like typewriter, is translated into a series of binary numbers the CPU can

manipulate. The mouse is another widely used mechanical input device. To

move the cursor on the display screen, the user moves the mouse, selects op
erations and activates commands on the screen by pressing buttons on the top
of the mouse.
The power of computers greatly depends on the characteristics of memorystorage devices. Most digital computers store data both internally, in what is
called main memory, and externally, on auxiliary storage units. As a computer
processes data and instructions, it temporarily stores information internally on
special memory microchips. Auxiliary storage units supplement the main mem
ory when programmes are too large and they also offer a more reliable method
for storing data. There exist different kinds of auxiliary storage devices, remov
able magnetic disks being the most widely used. They can store up to 100 mega
bytes of data on one disk, a byte being known as the basic unit of data storage.
Output devices let the user see the results of the computer's data process
ing. Being the most commonly used output device, the monitor accepts video
signals from a computer and shows different kinds of information such as
texts, formulas and graphics on its screen. With the help of various printers
information stored in one of the computer's memory systems can be easily
printed on paper in a desired number of copies.
Programmes, also called software, are detailed sequences of instructions
that direct the computer hardware to perform useful operations. Due to a
computer's operating system hardware and software systems can work simul
taneously. An operating system consists of a number of programmes coordi
nating operations, translating the data from different input and output devic
es, regulating data storage in memory, transferring tasks to different processors,
and providing functions that help programmers to write software. In large
corporations software is often written by groups of experienced programmers,
each person focusing on a specific aspect of the total project. For this reason,
scientific and industrial software sometimes costs much more than do the
computers on which the programmes run.

1.
(Active Form)
( to ask - )
^ ^ \ ^

Continuous
(to be asking)

Present

ask
asks (he, she, it)

Past

asked

Future

shall (I, we) ]

will
J

am 1
is
I asking
are J
w a s

a s k

Perfect
(to have asked)
have
1
has
[ asked
(he, she, it) J

) asking
were J

had asked

shall \ .
..
b e a s k , n g
will )

sha11

) have asked
will J

(Passive Form)
to be + Participle II
( )
^ ^ \ ^

6) ,
:

1. The result obtained by the computer programmes greatly depends on

the speed of the digital computer but not on the accuracy of the data
used in the programme.
2. Hardware is nothing but different devices such as printer, CPU, etc.
3. The main element of any digital computer is known to be a microchip4. Due to digitization process any computer represents letters, numbers,
graphics, pictures and musical notes.

Present

302

Simple
(to ask)

^^\_^

^ \ ^
am
is
are

Simple
(to be asked)

Continuous

1
[ asked
J

am ~|
is > being asked
are J

Past

were J> asked

Future

shall (I, we)~l be

will
J asked

Perfect
(to have been asked)

n a s

| been asked

w a s

I being asked had been asked

were/

... j> have been asked

303

 2. I

I

-ing. :
read + -ing = reading
I
- . :

I :
1)
(.. ), (.. ).
, ,
. :
reading

Everybody listened to the reading stu- dent.

.
Everybody listened to the student read- ,
ing the newspaper.
.
2)
.
. :
Reading the new text the student made
mistakes.

, .

3) . to be
. :
,
i
The student is reading a newspaper now. . '<

3. II
II - ,

-ed, .
, -ed . : ,
produce + ed -> produced
write -> written
304

!
i

II
-, -, -. :
produced - ,
written -
II :
1)
(.. ), (.. ),
.
:
Customers can get information of all the produced goods in the cata
logue.
.
The goods produced by the company , are in great demand.
,
.
2) (Passive Voice).
:
The goods were produced in China. .
3) Perfect. :
The company has developed a new model of equipment.
.
4. II
( )
II, ,
.
. :
The economist studied the relation
between the price and the quanti
ty supplied.
(
).
II II
, ,
(. 3).
305

, II
.
1. The decisions made did not result in more output.
2. The programme adopted was the result of the economists' work.
3. The firm closed down last month had been established before Wbrld W&r II.
4. The food prices limited by the government were to enable all people to
buy enough food.
5. The ceiling prices imposed led to excess demand of the goods.
5. ( )
, .. ,
, - (. ).
Active

Present
Participle I
Past

Participle II
Perfect

producing

having produced

Passive

being produced

/
produced

having been produced

/

:
1. Serving as a means of exchange,
money is essential in economy.
2. Having introduced new technolo
gy, the enterprise increased out
put.
3. The commodities produced by the
company were of high quality.
4. Being traded openly on the stock
exchange, government securities
make monetary policies more
flexible.

,
.
,

.
, ,
.


,
-
.

5. Having been introduced extensively in the economy, barter transactions made the latter highly
wasteful.

,
.

, ,
,

, .
I (Participle I Passive)
, , ia , .
(4): - make (monetary
policies) more flexible , being
traded - , , ..
; .
,
,
, .
, , ,
(. ).
(Perfect Active Parti
ciple) , ,
, . (2):
(
), ().
, ,
( (2) - ).
(Perfect Passive Parti
ciple) , ,
, . (5),
:
, .. , -
, ().

, .
1. ... alongside national currency, foreign currency can sometimes serve as
a unit of account.
307

2. ... to attract money, the government securities helped to decrease mon

ey supply.
3. ... open market operations, the Central Bank sold government securi
ties.
4. Government securities ... to attract money are traded on the stock ex
change.

The price is to increase by 7 percent.

The economist was to foresee the
market price rise.

1) using, 2) used, 3) being used, 4) having used, 5) having been used

The economist's task was to analyze

the market prices.

to be
, /
. :

6.
,
,
.

(market economy
, government restrictions
), (economics study
), (demand infor
mation ).
.
:
farm economics expert

;
farm produce price increase

oil price restriction

7%.
.

,

.

to be /
, : aim , task / target ,
problem - , intention - , plan - .

, to be /
.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

The problem was to be solved by the end of the year.

The problem was to maintain the price level.
The producers' target was to get the highest possible profit.
The firm was to start producing the new equipment at the end of the year.
The aim was to maintain inflation at a low level.
8. ,

,
( to ).
:

:
government offices; service price regulation; government planning; price
mechanism; resource allocation; market mechanism; price level; production
and consumption decisions; economy planning

308

must /have to

be to

should/ought to

7. to be
to be
. :

309

:
The company must / has to lower the
price of its goods because they are
,
not in large demand.
.
OPEC * member countries are to sell - oil at the agreed price.

.
The company should / ought to im- prove the packaging of its goods or ,
it may lose part of its customers.

.

. 23.

