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ThisarticlewasoriginallypublishedinDomus962/October2012
Inrecentyearstherehasbeenaresurgenceofthe"informalcity"withinthediscourseonarchitecture
andurbanism.Intimesofeconomicrecession,the"informal"isoftenadvocatedasthesolutiontothe
evilsoftheneoliberalcity.Aprotagonistoftheinformalcityis"infillarchitecture",inwhichhousingis
reducedtoaflexibleframeworkcustomisedbytheinhabitants.Thisconceptionofthehouserespondsto
therapidgrowthofcities,butitisalsopromotedasawaytoencourageparticipationfromthe
inhabitantsthemselvesinbuildingtheirownenvironment.Againstoverdesignedarchitecture,theinfill
modeliscelebratedasawaytogivespacetoinhabitants'creativity.Indeedthereisathinlinethat
dividesthismodelfromtherealityofmanyshantytownsinwhichdoityourselfisaforcedoptionrather
thanafancymodelforhousing.Thesamemodelcanbeinterpretedasacynicalsolutionthatconfirms
thestatusquoinwhichlowcostconstructionsandadaptabilityareexploitedinordertosociallyand
politicallytameanincreasinglyhomelesspopulation.Perhapsthebestwaytodiscerntheambivalence
oftheinfillmodelistoreconsideritsprogenitorLeCorbusier'sDominoconstructionsystemand
oneofitsmostradicalapplications,theGreekmultifunctionaldwellingalsoknownaspolykatoikia[1].
Domino
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Designedin1914asselfhelpconstructionsystem,Domino(fromtheLatindooms,"house",andan
abbreviationof"innovation")hasbecometheubiquitousformofconstructioninalldevelopingcountries:
areinforcedconcreteframeworkopentoanyinfillandthustoanyspatialinterpretation.Indeveloping
thismodel,LeCorbusierwasinspiredbywoodenpillarbuildingsinTurkey[2]ononehand,andFlemish
housesontheother.LeCorbusierlookedattentivelytovernacularconstructionsystemsinorderto
shortenthedistancebetweenarchitectureandeverydaybuildingprocesses,buthereinterpretedthese
vernacularexampleswithinthelogicofatypicallyindustrialplanandthenewdevelopmentsinconcrete
construction.
LeCorbusierdevelopedhisprototypeimaginingapostwarreconstructioninwhichtheurgentneedof
housingwoulddemandnewandmoreflexiblewaystobuildhouses,especiallyforthelowclasses.In
thissensetheDominoprincipleisthebestembodimentofLeCorbusier'smotto"Architectureor
Revolution".InDomino,architectureisnotsimplyashelter,butinthewordsofMichelFoucault,itisa
"dispositif",anapparatusthatputstoworkandcontrolsthemostbasicfacultiesofunskilledworkers.

Top:ManolisBaboussis,Viewofapolykatoikiaskeletonunderconstruction,1987.PhotoandcourtesyofManolis
Baboussis.Above:PerspectiveviewoftheDominosystem,1914.Source:LeCorbusierandPierreJeanneret,OEuvre
ComplteVolume1,19101929,LesEditionsdArchitectureArtemis,Zrich,1964

