible and Arduino-derived boards. Some are
functionally equivalent to an Arduino and can be used interchangeably. Many enhance
the basic Arduino by adding output drivers, often for use in school-level education to
simplify the construction of buggies and small robots. Others are electrically
equivalent but change the form factor, sometimes retaining compatibility with shields,
sometimes not. Some variants use completely different processors, with varying levels
of compatibility.
Digital Pins
In addition to the specific functions listed below, the digital pins on an
Arduino board can be used for general purpose input and output via the pinMode(),
digitalRead(), and digitalWrite() commands. Each pin has an internal pull-up
resistor which can be turned on and off using digitalWrite() (w/ a value of HIGH or
LOW, respectively) when the pin is configured as an input. The maximum current
per pin is 40 mA.
Serial: 0 (RX) and 1 (TX).
Used to receive (RX) and transmit (TX) TTL serial data. On the Arduino
Diecimila, these pins are connected to the corresponding pins of the FTDI USB-toTTL Serial chip. On the Arduino BT, they are connected to the corresponding pins
of the WT11 Bluetooth module. On the Arduino Mini and LilyPad Arduino, they
are intended for use with an external TTL serial module (e.g. the Mini-USB
Adapter). External Interrupts: 2 and 3. These pins can be configured to trigger
an interrupt on a low value, a rising or falling edge, or a change in value. See the
attachInterrupt() function for details.
PWM: 3, 5, 6, 9, 10, and 11. Provide 8-bit PWM output with the analogWrite()
function. On boards with an ATmega8, PWM output is available only on pins 9,
10, and 11.
BT Reset: 7. (Arduino BT-only) Connected to the reset line of the bluetooth
module.
SPI: 10 (SS), 11 (MOSI), 12 (MISO), 13 (SCK). These pins support SPI
communication, which, although provided by the underlying hardware, is not
currently included in the Arduino language.
LED: 13. On the Diecimila and LilyPad, there is a built-in LED connected to
digital pin 13. When the pin is HIGH value, the LED is on, when the pin is LOW,
it's off.
Analog Pins
In addition to the specific functions listed below, the analog input pins
support 10-bit analog-to-digital conversion (ADC) using the analogRead()
function. Most of the analog inputs can also be used as digital pins: analog input 0
as digital pin 14 through analog input 5 as digital pin 19. Analog inputs 6 and 7
(present on the Mini and BT) cannot be used as digital pins.
I2C: 4 (SDA) and 5 (SCL). Support I2C (TWI) communication using the Wire
library .
Power Pins
VIN (sometimes labelled "9V"). The input voltage to the Arduino board when it's
using an external power source (as opposed to 5 volts from the USB connection or
other regulated power source). You can supply voltage through this pin, or, if
supplying voltage via the power jack, access it through this pin.
Note that different boards accept different input voltages ranges, please see
the documentation for your board. Also note that the LilyPad has no VIN pin and
accepts only a regulated input. 5V. The regulated power supply used to power the
microcontroller and other components on the board. This can come either from
VIN via an on-board regulator, or be supplied by USB or another regulated 5V
supply. 3V3. (Diecimila-only) A 3.3 volt supply generated by the on-board FTDI
chip. GND. Ground pins.
Other Pins
AREF. Reference voltage for the analog inputs. Used with analogReference().
Reset. (Diecimila-only) Bring this line LOW to reset the microcontroller.Typically
used to add a reset button to shields which block the one on the board.
DRIVER CIRCUIT
Relay:
A relay is an electrically operated switch. Many relays use an electromagnet
to operate a switching mechanism mechanically, but other operating principles are
also used. Relays are used where it is necessary to control a circuit by a low-power
signal (with complete electrical isolation between control and controlled circuits),
or where several circuits must be controlled by one signal. The first relays were
used in long distance telegraph circuits, repeating the signal coming in from one
circuit and re-transmitting it to another. Relays were used extensively in telephone
exchanges and early computers to perform logical operations.
A type of relay that can handle the high power required to directly control an
electric motor or other loads is called a contactor. Solid-state relays control power
circuits with no moving parts, instead using a semiconductor device to perform
crimped to the end of the solenoid, creating a small out-of-phase current which
increases the minimum pull on the armature during the AC cycle.[1]
A solid-state relay uses a thyristor or other solid-state switching device,
activated by the control signal, to switch the controlled load, instead of a solenoid.
An optocoupler (a light-emitting diode (LED) coupled with a photo transistor) can
be used to isolate control and controlled circuits.