, .
1. The prices for oil have risen recently.
2. In the UK every foreign firm must register its name and address.
3. It was clear that the firm would not be able to cut down costs.
4. They should cut down costs.
5. The country had to decrease its imports.
6. By the early 1970s the country had decreased its imports three times.
7. The goods that ought to be produced are in great demand.
8. The programme was to ensure rapid economic growth.
9. to be + of+
to be , .
:
His latest managerial decisions are of
great use for the
firm.
Good textbooks are of high value for
a student.

( ) .

.

* OPEC - Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries -

310

Prices are of importance for demand

in any type of economy.

, to be + of+
.
1. These methods of analysis are widely used because of their great
value.
2. Computers are of great value to any firm.
3. The economists spoke of the great value of price mechanism for market
equilibrium.
4. Factors influencing prices in a market should be of interest to every
producer.
5. We have not known of his interest in farm economics.
10.


who, which, that (), when ()
.
(
) ,
( )
,
. :
Money can be used to buy things | we wish to consume.
things we which that.

:
, .

, .
:
The information the economist relied
upon was outdated.

,
,
.
311

,
.
1. We must know the prices at the moment we need money for making
expenditures.
2. The output of an agricultural commodity this year depends on deci
sions the farmer made last year.
3. Restrictions imposed by the government should be in the interests of
most people in the society.
4. A government can restrict the choice a consumer can make.
5. The firm manager must know the demand for the goods that his firm
produces.
11.
,
.

:
1)
;
2) .

( ):
+ + , + + ...
:
+ + ... , + +

,
, ,
.

, ,
, , , .
with,
.

.
. :
312

The country having a budget deficit,

inflation may follow.
A bank is a business, its owners and
managers aiming to maximize prof
its.
Money has a number of functions,
with medium of exchange being the
principal function.

,
.
,


.
,

.

,
.
1. The general principles of all national banking systems are much the
same everywhere, with the details varying from country to country.
2. People being able to use cheques as a means of payment, bank accounts
are money.
3. In 1986 only 61 percent of British households had bank accounts, other
people holding cash.
4. National income increasing, the total number of transactions usually
increases.
5. Employment hours having increased, the G N P will also increase.
12.
-ing: I,
. ,
( .
I ,
(. 2, 11).

,
. ,
, ,
, .
the
planning of, .. , of.
:
313

The planning of the firm performance

is one of the essential tasks of the
manager.

-

.

.
, ,
.. , ,
. :
The planning of production helps to
avoid income losses.
Planning production helps to avoid
income losses.
Governments redistribute incomes
within the nation by the levying of
taxes.
Governments redistribute incomes
within the nation by levying taxes.

I,
. , , ,
-,
: , ,
,
(-'s).
:
Increasing labour productivity reduced
the production cost.
Choosing proper decisions is of great
importance in management.

Labour productivity may be increased

by introducing new machinery.

The expansion of production will large

ly depend on their investing ade
quate amount of money in this
business.
314

.
1.
.
2.
.

1. .
2.
.

,

.

(1)
, -ing
.
1. The using of the new method produced good results.
2. The economist calculated the company's income, using the new com
puter programme.
3. Investing money in new technologies usually increases the production
efficiency.
4. We are checking on the accuracy of the data.
5. They have a lot of experience in predicting consumer requirements.
6. Measures are being taken to improve storing goods.

, .
Active

Passive

Simple

increasing

being increased

Perfect

having increased

having been increased

(Simple) , ,
, ,
. (Perfect) , ,
, , ;

. :
Regular monitoring cash flows is of 1. great importance for any
firm.

.
2.

.
The manager insisted on cash flows
being regularly monitored.
1. ,
.
2.
.
315

The manager was informed of the countant's department having completed the trial balance.

, .

(2)
,
:
1. You cannot get reliable information of the firm performance without
records ... accurately.
2. The manager insisted on ... records accurately.
3. It did not take the bank long to check on the financial position of the firm
applying for a loan due to its records ... regularly for a number of years.
1) keeping, 2) having kept, 3) being kept, 4) having been kept
13.
,
-,

. :
employ workers with little human
l. capital is one of the ways of mini- mizing labour costs.
-
.
2.


.

( -). :
keep unemployment low means to 1.
effectively use labour resource of

society.

.
2.


.
316

14.
( - ..
), ,
: ,
. in order {,
). :
In order to lower juvenile delinquen governments have to create jobs
for young people.

,
.

in order ,
( ).
.
:
lower juvenile delinquency govern- ments have to create jobs for
, young people.

.
,
(
),
( ).
:
1. create jobs for young people means to lower juvenile delinquency.
2. To create jobs for young people the government allocated additional
means.
, ,
, (
:
). (
), , :
,
.

,
, in order .
:
317

The government allocated additional

means to create jobs for young
people.

,
.

( ) enough ()
too (). :
The average wage in this industry is
high enough to attract workers
from other industries.
The wage in this enterprise is too low
to attract qualified workers.

,
.
,

.

,
.
1. manufacture this model of equipment is profitable for producers.
2. A number of measures are taken in order to increase profits of the en
terprise.
3. To earn more profit the firm has to vary its technology.
4. The trade union is active enough to obtain shorter working hours with
the same wage for its members.
5. The commodity is too expensive to be in large demand.
6. It is important to see the difference between revenue and profit.
1 5 .
for + / +
for + (
) + ,
it is necessary / important / possible ..
too (), enough (
) .
,

. :
318

It is necessary for society to allocate

resources sparingly.
The production costs in the enterprise
are too high for it to work profitably.
For advanced technology to be introduced, the owner invested his profit in new equipment.

, .

,
.
,

.

,
( ).
1. It is necessary to use scarce resources sparingly.
2. Labour markets should be effective enough for workers not to stay un
employed long.
3. It is possible to increase demand for a good by advertising.
4. The inputs are too high for such small output.
5. The information is too scarce for the manager to rely upon it.
6. It is important to keep unemployment rate as low as possible for rapid
economic growth.
7. It is important to keep unemployment rate as low as possible for society
to use its resources effectively.
16.
,
, .

:
1.
. :
The employers' refusal to raise wages
resulted in a strike.

2.
,
. 319

, . ,
,
(to be used, to be produced ..). :
The Gross National Product per head
is an important characteristic to be
considered in determining living
standards.

-
,
.

3.
,
.
,
. , , .
:
raise the living standards of population is the goal to be only reached
under conditions of economic
growth.

,
.

,
.
1. Depreciation decreases amounts to be consumed and invested.
2. The firm should change its production cycle to lower costs.
3. Too high prices of resources to be used in production is the problem of
many enterprises.
4. Governments borrow money from firms and individuals to finance their
spending.
5. When people lose jobs, they do not immediately make a decision to cut
down consumption.

There is a new store in our street.

There are various forms of money.
Some years ago there were a lot of
command economies in the world.
There will be a sale in this supermarket,

there to be,
: should, must, can, may;
exist, come, live. .
:
There may be a fall in price for the good in the near future.