TheseeminginformalityoftheDominoistheperfecthousingcounterpartoftherigidFordistTaylorist
organisationofworkinwhichworkerswereuprootedfromtheirnativeenvironmentandtakenaspure
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labourforcedevoidofanyspecificskillbytheautomatismoftheassemblyline.TheDominosystemhas
provedtobeeffectivebeyondtheindustrialage,thankstoitsextremegenericnessandadaptability.In
theDominomodel,flexibilityisnotonlyapositivequality,butalsoafundamentalapparatusofsocial
engineeringthatcontrolstheeconomicdevelopmentofsupposedlyspontaneoussettlementsfromthe
BrazilianfavelastotheTurkishgecekondu.Firstofall,whileitexploitsthecheapinformallabourforce,
Dominosarealsobasedonindustriallyproducedrawmaterialsthatdrivetheprofitbacktolargerscale
corporations.Secondly,beyondtherhetoricofofferingahousetoeverybody,thisapparatusboosts
sometimesartificiallytheconstructionsector,asectorthatbreedsanewrangeofsmallenterprises.
Inthisway,thepossibilityofsocialunrestistamedbybuildingaclassofhomeownersandmicro
entrepreneurswho,whileeconomicallynotprivileged,arehoweverscepticaltowardsthepossibilityof
corporativism,sharing,andthedemandingofsocialequality.ThesubjectivityoftheDomino,inspiteof
whatLeCorbusierhadhoped,didnotresultinasharedefforttoconstructreadableurban
environments,butratherinthemythofselfentrepreneurship.Ifthisresultisoftenblurredbythepoverty
ofsuchdevelopments,oneofthebestillustrationsofthisphenomenonisperhapstheGreek
polykatoikia,whichonthecontraryaddressesprimarilythemiddleclass,andwhichhadamajorimpact
inthedevelopmentofpostwarGreece.
DimitrisPhilippidis,AnInnerCitySquatterSettlementinAthens,1966.Source:DimitrisPhilippidis,Town
PlanninginGreece,in20thCenturyArchitectureinGreece,PrestelPublishers,1999.Courtesyof
DimitrisPhilippidisArchive

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Thepolykatoikia
Thepolykatoikiawasoriginallyconceivedinthe1930sasamultistoreyapartmentbuildingforthe
Athenianbourgeoisie[3].TheproliferationofthistypewassupportedbytheStateintheformofa
generalbuildingregulationandapropertylaw[4],whichdirectlyproducedthebasicrationalebehindthe
architectureofthepolykatoikia.Thislawallowedlandownerstobartertaxfreetheirbuildablegroundin
exchangeforbuiltindoorspace,effectivelyderegulatingtheconstructionindustry.Anothergoalofthe
polykatoikiaaspromotedbytheStatewastoadvance(andthusappropriate)localconstruction
knowledgetowardsacoherentandyetflexiblesystemofbuildingtechniques,materials,detailsand
structuralschemes.LikeintheDominomodelthissystemcombinedadvancedindustrialsolutionswith
lowskilledmanuallabour.Throughtheapparatusofthepolykatoikia,theprojectofthecitywas
advancednolongerthroughtopdownmasterplanning,butthroughtheproductionofabstractlegislative
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frameworks,whichmaterialisedinthebottomuppracticeofselfbuilding.
ThisbuildinglogicwasextensivelymobilisedwiththepostwarreconstructionofAthens.AfterWorldWar
II,GreeceenteredabloodycivilwarthatendedwiththedefeatoftheCommunistforces.Thenew
"democratic"governmentputforwardaplantotametherebelliouspotentialoftheworkingclass.A
fundamentalissuewastoavoidbigindustrialconcentrationsandencourageasmallscalebuilding
economyinordertofragmentandthuscontrolthepopulation.Byadvancingthesmallscalebuilding
systemofthepolykatoikia,thegovernmentpromotedthereconstructionofthecountryandthe
consequenteconomicrecoverywithminimumstateintervention[5].Inthiswayincreasinghousing
needsweremetwithoutawelfareprogramme[6],whilealargepartofthepopulationwasguided
towardsprivateownership[7].Thegenericformofthepolykatoikiawasabletoabsorballclassesand
allowanykindofinfillandthusbecameatypesuitableforallsortsofurbandensities.
Thepolykatoikiawasoriginallyconceivedinthe1930sasamultistoreyapartmentbuildingforthe
Athenianbourgeoisie

DimitrisPhilippidis,TypicalViewofAthens,2000.Source:DimitrisPhilippides,ModernArchitectureinGreece,Melissa,
Athens2001.CourtesyofDimitrisPhilippidisArchive

