Example

Pg. 1

1. TRAU T-G
One span beam in composite loading
(EC2 EN1992-1-1:2004, EC0 EN1990-1-1:2002, )

C2
As2

Concrete-Steel class: C20/25-B500C

Environmental class : XC1
Concrete cover
: Cnom=25 mm
Concrete weight
: 25.0 kN/m
c=1.50, s=1.15
fcd=ccfck/c=0.85x20/1.50=11.33 MPa
fyd=fyk/s=500/1.15=435 MPa

(EC2 3)
(EC2 4.4.1)
(EC2 4.4.1)

MEd
h

VEd
As1

(EC2 Table 2.1N)

(EC2 3.1.6)
(EC2 3.2.7)

Fcd

NEd

S1

Fsd

Cnom

1.1. Dimensions and loads

Beam (rectangular section) , span L=9.100 m
L=9.100m, bw=0.350m, h=0.300m
Partial safety factors for actions : G=1.35, Q=1.50
Combination of variable actions
: 0=0.70, 1=0.60, 2=0.30
Effective depth of cross section d=h-d1, d1=Cnom+s+0.5=25+8+0.5x18=42mm

g1,q1 kN/m

Beam loads
beam self weight
uniform load
triangular load
triangular load
triangular load
concentrated load
concentrated load

go=
g1=
g2=
g3=
g4=
G1=
G2=

2.63
3.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00

kN/m
kN/m
kN/m
kN/m
kN/m
kN
kN

q1=
q2=
q3=
q4=
Q1=
Q2=

3.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00

g2,q2 kN/m

kN/m
kN/m
kN/m
kN/m
kN x1= 0.000 m
kN x2= 0.000 m

Cross section values (area A, moment of inertia Iyy, centroid zc)

4
Span-1 L= 9.100m, A=0.10500m(1.05E+005mm), Iyy=0.00079m
(7.88E+008mm
1.2. Ultimate limit state (ULS)
Load (STR)

(EC0 Annex A1)

g3,q3 kN/m
g4,q4 kN/m
G1,Q1 kN
G2,Q2 kN

),

zc=0.000m(0mm)

(EC2 EN1992-1-1:2004, 6.1)

qed=Gg+Qq=1.35g+1.50q

1.3. Design actions, shearing forces and bending moments, Ultimate limit state (ULS)
Bending moments and shears, load combination 1.35g+1.50q
x/L=0.00,
x/L=0.10,
x/L=0.20,
x/L=0.30,
x/L=0.40,

x=
x=
x=
x=
x=

0.00m,
0.91m,
1.82m,
2.73m,
3.64m,

Med=
Med=
Med=
Med=
Med=

-83.46
-38.39
-3.34
21.70
36.72

kNm,
kNm,
kNm,
kNm,
kNm,

Ved=
Ved=
Ved=
Ved=
Ved=

55.03
44.02
33.02
22.01
11.01

kN
kN
kN
kN
kN

Med

x/L=0.50, x= 4.55m, Med=

41.73
x/L=0.60, x= 5.46m, Med=
36.72
x/L=0.70, x= 6.37m, Med=
21.70
x/L=0.80, x= 7.28m, Med=
-3.34
x/L=0.90, x= 8.19m, Med= -38.39
x/L=1.00, x= 9.10m, Med= -83.46
*Zero moments values at x1=2.002

kNm, Ved=
0.00
kNm, Ved= -11.01
kNm, Ved= -22.01
kNm, Ved= -33.02
kNm, Ved= -44.02
kNm, Ved= -55.03
m and x2=7.007m

kN
kN
kN
kN
kN
kN

Ved

Example

Pg. 2

VedA=
55.03 kN, VedB=
55.03 kN, maxMed=
83.46 kNm, maxVed=
55.03 kN
Maximum moments:
span Med=41.73kNm (x=4.550m), support MedA=-83.46kNm, support MedB=-83.46kNm
Maximum moments at support face
(bsup=0.300m) MedA=-73.64 kNm, MedB=-73.64 kNm
Maximum shear forces at distance d from support face
Span-A, b/2+d=0.408m, VedA= 50.62kN, VedB= 50.62kN
Span-A, b/2 =0.150m, VedA= 52.83kN, VedB= 52.83kN
1.4. Span

Ultimate limit state (ULS), design for bending

(EC2 EN1992-1-1:2004, 6.1, 9.2.1)

Effective depth of cross section d1=Cnom+s+0.5=25+8+0.5x18=42mm, d2=42mm, d=300-42=258mm