.
There exist different forms of business
organization.
.
, there,
. :
There were applied several fertilizers
in those areas.

There were several fertilizers applied

in those areas.

320

there
there (), . :
There were several fertilizers applied
there.

17. there
, there to be
(there is, there are, there was, there were, there will be, there
has been ..) there ,
, , , ,
.. :
< >>>.

.

.
/
.
pac
.

, there .
1.
2.
3.
4.

There
There
There
There

exist different forms of property there.

are consumers with different needs and opportunities.
must be found a new practice of applying fertilizers there.
lived very primitive tribes on those islands.

11

321

18. one
one :
1) . :
One of the most important tasks now is transportation of these goods.

.
2) .
one ,
one . :
I don't like this method, let's use an- , other one.
().
3) ,
. one . :

This good is in great demand as it is

of high quality.

,
.

2) . :
It is the best auto fuel.

3) ;
. :
a) It is cold.
b) It is necessary to research this
market.
c) It is desirable that the technology
be improved.

) .
)
.
) ,
.

. 26.

, .

4) it is ... that,
. :

one
, :

It is this method of analysis that yield-

ed best results.
.

One economizes by buying large

amounts of goods.

must "1
one < has to > ,
L is to J
f should 1
,
one <
> ,
I ought to J
one {f can 1}
I may J
:
One should know the difference be- tween these systems of marketing.
.
4) one thing .
19. it
it
. :
1) .
, , . :
322

. 27.
20.
:

(


)

+
(

, : to know , to say - , to think , to believe
, to consider , , , to expect
, , to report , to suppose ,
to find , , to assume , ,
to presume , . :
This firm is said to receive high prof- 1) , , its,
.
323

>

This new business was believed to im

prove the situation in the market.

This practice has been found to re

quire new capital investments.

2) ,
.
1) ,
,
.
2) ,

.
1) , ,

.
2) ,

.

, ,
, ,
{ ,
..), -
{, ... ; , ... ..).
{,

, .
1. Labour, machinery, raw materials, energy are known as inputs.
2. Labour, machinery, raw materials, energy are known to be inputs.
3. The Gross National Product per head is considered when living stan
dards are measured.
4. It was supposed that the transportation problems of the firm would be
solved in the near future.
5. Every producer is supposed to study the market carefully before starting
the production of new goods.
6. Taxes are assumed to redistribute incomes within an economy.
21.


, ,
: to seem, to appear (
-), to prove, to turn out - , to happen - -

324

, to be likely , to be unlikely , , to
be certain, to be sure , , . :
This company proved to contribute
lot to the pension fund.
Unemployment benefits are unlikely
to serve as incentives for men to
look for jobs.
Progressive taxation seems to be the
most wide-spread.

,
.


.
,
-,
.

, .
1. It appears that electronic commerce is one of the most developed mar
kets.
2. Rapid introduction of credit cards all over Russia is unlikely at present.
3. New banking services seem to come into life rapidly.
4. Positive economics is sure to play an essential part in social life.
5. High tech industries prove to bring in a considerable share of national
income in the USA.
22.
:

II
III
+

+

(
(

)
+ )

, : would like, to want ;
to know ; to think - ; to believe , ; to
consider ; to suppose - , ; to presume -
, ; to expect - , ; to find
.

, , 325

 .
:
Some economists consider minimum
wage to reduce jobs for unskilled
workers.

,



.

,
.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

Economists suppose economic growth to lower unemployment rate rapidly.

The sellers know these factors to influence consumers' decision to buy.
The manager wants to employ three more workers.
The manager expects the workers will handle the new equipment carefully.
The manager expects the new equipment to increase productivity.
23.

:
Active

Passive

Simple

to use

to be used

Continuous

to be using

Perfect

to have used

to have been used

,
.

,
, .
:
The manager expected raw materials
to be delivered in time.
326

, .

materials raw to be
delivered. () , ..
.

. :
Raw materials are expected to be delivered in time.

, .

,
, -. :
We believe the exchange rate to have
fallen, ( )
The exchange rate is reported to have
fallen, ( )

,
.
,
.

- ,
,
. :
We found the prices for consumer , nogoods to have been raised, (
)
.
The prices for consumer goods proved , to have been raised, ( - ,
)

, ,
. :
The newspapers report prices on the ,
Stock Exchange to be
fluctuating.
.
( )
Prices on the Stock Exchange are re- ,
ported to be fluctuating, (
.
)

.
,
. :

327

The price can be raised in the near 1\

future.
.
Revenues have to be raised.
.



:
1. Can / could + ,
, ( ).
:
The firm can have earned more profit.

2. May / might + ,
, , (
). :
The factory may have run out of its
supplies of raw materials.

,
.

3. Must + , ,
, ( ). :
The exchange rate must have fallen by
that time.

,
, .

4. Should / ought to +
, . :
The government should have adopted
clear agricultural policy years ago.

-
,
, ,
, . :
Money must have been used as a me
dium of exchange for hundreds of
years.
The equipment ought to have been
replaced long ago.
328

, ,

.

.

,
:
1. Can/may +
, , , (
). :
The bank may be trying to accumulate funds for a major loan project.

, , .

2. Must +
, , , (
). :
The price of the national currency
must be falling.

, , .

,
.
1.
2.
3.
4.

This method is believed to have been introduced some years ago.

These data have been found to be unreliable
The wage must have been raised.
Households were found to be the ultimate suppliers of capital for an
economy.
5. The government was reported to have raised more taxes.
24.

if , provided ; , unless . ( ,
.) :
If labour resources are used properly,
labour efficiency will grow.
The accountant will prepare the balance sheet, provided the depreciation of the assets is calculated.

,
.

, .

should
would,
,
329

 .
. :
If we applied new highly efficient equip- ment, we would decrease the pro ,
duction cost.
.
The accountant would prepare finan- cial statements more quickly if he
,
had the necessary computer pro
gramme.
.

,
should would ,
Past Perfect. :
If they had used double entry bookkeeping system, they would have
easily found the error in balances.

,

.

, .
1. One should know the method used for calculation of depreciation if he
is to prepare a balance sheet.
2. If this system of management proved to be effective, they would adopt it.
3. Much information can be obtained from bookkeeping records provided
they are kept well.
4. Unless they meet all liabilities in time, the business will dissolve.
5. If they had used the latest scientific achievements, they would have got
higher profits.
25.
, when, while, if, until, unless ..
, () ,
. :
When carried out last year, the experiment showed good results.
( ,
the experiment was).

330

:
, .