Fromthe1950suntilveryrecently,theconstructionindustrywasamajorassetintheeconomyof
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Greece.Inthiswaythepolykatoikiahastransformedthecityitselfintoagiganticfactory(thecityasa
factoryofitself).Themassivedevelopmentofthisbuildingprocessproducedamiddleclasssubjectthat
wassimultaneouslyowner,producerandconsumerofspace.Justbeforetheeconomiccrisis,Greece
had84.6percentofhomeownership,ironicallythesecondhighestinEuropeafterSpain[8].Inspiteof
itsquestionablepoliticaloriginthepolykatoikiahasbeenoftencelebratedasasuccessfulexperimentin
informal,bottomuphousingbuilding.However,itsimplementationhasproducedasubjectivitybasedon
radicalindividualisminwhichthehouseholditselfbecameasourceofeconomicspeculation.Itis
preciselythissubjectivitythatisunderpressurewiththedramaticeconomiccrisisthathasbeenaffecting
Greecesince2008.IfwiththebeginningoftheColdWarGreecewasforcedtodeveloparadical
laissezfaireagenda,promotingadeliberatesocialfragmentationofitsworkingclass,withinthecurrent
economiccrisisthisfragmentationhasprovedextremelyproblematicasprivateownershipbecomes
unsafegroundintimesofrecessionwhenthevalueofpropertiesdramaticallydecreases.
Atthesametimethearchitectureofthepolykatoikiaitself,withitssmallscaleandlackofcollective
spaces,hasdevelopedanurbanethoscompletelylockedwithinitsextremeindividualism.Andyetifthe
politicsofpostwarGreecewereadvancedthroughthearchitectureofonesinglearchetypeitis
preciselybyalteringthisarchetypethatitispossibletopromotealargescalereformofthecitywithout
recurringtoamasterplan.Animportantpremiseofthisreformistoshowhowinspiteoftheurban
fragmentation,thepolykatoikia,asanarchitecturallanguage,manifestsitself(initsutmostradical
intensity)asacommonandthusdeeplycollectiveconstructionsystem.Thefundamentalgoalofthis
reformwouldbetoovercomethefragmentationprovokedbytheapplicationofthisbuildingtype,by
workingtowardsareconstructionofcollectiveurbanformations.

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TheproliferationofnewarchetypesinthepolykatoikiacarpetwouldcreateanewanatomyforcentralAthensthrough
architectureratherthanthroughabstractlegislation.ThismapdoesnotrepresenttherealgeographyofAthens,butrather
anideallyreconstructed,analogouscollageofitsmainurbanconditions:theanalogicalcharacterofthedrawingservesto
underlinetheideathatnocoherentmasterplanisputforwardhere,butonlyacatalogueofpossibleactionsthatwill
unfoldindifferentwaysdependingonthecontext,changingthecitythroughphysicalspaceoneactatatime.Research
projectAthens:Labour,City,Architecture.TowardsaCommonArchitecturalLanguage,conductedattheBerlageInstitute,
Rotterdam,byPierVittorioAureli,MariaS.Giudici,PlatonIssaias,EliaZenghelisandpostgraduateresearchersJuan
CarlosAristizabal,HyunSooKim,IvanK.Nasution,DavideSacconi,RobertoSoundy,YuichiWatanabe,JiHyunWoo,
LingxiaoZhang(20102011)

AprojectforAthens
InthefinancialandurbancrisisthatAthenshasbeenundergoingsince2008,wehavedevelopedatthe
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BerlageInstituteaprojectthatstartsfromacriticalevaluationofthepolykatoikiaprotocolandthe
subjectivityithasproduced.Boththeeconomicrationaleandthesocialfunctioningoftheurban
conditioncreatedbythepolykatoikiahaveshowntheirlimits.Thedisastrouscurrentsituationmakesthe
rethinkingofthismodelaveryurgenttask.Withthisprojectweaimtoexposethegenericnatureofthe
polykatoikia,whilerecoveringthearchitectureofthecitybeyondthepixelofthesingledwelling.Instead
ofamasterplanweproposeacatalogueofarchitecturalactionsthataimtoconnectthefragmented
dwellingsintocoherentandformallyfinitecollectiveurbanforms.Theseformsarethecourtyard,the
block,thestreet,andthemostcollectivelayerofthecity:thegroundfloor.Theflexibilityandopenness
ofthepolykatoikiaisthusmanipulatedtowardstheoppositescenarioforwhichitwasdeveloped.While
theDominoapproachencouragestheindividualhouseownertobecomeanindependententrepreneur
whofillsin,organisesandmanipulateshispartoftheskeleton,theformsweproposeallimplyaformof
collectivewillandcollaboration.Thecourtyard,theblock,thestreet,andthegroundfloorbecome
figuresthatcanberescuedfromthepolykatoikiacarpet.Ourproposalradicalisesthesefiguresinto
distinctarchitecturalarchetypes.