Types of Relay:
Latching relay
Read relay
Mercury-wetted relay
Mercury relay
Polarized relay
Machine tool relay
Ratchet relay
Coaxial relay
Contactor
Solid state relay
Solid state contactor relay
Overload protection relay
Vacuum relay
Applications:
Electrical Symbol:
Applications:
1. Music recording:
Analog-to-digital converters are integral to current music reproduction technology.
People produce much music on computers using an analog recording and therefore
needed]
high-
with
several
manufacturers
such
as
EXAR,
Freescale
Semiconductor, Microchip, NXP and Silicon Labs. You can easily refine your
UART product search results by clicking your preferred UART brand from the list
of manufacturers below.
Applications for UARTs:
Universal Asynchronous Receiver / Transmitters are commonly included in
microcontrollers and are designed to be used for several applications. UARTs are
used for devices including GPS units, modems, wireless communication and
Bluetooth modules, amongst many other applications.
The MAX232 is an IC, first created in 1987 by Maxim Integrated Products,
that converts signals from an RS-232 serial port to signals suitable for use
in TTL compatible digital logic circuits. The MAX232 is a dual driver/receiver and
typically converts the RX, TX, CTS and RTS signals.
The drivers provide RS-232 voltage level outputs (approx. 7.5 V) from a
single + 5 V supply via on-chip charge pumps and external capacitors. This makes
it useful for implementing RS-232 in devices that otherwise do not need any
voltages outside the 0 V to + 5 V range, as power supplydesign does not need to be
made more complicated just for driving the RS-232 in this case.
The receivers reduce RS-232 inputs (which may be as high as 25 V), to
standard 5 V TTL levels. These receivers have a typical threshold of 1.3 V, and a
typical hysteresis of 0.5 V.
The MAX232(A) has two receivers (converts from RS-232 to TTL voltage
levels), and two drivers (converts from TTL logic to RS-232 voltage levels). This
means only two of the RS-232 signals can be converted in each direction.
Typically, a pair of a driver/receiver of the MAX232 is used for TX and RX
signals, and the second one for CTS and RTS signals.
There are not enough drivers/receivers in the MAX232 to also connect the
DTR, DSR, and DCD signals. Usually these signals can be omitted when e.g.
communicating with a PC's serial interface. If the DTE really requires these
signals, either a second MAX232 is needed, or some other IC from the MAX232
family can be used. Also, it is possible to directly wire DTR (DB9 pin #4) to DSR
(DB9 pin #6) without going through any circuitry. This gives automatic (brain
dead) DSR acknowledgment of an incoming DTR signal.
etc).Their programming is also same and they all have same 14 pins (0-13) or 16
pins (0 to 15). Eight (8) of them all are data pins that takes data from the external
unit and display it on the screen. One vcc takes 5 volts to turn on the LCD and
GND a ground and one is contrast (we use it to set the contract colour of
the alphabets (with respect to LCD) that appears on the LCD).
LCD (Liquid Crystal Display) screen is an electronic display module and
find a wide range of applications. A 16x2 LCD display is very basic module and is
very commonly used in various devices and circuits. These modules are preferred
over seven segments and other multi segment LEDs.
A 16x2 LCD means it can display 16 characters per line and there are 2 such
lines. In this LCD each character is displayed in 5x7 pixel matrix. This LCD has
two registers, namely, Command and Data.
The command register stores the command instructions given to the LCD. A
command is an instruction given to LCD to do a predefined task like initializing it,
clearing its screen, setting the cursor position, controlling display etc. The data
register stores the data to be displayed on the LCD. The data is the ASCII value of
the character to be displayed on the LCD. Click to learn more about internal
structure of a LCD.
PIN DIAGRAM:
Circuit diagram:
The renaming three are very important pins RS (register set), RW(read write), and
EN(enable
RS(register set):
signal).
i mean
some
characters
on
or
off
cursor
etc.
RW(read-write):
This pin most often remains 0 because when it is 0 it means we
are writing to LCD module writing anything data or command. When it is 1 it
means
we
are
reading
from
LCD.
EN-Enable:
This enable signal is very important. When it is 1 it provides an extra beem
to LCD to display the character that the data pins are caring. After displaying the
character it then comes back to normal state 0. Two extra pins on some LCD are
for background display one pin represents background display apply 5 volts
to turn on background display or 0 volts to turn off background display.
The data which we send to our LCD can be any alphabet (small or big), digit
or ASCII character.