, .
1. If studied thoroughly, market forces can help to increase profits.
2. If the economist studies market forces, he is interested in consumers' demand.
3. If changed, market factors result in demand changes.
4. When prices remain unchanged, an increase in income makes people buy more.
5. Unless entirely reliable, information cannot make a basis for sound decisions.
26. It is necessary that...
, ,
, , .. (it is necessary, it is
important, it is desirable, it is advisable, it is not necessary, it is encouraging, it
is not impossible ..), ,
that, (
to), should + ( to).

, that . :
It is important that the plan be fulfilled
in time.

It is important that the plan should be

fulfiled in time.
It is necessary that our engineer take
part ( should take part) in this
work.

,
.
,
.

, that .
1. said that it was necessary to buy a new computer.
2. It is recommended that a new plan should be developed.
3. They said that the new computer would be used for data processing.
4. It is impossible that all these calculations be made in time.
5. It is necessary to draw up a plan that will distribute work to be done on
the farm throughout the year.

331

 27. It is . . . that (who)

(, ).
It is (was) + + that (who)...
.
:
It is this new system of management
that gave the best results.
It is the accountant who prepares the
balance sheet.

.

.

, .
1. It was the issued stocks that allowed the company to accumulate the
necessary money for the new project.
2. It is necessary that we take an inventory of the capital assets.
3. It is the law of supply and demand that influences the retail price.
4. It is essential that they keep accurate records of every transaction.
5. It was our director who spoke about the losses of the company.
28. that those
that those :
1. , . :
That method is more reliable than the

, .

old one.
2. .
of
, that those . :
The goods sold in the market are of
lower quality than those of our
company.

, ,
,
.

3. That
. :
A consumer prefers the good that has
high quality and a reasonable
price.

332

,
.

4. That
. :
It is well-known that the market price
is regulated by the law of supply
and demand.

,
ca .

5. That It is ...
that. :
It is a reduction in incomes that in- fluenced the quantity of the goods consumed,
.
6. That It is necessary ... that
. :
It is necessary that all data be prepared in time.

,
.

29.
-

. :

to use
to increase
to produce -
to effect

>
->
->
>

use
increase -
produce - ,
effect

, .
1. Government regulations should be in the interests of society.
2. These calculations demand reliable data.
3. Market prices depend on the way the law of supply and demand works.
4. The problem that interests most economists is the proper dose of gov
ernment intervention into the economy.
5. Price increases lead to the decrease in the quantity of the goods sold.
6. A change in demand takes place when an individual's income in
creases.

333

 30.
although
as
as well as
as soon as
as long as
as ... as
as ... as possible
not so (as) ... as
as to / for
so as +
the same as
after

-
- ; ; ;
-

-
- ... ; ...
...
- ... , ...

-
-
- ( after
)
because

because of
- -
- ( before )
before
- ; ( for ,
for
, )
- ;
if
provided, providing (that) ()
since
- 1)
2) ( since )
though
-
unless
- ...
until
- ...
when
-
whether

while
- ,
both ... and
... ; ...
- ... , ...
either ... or
- ...
neither ... nor
the + ..., the +
- ...,
3 1 .

- seller (), constructor ()
-er, -or
-tion (-ation) - connection (), consumption () or
ganization (), indexation ()
- accounting (), handling ()
-ing
- development (), government ()
-ment
- future (), expenditure ()
(t)ure
-ance (-ence) - importance (), dependence ()
- effectiveness (), accurateness ()
-ness

334

-ity
-th
-ship
-ism
-ics
-ist

activity (), utility ()

strength (), growth ()
- friendship (), relationship ()
mechanism (), materialism ()
economics (), physics ()
economist (), artist ()

-al
-able (-ible)
-ant (-ent)
-ive
-ful
-ic
-ous
-less

national (), industrial ()

- changeable (), extensible (), con
vertible ()
resistant (), different ()
active (), competitive ()
peaceful (), useful ()
basic (), historic ()
famous (), dangerous ()
useless (), careless ()

-en
-fy
-ize

to weaken (), to shorten (())

to intensify (), to simplify ()
to realize (), to stabilize ()

-ly
-ward(s)

practically (), entirely ()

forward(s) (), backward(s) ()

undisinilirimnonmisunder-

unlimited (), to unfold ()

disability (), to disapprove ( )
incapable ()
illegal ()
irrational ()
impossible ()
non-economic (), non-essential (
)
to miscalculate ( ), to misinform (
)
to underestimate (), underdeveloped (
)

over- ()
post- ()
pre- ()
re- ()

to overestimate (), to overpay ()

postwar (), postgraduate ()
prewar (), prehistoric ()
to redistribute (), to resell ()

335


4 -1,2,5
5 - 1-3), 2-5), 3-1) 4), 4-2)
6 ; /
; ;
/ ; /
; ; ; ,
; .
7 -2,3,5
8 -2,4,5,7,8
9 - 2 , 4
10-1,2,4
11 - 1.
,
/ . 2.
,
. 3. 1986 61 %
, . 4.
,
. 5. ,
, .
12 - (1) - 1, 3, 5, 6; (2) - 1 - 3), 2 - 1), 3 - 4)
14-2,3,4,5
15-2,5,7
21-3,4,5
25-1,3,5
16-1,3
22-1,2,5
26-2,4
17-1,3
23-1,3,5
27-1,3,5
20-2,5,6
24-2,5
29-2,4,6

-

adjective
adv - adverb -
cj conjunction
corr cj - correlative conjunction -

- noun -
prep preposition
v - verb -
pi plural

,
.
accuracy [15] , ,

accurate [15] , ,
abroad [7] adv ,

accept [9] v
accurately [15] adv , ,
acceptance [13] ;
,
access [16] ;
activity [17] ; pi ,
accordance: in - with [13] -.,
( );
-.
( )
according to [13] prep -.,
actual [9]

actually
[9] adv ,
account [9, 14, 15] , ; unit of add [7] v (to smth) , (
; , ;
-.); ~ (up) [10]
; capital -
addition , ; in - (to it)
; ;
[11] ; ;
; chequing ~
additional [3] ,
; current - ; income aid [13]
() ; pi s
aid [13] v
, ; ~s payable
adjust [12] v (smth to smth)
, ; ~s receivable
(-. -.), ,
, ,

; to keep an ~ ;
to take into ~
adjustment [12] ,
account for (smth) [12] v (-.); that adopt [11] v ; to ~ a policy

~s for it ;
advantage [6, 13, 17] ;
( -.),
; to get / have an - over / of smb
(-.); , ( / -.;
-. )
absolute ~ [13] ;
accountant [14]
comparative - ;
;
competitive - ,
; ,
; [17] ,
accounting [14, 16] ; ;
affect [3] v (smth) , (
; ;
-.)
- cycle / period , ;
aggregate [7] , ; ~ demand
financial ~ [16] ; ma
(
nagerial - (
- )
)