Reinforcement for bending (only tension reinforcement is needed)
Med= 41.73kNm bw=350mm d=258mm Kd= 2.36 x/d=0.21 c2/s1=-3.5/12.8 ks=2.52,
As1= 4.08cm
Minimum longitudinal tension reinf., As>=0.0013bd, (As,min= 1.17cm)
(EC2 9.2.1.1.1)
Maximum tension or compression reinf., As<=0.04Ac, (As,max=42.00cm)
(EC2 9.2.1.1.3)
Reinforcement for bending:
418 (10.16cm) (bottom)
1.5. Support-A

Ultimate limit state (ULS), design for bending

(EC2 EN1992-1-1:2004, 6.1, 9.2.1)

Effective depth of cross section d1=Cnom+s+0.5=25+8+0.5x18=42mm, d2=42mm, d=300-42=258mm

Reinforcement for bending (only tension reinforcement is needed)
Med=-73.64kNm bw=350mm d=258mm Kd= 1.78 x/d=0.42 c2/s1=-3.5/ 4.9 ks=2.78,
As2= 7.94cm
Minimum longitudinal tension reinf., As>=0.0013bd, (As,min= 1.17cm)
(EC2 9.2.1.1.1)
Maximum tension or compression reinf., As<=0.04Ac, (As,max=42.00cm)
(EC2 9.2.1.1.3)
Reinforcement for bending:
418 (10.16cm) (top)
1.6. Support-B

Ultimate limit state (ULS), design for bending

(EC2 EN1992-1-1:2004, 6.1, 9.2.1)

Effective depth of cross section d1=Cnom+s+0.5=25+8+0.5x18=42mm, d2=42mm, d=300-42=258mm

Reinforcement for bending (only tension reinforcement is needed)
Med=-73.64kNm bw=350mm d=258mm Kd= 1.78 x/d=0.42 c2/s1=-3.5/ 4.9 ks=2.78,
As2= 7.94cm
Minimum longitudinal tension reinf., As>=0.0013bd, (As,min= 1.17cm)
(EC2 9.2.1.1.1)
Maximum tension or compression reinf., As<=0.04Ac, (As,max=42.00cm)
(EC2 9.2.1.1.3)
Reinforcement for bending:
418 (10.16cm) (top)
1.7. Span

Ultimate limit state (ULS), Design for shear

Shear capacity without shear reinforcement Vrdc

Vrdc=[Crdck(1001fck) 0.33+k1cp]bwd
Vrdc>=(vmin+k1cp)bwd

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(EC2 EN1992-1-1:2004, 6.2, 9.2.2)

(EC2 6.2.2)
(EC2 Eq.6.2.a)

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(EC2 Eq.6.2.b)
Crdc=0.18/c=0.18/1.50=0.120, fck=20.00MPa ,bw=350mm, d=258mm
k=1+ (200/d) <=2, k=1.88, k1=0.15
1=As1/(bwd)=1016/(350x258)=0.0113
vmin=0.035k 1.50 fck = 0.40N/mm
Vrd,c(min)=0.001x(0.40)x350x258=36.12kN
0.33
Vrdc=0.001x[0.120x1.88x(1.13x20.00)
]x350x258=57.60kN
Ved=50.62 kN <= Vrdc=57.60 kN,
Ved<=Vrdc shear reinforcement is not needed

(EC2 Eq.6.3N)

Concrete strut capacity Vrdmax

(EC2 6.2.3 Eq.6.9)
Vrdmax=cwbwz1fcd/(cot+tan),
Ved/max(Vrdmax)=0.21, =21.8 cot=2.50 tan=0.40
cw=1.00 z=0.9d, fck=20.0<=60Mpa 1=0.6[1-fck/250]=0.6[1-20/250]=0.552, fcd=11.33Mpa
Vrdmax=0.001x1.00x350x0.9x258x0.552x11.33/2.90=175.3 kN
Minimum links for shear reinforcement
Minimum shear reinforcement ratio w,min
w,min=(0.08x(fck) 0.5/fyk, fck=20N/mm, fyk=500N/mm, w,min=0.0007
min Asw/s=10x0.0007x350xsin(90)= 2.45cm/m
Maximum longitudinal spacing of links slmax=0.75d (<=600mm)=190mm
Maximum transverse spacing of link legs stmax=0.75d (<=600mm)=190mm
Minimum shear reinforcement links

2 8/19.0 (Asw/s=10.59cm/m)

