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TO EXERCISE
KEY KNOWLEDGE
The mechanisms responsible for the acute responses to
exercise in
the cardiovascular, respiratory and muscular systems
Oxygen uptake at rest, during exercise and during recovery
including
oxygen deficit, steady state and excess post-exercise oxygen
consumption
KEY SKILL
Participate in physical activities to collect and analyse data
relating to the
range of acute effects that physical activity has on the
cardiovascular,
respiratory and muscular systems of the body
Short Term.
Are dependent on the intensity, duration and type of
CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM
Cardiovascular System = circulates blood, nutrients (O2
RESPIRATORY SYSTEM
Extracts O2 from the air and removes CO2 from the body.
Lungs
Alveoli are tiny air sacs that allow for O2 and CO2
MUSCULAR SYSTEM
Responsible for movement
Myoglobin carries oxygen molecules to muscle tissue.
Mitochondria are the cells in which aerobic respiration
produce energy
Enzymes = Allow for fuels to break down more quickly.
Catalyst
ACUTE RESPONSES
Cardio
Vascular
Respiratory
Muscular
Stroke Volume
Venous Return
Ventilation
AVO2 Diff
Heart Rate
Blood Pressure
Tidal Volume
Temperature
Motor Unit
Recruitment
Thermoregulati
on
Oxygen
Uptake
Factors
affecting VO2
Blood Volume
Diffusion
Energy
Substrate
Levels
Increased
Heart Rate
Increased
Stroke
Volume
Increased
Cardiac
Output
HEART RATE
Anticipatory rise
=80-110mL
Trained individual SV @rest = 80-110mL and @ exercise
= 160-200mL
Question Does this help you understand why a trained
Exercise = 20-25L
For trained athlete this can get up to 35-40 L per minute
YOUR TURN!
Jim is 32 years old.
He has a resting HR of 72. His resting stroke volume is
68mL. .
Jim goes for a run at about 50% of maximum and his HR
YOUR TURN
What is meant by the term acute responses to exercise?
Define what is meant by the term heart, stroke volume
Increased
Blood
Pressure
Redistributi
on of blood
flow
Decreased
Blood
Volume
Increased
Oxygen
Uptake
Muscle Pump
Respiratory Pump
arteries.
Systolic blood pressure is the blood pressure recorded as blood is ejected
during contraction phase of the heart cycle. Will be the higher of the 2 values
Diastolic blood pressure is the blood pressure recorded during the relaxation
increase in pressure
A normal blood pressure is 120 over 80.
During dynamic whole body exercise e.g running cycling blood is pumped
more forcefully and quickly out of the heart, this increases systolic blood
pressure but diastolic blood pressure barely changes.
In resistance type of exercise such as lifting weights there is an increase in
is called VASOCONSTRICTION
@ Rest
15-20% goes to working muscles. 75-80% to vital organs.
@ Exercise
80-90% to working muscles. 10-20% to vital organs.
It increases linearly.
Body
Size
Gender
Age
Genetic
s
Training
Status
BODY SIZE
A larger heavier person requires more oxygen than a
smaller person.
Therefore VO2 max is expressed relative to body size in
GENDER
Females tend to have lower oxygen uptake than males of
GENETICS
Aerobic capability is largely genetically determined. Up to
25-50% of variance.
Training can still largely improve VO2 max.
AGE
Peaks around late adolescence and early adulthood and
decline.
mL/kg/min.
Average VO2 max for untrained adult female 20-29 is 33-
42 mL/kg/min.
Trained endurance athlete can be up to 50-75
mL/kg/min.
Refer to table 3.1.
Why does a swimmer have a higher VO2 max than a
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YOUR TURN
Why is VO2 max expressed relative to bodyweight.
List and briefly summarize the factors that can affect VO2
max in a table
Have a look at the table on pages 102-103 and explain
Increased
respiratory
frequency
Increased
Tidal
Volume
Increased
Ventilation
Diffusion
INCREASED RESPIRATORY
FREQUENCY (BREATHING RATE)
Respiratory frequency or breathing rate is the amount of
per breath.
INCREASED VENTILATION
Ventilation is the amount of air inspired or expired per minute by the
lungs.
Tidal volume x Respiratory Rate = Ventilation (TV x RF = V)
INCREASED DIFFUSION
The movement of oxygen and carbon dioxide to an area of
the cappilaries
Gas exchange occurs in the muscle between the muscle
Increased
Temperature
Increased
Motor Unit
Recruitment
Decreased
Energy
Substrate
Levels
INCREASED ARTERIOVENOUS
DIFFERENCE (A-VO2 DIFF)
a-VO2 diff is a measure of the difference in the
Why?
stimulates
More motor units recruited = Greater force!
INCREASED TEMPERATURE
A change in the internal temperature of the body
Mechanisms work to prevent an increase in core body
temperature.
SWEAT
decrease
PC, glycogen, triglycerides
Oxygen Deficit occurs when oxygen supply lags behind oxygen demands
typically at the start of exercise and when exercise intensities rapidly increase mainly anaerobic energy systems
Steady State occurs when oxygen supply meets oxygen demand largely
aerobic energy system
Oxygen Debt = EPOC (Excess Post exercise Oxygen Consumption) occurs
during recovery whilst oxygen levels remain above resting levels largely aerobic
energy system
R O B E RT M A L P E L I - B A LW Y N H I G H
SCHOOL 2010
R O B E RT M A L P E L I - B A LW Y N H I G H
SCHOOL 2010