337

allocate [1] v (smth to / in smb / smth) ,

(-. -. / -.);
(-. -. / -.)
allow [13] v (smb to do smth) ,
(-. -.); to be ~ed to do
smth -.
alongside [9] prep ;
alter [11] v , ,
alternative [4] ,
although [6] cj ; ,
amount [4] ; ; ;
annual [16] , ; - report

annually [16] adv
anticipate [ 12] v ,
apply [6] v , ,
area [6] , , ;
, ,
argue [12] v ; ;
,
argument [12] , ,
as [2] pron . . : such , the same - , ; adv
(); - to/ ~ for , ;
~ well , ; - well - , ; as
... as con cj ... ; ... ;
not so ... as ... ; as ... as possible
...
asset [7, 14, 16] pi ; ;
; , ; ~s and liabilities
; capital ~s ,
, ; cash
~s ,
; current ~s (
); (,
) ; intangible -
; long-term ~s ;
inflow of ~ [16] ; outflow of ~

assume [3] v ;
assumption [3] ,
availability [5]
available [5] ,
; (to smb) (-.)
average [7]

balance [14, 15] , ; ;

, ; ~ of an
account ; ~ of payments
; - of trade ;
- sheet ; - sheet account
; favourable ~
; unfavourable -
; trial ~ ,
;
; to be in -
; to bring ~s to a -

balance v [10, 15] , ;
, ; ,
, (, ); to - an
account , ;

338

barter [9] ( ,

)
because of [11] prep -,
benefit [8, 17] ; ; ,
; ; ; [8] unem
ployment ~
benefit [17] v , ,
; to - from smth ,
; -.
besides [6] prep , ; adv
bill [10] ; ;
bond [10] ; (
, );

bookkeeper |15] ,
bookkeeping [15] ,
; double-entry -

borrow [8] v ; to - smth from smb
-. -.
borrowing [8]
both [ 1] , , ; ; both ...
and ... [5] corr cj ... , ... ...
budget [3] , ~ constraint
(. constraint); ~ deficit
(. deficit)
budgeting [16] ;
; ;
capital -
;

business [4] , ; [6]
; ,
; ,
buy (bought, bought) |2] v ,
buyer [2] ,

capital [5] , ; circulating -

(
. ,
,
); financial -
( ,
); fixed -
(,
, .. ,
,
, -);
human - (
, ,

);
physical - (
,
,
)
cash [10] ; -balance [15]
; inflow - [16]
; outflow - [16]
cash [10] v ; ;
to - a cheque
cause [12] ,

cause 112] v ; to ~ smth

contribution [5[ (to smth) ( -.); to
-.; -.
make a - to smth (
cheque [10] ; to write a ~ against a deposit /
) -.; [8]
account ; to cash
convenient [91
-
[12] v (with smth) ( -.)
chequing account [10] (),
copyright [14]
(
corporation , ; .
(); public )
;
choice [3] , , ,
(

);
choose (chose, chosen) [3] v ;

ircular , ; - flow
corresponding [4] ,
of income /payments [7] /

( cost [5] ; at / below - /

; - of production ( product
ion -) [5] ; [4] pi ,
)
; marginal ~s ,
circulation [11]
(

clearance [10]
); opportunity ~s [4]
; ,
(,


clearing [10] ,

; ~ house
); production ~s [5]
collaborate [18] v

commerce [18] , ; electronic
~
cost (cost, cost) [5] v ,
commercial [18] , ;
create [17, 18] v , ; ,
, ,

commodity [4] ; ;
creation [18] , ; ,

comparative [13] , - advantage

credit [15] , ;

(,
compare [13] v , to - with smth
); - account [15]
-.; to ~ to smth -.
,
comparison [13] , in ~ with smth
; - balance [15] ,
-.
,
compete [13] v , ; to
credit [15] v (an account) ;
~ with smb for smth -.

-.; to ~ in smth -.
crop [6] ,
competition [13] ,

;
currency [9]
competitive [13] ,
current [14] ; - account ;
; ; - advantage
- assets (),
,
(, ) ;
competitiveness [13]
~ liabilities ,

complement ; - good (. good)
customer [13] , ;
comprise [8] v (smth) ,
cut [8] , ,
(-.)
cut (cut, cut) [8] v , ,
condition [6] , ; pi
,
, , under ~s
cycle , ; production - [5]
connect [18] v , ;
; accounting - [15]
considerable [7] ,
;
constant [3] , ,

constraint [3] ; budget -

D
( ,
data [15] (/ datum) ,
)
,
consume [2] v
deal (dealt, dealt) [16] v (with smth)
consumer [2]
( -.); -.; (in smth)
consumption [1]
(-.)
contribute [5] v (to smth) ( -.);
debit [15] (); ~ account
, (-.)
, -

339

disadvantage [6] ; ,
; - balance
; to be at a -
, ,

; ~ of an account ,
disclose
[16] v ,

disclosure [16] ,
debit (15) v ; ,
disincentive [6]

(
debt [10] , , ;
, ,
to fall / get / run into - [10] ;
..)
to pay a - to smb [10] -.;
dissolve [17] v ,
to settle a - with smb [10]
,
-.; clear of - [14]
distinguish [9] v (smth from smth) ,
decision [1] ; to make a -
( ); - (between things)

( )
decrease [2] (in smth) ,
distribution [7]
, (-.)
diverse [13] ,
decrease [2] v (), ,
dividend , ; ,
defer [9] v , , -red pay
domestic [7] , ,
ment ,

deficit , ; budget - [11]

( double [15, 17] , ;
, ; ~ entry ;
- taxation
, ); balance of double [17] v ,
draw up (drew, drawn) [ 15] v ; to - up a
payment - [15]
balance ,
degree [6] ,
deliver [18] v ; , ; drawback [17) , ;
due
[6] , ; ~ to
,
, , to be - to
delivery [18] , ; ,
,

durable [5] ; - goods

demand [1] ; ; ;
()
; - for smth [1] -.; aggregate
; pi
- [7] (. aggregate); con

sumer - [3] ; excess ~

[2] , ; market
- [3] ,

( ,
earn [4] v ; ,

); to be in high / low -
earnings pi (), , ;
/
retained ~ [16] (
demand [2] v (smth) (-.),
)
( -.)
economic
[1] ,
depend [3] v (on, upon) ();
,

economical [1] , ;
deposit [10] , ; to issue a ~

; to withdraw a - ;
; ; to write a
economics [1] ,
cheque against a -
economist [1]
; demand / sight - ,
economize [1] v ;
; time ~

economy [1] , ; command ~
deposit [10] v , ,
;

;
depositor [10]
; free-market -
depreciation [7] , ;
; mixed -
, ; physical -
effect , ; income ~
; moral -
(
depressed [13] , ,