Left,Cloister.Byconstitutingablockcommunity,theinhabitantsofablockcouldtransformtogethertheemptyspaceinits
middle,andthepossibilityofanew,generouscourtyardwouldemerge.Thecourtyardcouldbecomeacloister,hostingan
enlargementoftheexistingpropertiesintheformofasharedbalconyframingthecollectivespace.(JiHyunWoo,Berlage
Institute,2011).Right,Platform.Withthedemolitionofallthenonloadbearingpartitionsofthegroundfloorswhichare
almostneverusedexceptforretailthestreetlevelbecomesaprivate,yetpubliclyaccessibleplatform.Theplatform
wouldexposethegenericnessofthepolykatoikias:acontinuousspacepunctuatedbyaloadbearingstructure,readytobe
usedfornewactivities(IvanK.Nasution,BerlageInstitute,2011)

Repetitionanddiscontinuity,paradoxically,arethetwohallmarksofcontemporaryAthens:atalarge
scale,theAthenianurbanisationisrepetitiveandhomogeneousitlackshierarchy,publicspaceanda
clearanatomywhileontheotherhand,ifwelookatthescaleofarchitecture,everycityblockisbuilt
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inafragmentedandchaoticway.Thearchetypesweproposearepartofthegrammarofany
Mediterraneancity,buttheyareunreadableinAthenstoday:courtyardsarecutupbyfences,poorly
maintainedandneverusedsimplybecausetheyaredividedbetweentoomanyownerscityblocksare
builtwithoutlogicbecausethepropertiesaretoofragmentedandthestreetsandgroundfloorsofthe
cityareplaguedbythousandsoffailed,discontinuousattemptsatbuildingstoasthatendupbecoming
unpleasantpocketsratherthansocialspaces.Ourarchetypessuggestlookingagainatthestrengthof
thesebasicfigurestoreconstructspacesthatcanbeshared.Thearchetypesofthecloisterandthe
platformarebasedonsharing(i.e.demolishingdivisions)inordertoreclaimresidualinterstices
revealingphysicalandlinguisticpossibilitiesforanarchitectural"common".Otherproposalsfocusonthe
needtoinsertnewspatialarrangements,sinceinAthensthespaceforwork,productionandinteraction
isoftenstuffedintothestraitjacketofbourgeoisapartmentsthatdonotfittheneedoftheusersanymore
(seearchetypesentablature,roofandstoa).Beyondthemanipulationofexistingformsthrough
demolitionandlocalisedinsertion,theproposedgrammaralsoputsforwardarchetypesthatchallenge
directlythepolykatoikiaasatectonicmodel.TheDominoskeletoncanberethoughtasaframework
wheredifferentproductiveandsocialactivitiescanhappen(seetheatre,wallandintransit).

Left,Entablature.Urbanblockscouldbeimprovedbytheinsertionofanextrarooftoplevelonexistingbuildingsa
continuousbeam,asortofentablaturethathostswideworkingspacesandcontraststhefragmentationofcontemporary
Athens,offeringnewreadabilitytotheblockasadistinctpieceofcity(DavideSacconi,BerlageInstitute,2011).Right,
Roof.Anaddedlinearstructurehoveringabovethefragmentedfaadesofthepolykatoikiasgivesdefinitiontothestreet
alignmentwhileprovidingareasforproductionandeducationdedicatedtotheinhabitantsoftheexistingbuildings.The
newroofunderlinesthestreetasarchitecturalspaceandseekstheestablishmentofurbancontinuity(LingxiaoZhang,
BerlageInstitute,2011)

Thesearchetypescloister,platform,stoa,roof,entablature,theatre,intransitandwallare
notmeantasdefiniteprojects,oraspartsofalargescaleplan:theyareexamples[9]ofhowitwouldbe
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possibletoactontheexistingtissue.Theseexamplesarenotnormative:theirprinciplecanbeapplied
inavarietyofsizes,shapesandcharactersdependingonthecontext.Theyareparadigmaticactions
thatcantriggerdifferentreactionsandevolveinunforeseenmanners.Bythesametoken,theyhavenot
beendevelopedasdiagrammaticuniversalprinciples:theyarepresentedaspreciseandconcrete
piecesofarchitecture,becauseexamplesworkbydoing,byhavinganeffect,ratherthanbyprescribing
abstractrules.Inthis,theideaofremakingacityanatomythroughexamplesradicallyopposesthelogic
ofthemasterplanaproliferationoftheseexampleswouldchangeAthensthrougharchitecture,adding
gardens,galleries,promenades,andattics.Inshort,throughmakingspace.