Span

2 8/19.0 (Asw/s=10.59cm/m)

Shear reinforcement: links

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(EC2 9.2.2)
(EC2 Eq.9.5N)

(EC2 9.2.2.6, Eq.9.6N)

(EC2 9.2.2.8, Eq.9.8N)

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Example

Pg. 3

1.8. Design actions, shearing forces and bending moments, Serviceability limit state (SLS)
Bending moments and shears, load combination 1.00g+0.30q
x/L=0.00,
x/L=0.10,
x/L=0.20,
x/L=0.30,
x/L=0.40,
x/L=0.50,
x/L=0.60,
x/L=0.70,
x/L=0.80,
x/L=0.90,
x/L=1.00,

x=
x=
x=
x=
x=
x=
x=
x=
x=
x=
x=

0.00m,
0.91m,
1.82m,
2.73m,
3.64m,
4.55m,
5.46m,
6.37m,
7.28m,
8.19m,
9.10m,

Maximum moments:

Med=
Med=
Med=
Med=
Med=
Med=
Med=
Med=
Med=
Med=
Med=

-45.03
-20.71
-1.80
11.71
19.81
22.51
19.81
11.71
-1.80
-20.71
-45.03

kNm,
kNm,
kNm,
kNm,
kNm,
kNm,
kNm,
kNm,
kNm,
kNm,
kNm,

Ved=
Ved=
Ved=
Ved=
Ved=
Ved=
Ved=
Ved=
Ved=
Ved=
Ved=

29.69
23.75
17.81
11.88
5.94
0.00
-5.94
-11.88
-17.81
-23.75
-29.69

kN
kN
kN
kN
kN
kN
kN
kN
kN
kN
kN

span Med=22.51kNm (x=4.550m), support MedA=-45.03kNm, support MedB=-45.03kNm

1.9. Serviceability limit state (SLS)

(EC2 EN1992-1-1:2004, 7)

L=9.100m, b=0.350m, h=0.300m, d=0.258m

Leff=9.100m, , Med(SLS)=22.51 kNm
Final creep coefficient (
(EC2 3.1.4, Annex B)
,t)=2.50
Total shrinkage strain cs=-0.30o/oo
c=1.00, s=1.00
(EC2 2.4.2.4.2)
Modulus of elasticity of concrete Ecm=29GPa, Ec,eff=29/(1+2.50)=8.29GPa=8290MPa
(EC2 Eq.7.20)
Modulus of elasticity of steel Es=200GPa=200000MPa
Modular ratio e=Es/Ec=200/29.00=6.90, effective e=Es/Ec,eff=200/8.29=24.13
Tension reinforcement: 418, Compression reinforcement: 214
Reinforcement ratio =s1/(bd)=1016/(350x258)=0.011, '=s2/(bd)=308/(350x258)=0.003
1.9.1. State I (uncracked section) (SLS)
Bending stiffness of uncracked section, EI=(200/24.13)x(0.001x0.788)=6527 kNm
S=As.zs1=(0.001)x1016x0.108=(0.001)x0.110 m
Curvature due to moment 1/rM=22.514/6527=(0.001)x3.449 (1/m)
Curvature due to shrinkage 1/rcs=(0.001x0.30)x24.130x(0.110/0.788)=(0.001)x1.009(1/m)
Total curvature 1/r=(0.001)x3.449+(0.001)x1.009=(0.001)x4.458(1/m)
Cracking moment, Mcr=fctm(I/y2)=2.2x(0.788/0.150)=11.55 kNm
1.9.2. State II (fully cracked section) (SLS)
=0.011, '=0.003, '/=0.273, n=e=24.13, n=0.265, =0.449, =0.474, x=d=0.122m
Bending stiffness of fully cracked section, EI=EsAsd=0.449x200x1016x0.258=6067 kNm
S=As.zs1=(0.001)x1016x0.136=(0.001)x0.138 m
Curvature due to moment 1/rM=22.514/6067=(0.001)x3.711 (1/m)
Curvature due to shrinkage 1/rcs=(0.001x0.30)x24.130x(0.138/0.732)=(0.001)x1.267(1/m)
Total curvature 1/r=(0.001)x3.711+(0.001)x1.267=(0.001)x4.978(1/m)
Med=22.51 kNm, c/s=0.45/0.50, x=122mm, s=101 N/mm
1.9.3. Checking deflections without calculation (SLS)
l/d=K[11+1.5 fck(o/(-'))+(1/12)

fck ('/o)]=22.58

(EC2 Eq.7.21)