); substitution -
desirable [17] , ,
(

determine [7] v ,
)
develop [18] v , ;
efficiency [5] ;
, , ;
; ~ of labour
,
efficient [5] , ;
development [18] , ;

, ,

340

either ...or [5] / / ... ...; ... ...

elaborate [18] v (on / upon smth) ,
; ;
, , (-.)
elsewhere [4] adv -
emphasize [ 13] v ,

employ [5] v , ;

employed [5] , (
); - workers (
)
employee [14] , ,

employer ,
employment [5] ( );
( ); full - ,

enable [13] v (smb to do smth)
(-. -.),
(-. -.)
encrypt [18] v
ensure[12] v ,
enterprise [5] ,
,
entirely [1] adv , ;
environment [6]
equation [14] , ,
; accounting -

equilibrium [2] ,
,
equipment [5]
equity [14] ,
; ()

error [15] ,
essential [6] , ;
,
establish [ 17] v , ;
, ; ,
()
evaluate [16] v ,
; , ,

eventual [8] ,
eventually [8] adv , ,

except [6] prep , ,
exception [9]
excess [2] , ,
exchange [9] ; - rate ; in
- for smth -.; medium of ~
, (
)
exchange [9] v (smth for smth) ,
(-. -.)
exhaust [8] v ,
exist |7] v ,
expand [13] v ,
expenditure [3] (,
); (,
)
expenses [4] pi ,
expensive [9]

explain [12] v (smth to smb) ;

, (-. -.)
extent [12] , ; to some -

F
facilitate [18] v ; ,

fail [17] v ; ,
; , ;
-.
failure [17] , ,
; ,
fall [2] ; ;
fall (fell, fallen) (2] v , ,

farming [6] ,

favourable [15] ; - balance

,
fertilizer [6]
file [17] v .
final , , ;
- goods [7] ,
; ~ product [5]
finally [9] adv , ,
; ,
fiscal [7] , ; ~ year
() ; - policy ,
, (

)
flow [16] , (); cash ;
; statement of cash ~s

follow [3] v (smb / smth) ( -. /
-.); , (-.);
as ~s [5] ,
following [5] ,
;
force [5] ; labour - ; pi
; ;
(, )
(the) former [ 1 ] ( )
flourish [18] v , ,
,
fluctuate [ 10] v
fluctuation [10]
fuel [5] ,
G
gain [13] , , ; pi
; ; ; ;
,
gain [13] v ; ;

generate [16] v ,
good(s) [1] (), ; complement ~ [2]
- (
,
,
); final ~s [7] ,

341

inefficient [5] ,
; inferior ~ [2]

; normal -
inferior a (to smth) ( ) (
; public - [8] ,
-.)
(
inflation [12] ; - rate
inflationary spiral [12]
); substitute - [2] -
( (,
)
inflow [16]
, )
influence [2] ,
goodwill [14] , ;
influence [2] v (smth) ,
,
( -.)
, , ;
initial [8] , ,

initially
[8] adv , ;
government [1]

gross [7] , ; - domestic product

(GDP) () ( innovation [13] ,
, input [2] , , ;
); ~ ;
intangible [14] , ;
national product (GNP)
() ( , ~ asset ; - item

, - )
interest [10] () , ,
; - earning / ~ bearing

, ; - rate [U]
(
hand [11]: on the one - ; on the
);
other -
investment - [14]
handle [10] v , ,
intermediary
; to ~ a transaction ,
intervention
[1] ; ;

government -
hence [11] adv ,
invest [5] v (in smth) ,
hire [17] v ; ,
, ( -.)

investment [5] (in smth) ,

household [7] ()
, ,
housing [6]
; , ( -.); - interest
however [7] adv ,
[14]
human [5] ; ~ capital
issue [10] v ,
(. capital)
( ..); ()
hyperinflation [12] (
item [14] , ,
50%
; ( , ), ,
)
,
I

job [5] ,
implement [11] v ,
importance |1] n , ; to be of ~ joint-stock [17] ; - company
()
, ()
impose [2] v (on, upon) (, ) journal [15] ;
(-.); (, ); , , ; general -

( -.), (-.)
improve v (), ()
improvement [2] ,
L

labour
[5]

;
force
; pi
incentive [6] ,
; ;
include [4] v (smth in smth) (-.
(, )
-.); ; to be included in smth
(the) latter [1] ( );
-., -.

income [2] (), , ;

lease [6] , ,
~s policy [12] (. policy)
lease [6] v , , ;
increase [2] (in smth) , ,
(out)
, (-.)
ledger [ 15] , , ;
increase [2] v (); ();
- posting ;
;
to balance the ~s
indexation [12]
; general -
inefficiency [5]

342

lend (lent, lent) [10] v (smth to smb)

, (-. -.),
lender [10]
let (let, let) [ 13) v , , ;
to let smb do smth ,
-. -.
level [ 1 ] ; at a certain -
; - of output
levy [8] v (); ,
()
liability [10] , ,
, ; / , ,
, ; to meet
one's - ;
current ~ies ;
limited - [17]
(); long-term / non-current -ies
; personal -
(); unlimited ~
()
liable [17] ,
; to be ~ for smth
, -.
like [5] . . ,
limited [17] ,
; ~ liability
()
(in) line (with smth) [13] (-.),
(-.)
link [18] v , ,
list [15] v ,
loan [9, 10] , ; to call (in) a -
; to make a ~
; to repay a ~ ,
long-term [10] ; - loan

look [6] v (for smth) (-.)
loss [16] , ; net -

machinery [5] ,
mainly [8] adv ,
maintain [3] v ,
major [13] ,
make (made, made) up [7] v
manage [5] v ,
management [5]
manager [5] , ;

manufacture [5] v , (
)
manufacturer [5] , ,

manufacturing [5] (
)
market [1] ; ; ;
marketer , .
;
marketing ; ; ;
( ,

)
maximization [3] ; utility ~

maximize [3| v
, ,
maximum [3] ,
,
mean (meant, meant) [12] v ;
, ;
means [9] , (
., . ); ~ of
production [5] ; by ~ of
[12] ,
measure [7] , ;
measure [7] v
medium [9] (pi -dia) , ; - of
exchange ,
( )
meet (met, met) [6] v , ;
, to - the demand [6]
; to ~ the requirement [6]
, ; to - one's
liabilities [10]
mining [6] ;
, ( )
monetary , ; ;
- policy [11[ -,

money [9[ .. ; ~ supply [11]

,
(. supply); nominal ~ [11]
; real ~ (
)
most [8] ; , ; ,
; adv , (
)
mostly [8] adv ,
N
national defence [8]
natural [5] , ; ~ re
sources
nature [5]
nearly [8] adv ,
neither ... nor ... [5] coir cj mi ...
net [10] ; ; ; ;
; - amounts [10]
; - loss [16] ; worth [14]
; (
);
nominal ; ~ money [11]

non-renewable [5] ; ~ resources
,
nowadays [9] adv , ,
number [3] , ; ; ;
, ; - of ,

obtain [3] v ,
occur [12] v ,
offer [4] v (smth to smb) (-. -.)
oil [6] ,
operate [14] v ,
ore [6] ; iron -