We cannot send an integer,float,long,double type data to LCD because LCD
is designed to display a character only. The 8 data pins on LCD carries only
ASCII 8-bit code of the character to LCD. However we can convert our data
in character type array and send one by one our data to LCD. Data can be sent
using 8-bit 0r 4-bit mode. If 4-bit mode is used, two nibbles of data (First high four
bits and then low four bits with an E Clock pulse with each nibble) are sent to
complete a full eight-bit transfer.8-bit mode is best used when speed is required in
an application and at least ten I/O pins are available. 4-bit mode requires a
minimum of six bits. In 4-bit mode, only the top 4 data bits (DB4-7) are used.
LCD Commands:
The command 0x30 means we are setting 8-bit mode LCD having 1 line and
we are initializing it to be 5x7 character display. Now this 5x7 is something which
everyone should know what it stands for. Usually the characters are displayed on
LCD in 5x8 matrices form. Where 5 is total number of coulombs and is number of
rows. Thus the above 0x30 command initializes the LCD to display character in
5 coulombs and 7 rows the last row we usually leave for our cursor to move or
blink etc.
The command 0x38 means we are setting 8-bit mode LCD having two
lines and character shape between 5x7 matrixes.
The command 0x20 means we are setting 4-bit mode LCD having 1 line
and character shape between 5x7 matrixes.
The command 0x28 means we are setting 4-bit mode LCD having 2 lines
and character shape
between 5x7 matrixes.
The command 0x06 is entry mode it tells the LCD that we are going to
use you.
The command 0x08 display cursor off and display off but without
clearing DDRAM contents.
The command 0x0E displays cursor on and dispaly on.
The command 0x0c display on cursor off(displays cursor off but the text
will appear on LCD)
The command 0x0F dispaly on cursor blink (text will appear on screen
and cursor will blink).
The command 0x18 shift entire dispaly left (shift whole off the text on
the particular line to its left).
The command 0x1C shift entire dispaly right (shift whole off the text on
the particular line to its right).
The command 0x10 Moves cursor one step left or move cursor on step
ahead to left whenever new character is displayed on the screen.
The command 0x14 Moves cursor one step right or move cursor on step
ahead to right whenever new character is displayed on the screen.
The command 0x01 clear all the contents of the DDRAM and also clear
the LCD removes all the text from the screen.
The command 0x80 initialize the cursor to the first position means first
line first matrix (start point) now if we add 1 in 0x80+1=0x81 the cursor
moves to second matrix for example 16x1 LCD displays 16 characters
only the first will appear on 0x80 second 0x81 third 0x82 and so on until
last the 16 once on address 0xFF.
SOFTWARE DESCRIPTION
ARDUINO
testing.All in all, Arduino comes across as an extremely useful asset, providing the
essentials that Arduino developers need in order to streamline the testing process.
Arduino is an open-source computer hardware and software company,
project and user community that designs and manufacturesmicrocontroller-based
kits for building digital devices and interactive objects that can sense and control
objects in the physical world. The project is based on microcontroller board
designs, manufactured by several vendors, using various microcontrollers. These
systems provide sets of digital and analog I/O pins that can be interfaced to various
expansion boards ("shields") and other circuits.
The boards feature serial communications interfaces, including USB on
some models, for loading programs from personal computers. For programming
the microcontrollers, the Arduino project provides an integrated development
environment (IDE) based on the Processing project, which includes support for
the C and C++ programming languages.
The first Arduino was introduced in 2005, aiming to provide an inexpensive
and easy way for novices and professionals to create devices that interact with their
environment using sensors and actuators. Common examples of such devices
intended for beginner hobbyists include simple robots, thermostats, and motion
detectors. Arduino boards are available commercially in preassembled form, or
as do-it-yourself kits. The hardware design specifications are openly available,
allowing the Arduino boards to be manufactured by anyone.
environment for their microcontrollers, AVR Studio and the newer Atmel Studio.
The Arduino project provides the Arduino integrated development
environment (IDE), which is a cross-platform application written inJava. It
originated from the IDE for the Processing programming language project and
the Wiring project. It is designed to introduce programming to artists and other
newcomers unfamiliar with software development. It includes a code editor with
features such assyntax highlighting, brace matching, and automatic indentation,
and provides simple one-click mechanism for compiling and loading programs to
an Arduino board. A program written with the IDE for Arduino is called a "sketch".