(EC2 Eq.7.21)

(EC2 EN1992-1-1:2004, 7.4.2)

(EC2 Eq.7.16b)
fck=20.00N/mm, =0.001x 20.00=0.004, =0.011, '=0.003, >o, K=1.5
l/d=(310/s)x(l/d), s=101 N/mm, l/d=(310/101)x22.58=69.54
leff/d=9.100/0.258=35.27 <= 69.54,
Span/depth under limits
1.9.4. Checking deflections by calculation (SLS)
=1-0.50(Mcr/Med)=1-0.50x(11.55/22.51)=0.87
Final curvature (1/r)=0.87x(0.001x4.978)+(1-0.87)x(0.001x4.458)=(0.001)x4.909(1/m)
=(Ma+Mb)/Mc=(45.03+45.03)/22.51=4.00, k=0.104(1-4.00/10)=0.0624
f=kLeff(1/r)=0.0624x9.100x4.909=25.4 mm
f=25.37 <= 1000x9.100/250=36.4 mm,
Deflection under limits

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(EC2 Eq.7.17)

(EN1992-1-1, 7.4.3)
(Eq.7.19)
(Eq.7.18)

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Example

Pg. 4

1.9.5. Minimum reinforcement areas (SLS)

(EC2 EN1992-1-1:2004, 7.3.2)

Minimum reinforcement areas As,min=kckfct,effAct/s

b=0.350m, beff=0.350m, h=0.300m, d=0.258m, x=0.122m, =18mm
Ned=0.00kN, c=(Ned/bh)=0.0N/mm, s=101N/mm
Act=(h-x)b=(300-122)x350=62175 mm
max(h,b1)=0mm, fctm=2.20N/mm, Ac,eff=62175mm, k=1.00, kc=0.40, k1=1.50
Minimum reinforcement, As,min=0.40x1.00x2.20x62175/101=544mm

(EC2 Eq.7.1)

1.9.6. Control of cracking without direct calculation (SLS)

(EC2 EN1992-1-1:2004, 7.3.4)

crack width wk=0.3mm( XC1), steel stress s=101N/mm, *=25mm, max s=250mm
s=*(fctm/2.9)[kchcr/(2(h-d))]=14mm
fctm=2.20N/mm, kc=0.40, hcr=0.5x300=150mm, h=300mm, d=258mm
Maximum bar diameter =14 mm , maximum bar spacing s=250 mm
1.9.7. Calculation of crack width (SLS)

(EC2 T.7.2N T.7.3N)

(EC2 Eq.7.6N)

(EC2 EN1992-1-1:2004, 7.3.3)

wk=sr,max(sm-cm)
sm-cm=[s-kt(fct,eff/eff)(1+eeff)]/Es >=0.6 s/Es
s=101N/mm, short term loading: e=6.90, kt=0.6, long term loading: e=24.13, kt=0.4
Aceff=0.333(h-x)b=0.333x(300-122)x350=20704 mm
eff=As/Ac,eff=1016/20704=0.049
sm-cm=[101-0.4x(2.2/0.049)(1+24.13x0.049)]/200=0.31 o/oo>=0.6x101/200=0.30 o/oo
sr,max=k3Cnom+k1k2k4/
eff
=18mm, k1=0.8, k2=(e1+e2)/2e1=0.5, k3=3.4, k4=0.425
sr,max=3.4x25.00+0.8x0.5x0.425x18/0.049=147.36 mm
wk=sr,max(sm-cm)=147.36x0.001x0.31=0.05 mm
wk=0.05 mm <= 0.40 mm =wmax, Environmental class: XC1,
Crack width under limit

1.10. Reinforcing bar schedule

Num

1
2
3
4
5
6

type

(Span-1)
(Span-1)
(Supp-A)
(Supp-B)
(Span-1)
(Span-1)

reinforcing bar [mm]

10140

80

80
220

80

80
220

10.140

81.12

14

1.210

9.350

22.63

18

2.000

5.480

43.84

18

2.000

5.670

45.36

220

48

0.395

1.180

22.37

220

48

0.395

0.900

17.06

290
290
150
150

weight
[kg]

2.000

5670

length
[m]

18

5480

g/m
[kg/m]

9350

items

Total weight [kg]

232.38

(EC2 Eq.7.8)
(EC2 Eq.7.9)
(7.3.2.3)

(EC2 Eq.7.11)

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