343

posting |15| ,
, ; ledger -

power [8] , , ; ,
; purchasing ~
(. purchase)
prefer [3] v (smth to smth) (-.
-.),
preliminary [15]
previous [16]
price [1] ; equilibrium - [2]
; ~ for / of a good [1] ,
; input - [2] ,
; at high / low
~s [1] / ,
/
pricing [16] ,
; ; ; ~

policy
private |2] , , ;
participate [13] v (in smth) ( -.)

particular [3] ; ,
process ; production - [5]
, ; ; in - [4]

,
partnership [17] , ; produce [1] v , ,
,
,
pay (paid, paid) |8] v (for smth) ( -.), producer |2] , ,

product , ; ;
payment [7, 8, 9, 15] , , ;
;
final - [5] ; gross
(); balance of ~s [15]
domestic ~ (GDP) [7]
; circular flow of ~s [7]
() (. gross); gross national (. circular); deferred (delayed)
(GNP) [7]
~ [9] , ;
() (. gross)
transfer - [8] (,
, production [1] , ;
, ; - cost [5]
, , ,
; - costs [5]
..)
; ~ cycle [5] ;
per [3] prep , ( ,
~ process [5] ;
); ~ capita /
means of ~ [5]
head ,
productive [8] ;
perform v ,

performance [16] , ;
productively [8] adv ;
, ; ; ,

;
profit [4] , ; ,
; financial -
profitability [6] , ,
permanent [11] ,

personal [17] ,
profitable [6] , ,
personally [17] adv ,
,
plan [1] v
prohibit [ 17] v , ; to planning [1]
by law
policy [11] ; to adopt a - [11]
; to implement a - [11] promote [13] v , ,

, ; to pursue a ~
proper [14] ,
[11] ; fiscal ~ [7]
properly [14] adv ,
, ,
property [7] ,
(. fiscal); monetary - [11] -
proprietor [17] , ;
; easy - [11] ,
proprietorship [17] ;
; tight - [11] ;
; sole - ,
incomes ~ [ 12] (
;
()
)
provide [6] v , ;
population [5]
,
post [15] v ; ;
provided [3] cj ( ~ that) ();
; to - the
;
journal into the ledger
purchase [6] , ;

original 118] ,
originally [18] adv ; ,

outflow [16]
output [4] ; , ;
, ; level of ~

outside [1] prep ;
owe [10] v (smth to smb) ,
{-. -.); ( -.)
own [4] ,
own ]4] v , ,
owner [4] ,
ownership [ 17] ,
; ; corporate ~

344

purchase [6] v , ; ~ing power |8] relating to [16] prep , ;

( ,
-.
relationship |3J ; ;
, )

purpose [5] , ; for this ~

relative [13]

relatively [13] adv ;

pursue |11] v (-. ),
reliable , ,
( ); to - a policy


rely jl] v (on smb / smth) ( -. /
-.)
remote [18] , , ;
Q
,
quantity |2] ; ;
render [16] v , ; - a service
; ~ an account for payment

R
renewable [5]
rent [6] ; ;
raise [2] v , ; ;

[8] , (, )
repay (repaid, repaid) [10] v (); to
rapid [9] ,
~ a loan ,
rate [5] , ; , ;
replace [7] v
, ; ; ;
; , ; ; exchange - [9]
require [5] v (smth) ( -.);
; inflation - [12]
(-.)
; interest - [11] (
required |5]
requirement [5] ; ,
); tax ~
; to meet the ~s
[8] () ,
;
(, resource(s) [1] (), ; [5] natural ~s
,
; non-renewable ~s [5] ); - of unemployment [5]

responsibility [ 11 ] ; to take a - for

rather [12] adv ; ; - than [3]
smth -.
; (-), (-. )
responsible [10, 17] ,
ratio [11] , ;
; to be ~ for smth
;
-.
raw [5] , ; ~ material(s)
restriction [1]

result [8] ; as a ~
real [ 1] , ; ~ money result [8] v , to - from
(. money)
; ; to ~ in [3]
real estate [14]
-., -.
reason [8] (for smth) (-.); for some
retail trade [13]
~ -.
retailer [13] ;
receipts [15] ,

; ,
retailing ]13]
receive [4] v
retire [17] v ,
,
reconcile v , ;
( -.); ,
retirement pension [8]

revenue [4] ; marginal - ,

record [15] ; ; pi
( ,
; ; - keeping

;

)
record [15] v ;
recover (17] v ; ,
rise (rose, risen) [2] v ;
; ; - debts
;

run (ran, run) [4] v (smth) ,

reduce [2] v ; ;
(, ); ()
reduction [2] (in smth) , ;
(-.)
S
refer [18] v (to smth/smb) ,
( -. I -.); ( -.);
salary [14] (),
(-.); (-.);

( -. / -.);
sale(s) [18] ; ; ;
, ( -. / -.)
; , ; pi
regulation [1] ; government -


secure [18] ,

345

stockholder [14) , ,
security [18] ;
( );
storage n , ; ,
, , ( -.)

securities [10] pi ; government ~

store [8J , ; ; - of value

;
sell (sold, sold) [2] v ()
,
seller [2]
( )
service [1] ; ;
store [8] v , ;
set |16] ; ,
subject (-.); (
set (set, set) v (up) , ; to
-.), (-.); to be ~ to
~ prices
smth -.
settle v ,
substitute [2] , , - good
; , ; to ~
- (. good); ~ (for smth)
a debt with smb -.;
(-.)
; ;
substitution ; ~ effect
share [8] ( ,
(

); , , ;
)
share v , ,
summarize [16] v ,
( -.);
supply [2] (); ,
shareholder [14] ,
, ; [6] pi ,
shortage [2] , ;
; excess - ,
()
; ;
short-term [10] ; - loan
money -[11] ;

( ,
sight [ 10] at / on ~ (
, )
); - deposit
supply [2] v ; [6] ;
;
; ; ; to ~ smb with
since [7] prep ; cj ; ,
smth / to - smth to smb -.

-., -. -.
size [5] (); ;
support
[18] , ;
so [6] cj , ,
,
social security fund
support [ 18] v (smb / smth) (-.
(
-.); , ;
, ,
; ;
)

society [1] , ;
surplus [2] , ;
, , ,

surrounding [18] ; ;
soil [6]

source [16]
swap [9] ; to make a -
speed (sped, speeded) [12] v (up smth) ,
swap [9] v (smth for smth) (-.