The Arduino IDE supports the C and C++ programming languages using
special rules of code organization. The Arduino IDE supplies a software
library called "Wiring" from the Wiring project, which provides many common
input and output procedures. A typical Arduino C/C++ sketch consists of two
functions that are compiled and linked with a program stub main () into an
executable cyclic program:
setup(): a function that runs once at the start of a program and that can
initialize settings.
the IDE distribution, the Arduino IDE employs the programavrdude to convert the
executable code into a text file in hexadecimal coding that is loaded into the
Arduino board by a loader program in the board's firmware
First,
the Arduino
environment
performs
some
small
transformations to make sure that the code is correct C or C++ (two common
programming languages). It then gets passed to a compiler (avr-gcc), which turns
the human readable code into machine readable instructions (or object files). Then,
your code gets combined with (linked against), the standard Arduino libraries that
provide basic functions like digitalWrite() or Serial.print().
The result is a single Intel hex file, which contains the specific bytes that
need to be written to the program memory of the chip on the Arduino board. This
file is then uploaded to the board: transmitted over the USB or serial connection
via the bootloader already on the chip or with external programming hardware.
Multi-file sketches
A sketch can contain multiple files (tabs). To manage them, click on the
right-facing arrow just above the scroll bar near the top of the environment. Tabs
have one of four extensions: no extension, .c, .cpp, or .h (if you provide any other
extension, the period will be converted to an underscore). When your sketch is
compiled, all tabs with no extension are concatenated together to form the "main
sketch file". Tabs with .c or .cpp extensions are compiled separately. To use tabs
with a .h extension, you need to #include it (using "double quotes" not <angle
brackets.
and
the
avr
include
directory
The .c and .cpp files of the target are compiled and output with .o extensions
to this directory, as is the main sketch file and any other .c or .cpp files in the
sketch and any .c or .cpp files in any libraries which are #included in the sketch.
These .o files are then linked together into a static library and the main sketch file
is linked against this library. Only the parts of the library needed for your sketch
are included in the final .hex file, reducing the size of most sketches.
The .hex file is the final output of the compilation which is then uploaded to
the board. During a "Verify" the .hex file is written to /tmp (on Mac and Linux)
or \Documents and Settings\<USER>\Local Settings\Temp (on Windows). During
upload, it's written to the applet sub-directory of the sketch directory (which you
can open with the "Show Sketch Folder" item in the Sketch menu).
Upload process
Sketches are uploaded by avrdude. The upload process is also controlled by
variables in the boards and main preferences files. Those in the boards file include:
<BOARD>.upload. Protocol: the protocol that avrdude should use to talk to the
board (typically "stk500").
<BOARD>.upload. Speed: the speed (baud rate) avrdude should use when
uploading sketches (typically "19200").
<BOARD>.upload.maximum_size: the maximum size for a sketch on the board
(dependent on the chip and the size of the boot loader).
CONCLUSION
This paper defines electricity theft in social, economical, regional, political,
infrastructural, literacy, criminal and corruption points of view. This paper
illustrates various cases, issues and setbacks in the design, development,
deployment, operation, and maintenance of electricity theft controlling devices. In
addition, various factors that influence people to steal electricity are discussed.
This paper illustrates the effect of NTL on quality of supply, burden on the
generating station and tariff imposed on genuine customer.
The progress in technology about electrical distribution network is a nonstop process. New things and new technology are being invented. The proposed
system found to be little bit complex as far as distribution network is concerned,
but its an automated system of theft detection. It saves time as well as help to
maximize profit margin for utility company working in electrical distribution
network. Utility company can keep a constant eye on its costumer.
The project model reduces the manual manipulation work and theft .Use of
GSM in our system provides the numerous advantages of wireless network
systems. The government saves money by the control of theft in energy meter and
also more beneficial for customer side and the government side. The metering IC
ensures the accurate and reliable measurement of power consumed. Cost wise low
when compared to other energy meter without automatic meter reading and theft
control. The project better suits for displaying information in long distances, and
the information can be send, alter any time according to user requirement.
REFERENCES
[1] Muhammad Ali Mazidi and Janice Gillespe, The 8051 Microcontroller and
Embedded Systems, I/O Programming, Printice Hall
[2] Kenneth J. Ayala, The 8051 Microcontroller: Architecture, Programming, and
Applications, 8051 Architecture, Penram International Publications, 1997
[3] Rangan C S, Sharma G R, Mani V S V, Instrumentation Devices and Systems,
Instrumentation Amplifiers and Signal Conditioning, Tata-McGraw-Hill Ltd
[4]http://www.picotech.com/experiments/calculating_heart_rate/
[5]http://www.mytutorialcafe.com/Microcontroller%20Project%20Thesis%20RTC
%204051.htm
[6]http://www.bioenabletech.com/gsm_gprs_gps_mobile_m2m_india.htm