PAPER 1 (Multiple Choice)

1.

What is the role of ligaments in the elbow joint?

A.

Attach biceps to radius

B.

Reduce friction between humerus, ulna and radius

C.

Hold humerus, ulna and radius in proper alignment

D.

Secrete synovial fluid

(Total 1 mark)

2.

When an impulse arrives at a synapse which way do calcium ions move?

A.

Into the synaptic knob from the synaptic cleft

B.

Into the post synaptic nerve cell from the synaptic cleft

C.

Out from the synaptic knob into the synaptic cleft

D.

Out from the post synaptic nerve cell into the synaptic cleft
(Total 1 mark)

PAPER 2 (Dont forget the boxes around the answer spaces. Dont overflow!)
3.

(a)

Outline synaptic transmission at the neuromuscular junction of skeletal muscles.

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(3)

(b)

Explain how actin and myosin cause muscle contraction.

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(3)
(Total 6 marks)

4.

(a)

Identify the labelled parts in the following diagram of two neurons.

X
X

I ..........................

X
X

X
I I ..........................

(2)

(b)

Explain the roles of calcium ions in the following activities:

(i)

in the transmission of nerve impulses;

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(2)

(ii)

in skeletal muscle contraction.

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(2)
(Total 6 marks)

5.

The human skeleton consists of many bones, connected by joints.

(a)

When the skeleton is studied, it is often sub-divided into two parts. State the names of
the two parts.
1. ........................................................

2. ...........................................................
(1)

(b)

Elongated bones in the arms and legs are called long bones. Explain how the structure of
a long bone gives it strength.
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(3)

(c)

The structure of joints can permit or prevent movements at a joint. Describe the
movements that can occur at the hip joint.
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(2)
(Total 6 marks)

6.

(a)

Distinguish between the functions of ligaments and tendons.

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(1)

(b)

Discuss the use of performance enhancing drugs in sport.

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(3)
(Total 4 marks)

7.

In the knee-jerk reflex, the stimulus is received by a receptor which passes an impulse to the
sensory neuron. The effector is the muscle in the leg.
(a)

Draw and label the structure of a sensory neuron.

(2)

(b)

Describe the movements at the knee joint during the knee-jerk reflex.
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(2)
(Total 4 marks)

DATA ANALYSIS (PAPER 2)

8.

Physiologists measured the amount of glycogen stored in the muscle tissues of six athletes
during a training period. The athletes ran 16 km each day for three consecutive days. The
glycogen levels were measured before (pre-) and after (post-) each run. The athletes were
allowed to rest for five days and the muscle glycogen levels were measured again. The data are
shown in the scattergram below. Each athlete is shown by a different symbol (eg is athlete A).
2 .5
2 .0
G ly c o g e n in m u s c le /
g p e r 1 0 0 g o f m u s c le

1 .5
1 .0
0 .5

p re

16 km
1st day

p o st

p re

p o st
16 km
2nd day

p re

16 km
3 rd d a y

post

5 days
la te r

[Source: W D McArdle, et al., (1987), Physiologie de lactivit Physique. Energie, Nutrition et Performance , Vigot, Pages 5152]

(a)

State the effect of running on the muscle glycogen levels.

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(1)

(b)

Describe the effect of the training programme on the levels of muscle glycogen.
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(2)
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Glycogen is a stored form of carbohydrate. For each athlete approximately 50% of their diet
was carbohydrate.
(c)

Outline the importance of carbohydrate supplies in muscle tissue during running.

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(2)

(d)

Discuss the implications of this information for long distance runners training for a sports
event.
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(3)
(Total 8 marks)

PARTS OF ESSAY QUESTIONS (PAPER 2)

9.

Describe the roles of structures at the elbow joint, including nerves, muscles and bones, in
movements of the human forearm.
(Total 8 marks)

10.

Explain how a muscle fibre contracts, following depolarization of its plasma membrane.
(Total 6 marks)

11.

Describe the roles of nerves, muscles and bones in producing movement.

(Total 6 marks)

12.

Draw a labelled diagram of the human elbow joint.

(Total 4 marks)
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