-.) (
spending [7]
)
spread (spread, spread) [16] v ;

standard , ; - of living [7]

tangible
[14]

,
,
state [8]
( ); - assets
statement [15, 16] , ; ,
; - item
; - of cash flows
tax [7] , ; direct - [8] ;
; - of retained earnings
income - (~ on income) ;
()
indirect - (
; financial - ;
,
income - ; monthly ~
); sales ~ ,

; value added ~ (VAT)
steady [12] , ,

tax |8] v (smth) (-.)

still [8] cj , ,
taxable [8]
stock [10, 14] ;/)/,
taxation [7] ,
; , , ; - exchange
; double - ()
; in - ; ;

technology
[2] ;
stock-in-trade [14] ,
temporary [9]
,

346

tenant [6] , ,
term [4, 14] , ; ;
pi ; credit ~s ,
; lending ~s
; long--; short--
; in ~s of , ,
, ; in ~s of money

therefore [10] adv ;
; ,
thorough [6] ,
thoroughly [6] adv ,
though [6] cj , ; ; adv
, ,
through [1] prep ; ;
throughout [13] prep , ,
..; ,

thus [11] adv , ,

; ,
tight [11] , ; - policy

total [4] ,
trade [9, 13, 15] ; balance of -
; foreign -
; retail - ; wholesale -

trade [9] v (in smth with smb) (-.
-.); (smth for smth) (-.
-.)
trademark [14]
trade union [5]
transaction [10] , , ;
; to handle / make / undertake a ,
transfer [5] v , ;
(); ();
trial [15] , ; - balance
;

U
undertake (undertook, undertaken) v
; to - a transaction [10]
undesirable [17] ;
;
unemployed [5]
unemployment [5] ; - rate
; - benefit [8]

unfavourable [15] ; - balance

,
unit [3] ; ; ; - of account
[9]
unless [16] cj . . .
unlike [5] . .
unlimited [17] ; - liability
()

until |15] cj ( ) . . .
use [4] , ,
use [4] v ; ; to ~ up [5]
, (),

utility [3] ; marginal - (

) (
,
)
V
value [5] ( ),
; ; ; store of ~ [8]
;
( )
value v ; , ;

variety [5] ; - of ,
various [5] , ,

vary [3] v(), (), ;

to ~ from ... to ... [5] ,
( ) ... ...; to ~ in [6]
(-. ); to ~ with [5]
,
W
wage(s) [5] pi ()
waste [9] v , ,
(, ..)
wasteful [9] ,
way [7] , , ; in
some - -.
wealth [11] ;
wear out (wore, worn) [7] v
whenever [10] cj ,
whereas [8] cj ,
whether [12] /
which [6] cj ;
while [7] cj
whole [7] ; as a -
wholesale trade [13]
wholesaler [13]
wholesaling [ 13]
withdraw (withdrew, withdrawn) [10] v ;
; ( , );
()
withdrawal [16] ; ; ,
; ; ,

within [3] prep , ,

without [10] prep ; cj ;
;
worth [14] , ; net -
;
();

1. - , . .. . ., 1987.
2. - , . .. , .. . . 3-. ., 2000.
3. : , . .. . ., 1995.
4. - . 3- . . .. ,
.. . ., 1994.
5. . . . . . . .,
1997.
6. J.H. Adam. Longman Concise Dictionary of Business English. Longman, 1990.
7. D. Begg, S. Fischer, R. Dornbusch. Economics. 3rd ed. Mc. Graw-Hill Book
Company. London, 1991.
Britannica Interactive Encyclopaedia. CD-ROM, 1999.
Compton's Interactive Encyclopaedia. CD-ROM, 1999.
A. Locke, A. Putallag, W. Shepherd. Economics. 1983.
Ch. Pass, B. Lowes, A. Pendleton, L. Chadwick. Collins Dictionary of Business.
Glasgow, 1995.
12. A. Tuck, M. Ashby. Oxford Dictionary of Business English for Learners of English.
Oxford University Press, 1994.
13. Ch.St.J. Yates. Economics. Prentice Hall, 1997.

8.
9.
10.
11.

Unit 1. Market and Command Economies

5
:
1. ().
2. to be .
3. to be + of + .
4. .
5. ().
Unit 2. Demand and Supply
17
:
1. I II ().
2. some, the same.
3. as .
4. , .
5. .
Unit3. Theory of Demand
32
:
1. II .
2. , .
3. I II ().
Unit 4. Theory of Supply
45
:
1. I II ().
2. .
Revision 1
57
Unit 5. Factors of Production: Capital and Labour
61
:
1. , .
2. for + + .
3. one ().
4. it ().
Unit 6. Factors of Production: Natural Resources and Land
:
1. .
2. due .
3. which.
Unit 7. Circular Flow of Payments and National Income
:
1. .
2. there.

77

92

349

Unit 8. Taxes and Public Spending

:
1.
.
2. result .
3. most.
4. that those.

1 0 4

Unit 17. Forms of Business Ownership

:
1. It is . . . that (who).
2. that those ().
3. it ().
4. .

264

Revision I I

1 2 0

Unit 18. Modern M e a n s of Communication and Electronic Commerce ... 281

.

Unit 9. Money and Its Functions

:
1. .
2. .
3. the ... the ...
4. for.
Unit 10. Introduction to Banking and Financial Markets

1 2 6

Revision IV

296

303

1.
2. I
3. II
4. II
( )
5. ( )
6.
7. to be
8. ,
9. to be + of +
10.

11.
12.

13.
14.
15. for + / +

16.
17. there
18. one
19. it
20.
21.

22.
23.
24.
25.
26. It is necessary that
27. It i s . . . that (who)
28. that those
29.
30.
31.

303
304
304

141

:
1. .
2. ().
Unit 11. Monetary System and Monetary Policies
:
.
Unit 12. Inflation
:
1. .
2. whether.
3. means to mean.
4. any.
5. {).
Unit 13. Foreign Trade
:
1. .
2. It is necessary that...
3. ().

l 6 8

1 8 1

Revision I I I

2 0 2

Unit 14. Assets and Liabilities

:
1. .
2. .
Unit 15. Bookkeeping as Part of Accounting Cycle
:
1. .
2. ().
3. until.
4. balance.

2 1 2

Unit 16. Accounting Information

:
1. .
2. unless, provided.
3. ().

350

154

229

2 4 6

305
306
308
308
309
310
311
312
313
315
316
317
318
319
320
322
322
323
324
325
326
329
330
331
332
332
333
334
334

336

337

348

/!.//.
..
..
..

143900, ,
. , , 81
ACT
368560, , -,
. , . , . 20
:
www.ast.ru
E-mail: astpub@alia.ni

. 50-
, .
170040, . , 50- , 46.