Left,Stoa.Afreestandinglayerofstoaaddedinfrontofthecurrentfacades,eatingafewmetresfromthestreet,would
provideanewpublicporticoaswellasthepossibilitytoclosetheexistingdiscontinuousstoasandturntheminto
productivespaces(RobertoSoundy,BerlageInstitute,2011).Right,Intransit.Logisticspacesareproliferatingatthe
groundlevel,especiallyonlargethoroughfares,makingstreetlifeimpossible.Thisarchetypeproposestogroupsuch
spacesandimplementthemwithtemporarylivingaccommodationforprecariousworkersandvisitors.Itisconceivedasa
screenshieldingsmallerscaleneighbourhoodsfromtrafficandprovidingalargescalearchitecturalbackdroptosuburban
highways(JuanCarlosAristizabal,BerlageInstitute,2011)

ThisnewcitywouldnotbeanotherAthens.ItwouldbeAthensasitreallyis,hiddenunderthechaosof
anapparentlyinformaldevelopmentthatisactuallyoneofthemostviolentbiopoliticalprojectsofthe
pastcentury.TheapparentindividualdifferencesthatgavethebuddingbourgeoisieinGreecethe
impressionofhavinguniquelifestyleshaveendedupasaratherdrearyandmonotonousenvironment.
Itisthehopeofthisprojectthatthroughsharing,ratherthanfragmenting,wemightgainbackreal
spatialvarietythatmaybebyexposingthepolykatoikiaskeletonsintheirgenericness,ratherthan
praisingthefakeoriginalityoftheirfillings,amorehabitableandstraightforwardcitymightemerge.Pier
VittorioAureliandMariaS.GiudiciteachattheArchitecturalAssociationinLondonPlatonIssaiasisa
PhDcandidateattheDelftUniversityofTechnology(@cityasaproject)
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Left,Theatre.Bysimplymanipulatingtheverticalcirculationintoapromenadesequence,theskeletonbecomesatheatre
ofsorts,acoveredpublicspaceofferedtothecitizensoftheneighbourhood.Thisarchetypebaresthebonesofthe
polykatoikiaasallnonloadbearingpartitionsdisappearandthetypicalapartmentbuildingbecomesagainaDomino
structure.ItshowshowtheDominoapproachmakesthewallitself,asanarchitecturalelement,irrelevant(HyunSooKim,
BerlageInstitute,2011).Right,Wall.Thisarchetypelooksatthespatialqualitiesthatwallarchitecturetheoppositeofthe
polykatoikiacanoffer:thepossibilitytodefineboundaries,todistinguishinsideandoutside,tocreateprivacy.Sucha
wallisanalternativetothepolykatoikialandscape:athickslabcontainingservices,opaquetowardsthestreet,supporting
amplebalconyapartmentsfacinganinnergarden.Whiletheservicewallcouldbefixed,providingcontinuityonthe
outside,thebalconiescanbeoccupiedflexiblythusreusingtheinfilllogicoftheDomino(YuichiWatanabe,Berlage
Institute,2011)

Notes:
1.Thetermpolykatoikiaisacompositeword,frompoly,translatedasmulti,andthenounkatoikia,
dwelling.InGreek,polykatoikiastandsforthemultistoreyapartmentbuilding,eventuallybecominga
termthatdescribeseveryhousingbuildingexceptforsuburbansinglefamilyvillas.
2.SeeAdolfMaxVogt,LeCorbusier,TheNobleSavage,TheMITPress,Cambridge2000.
3.Forathoroughanalysisonthebirthandtheevolutionofthepolykatoikiatypeinthe1920sand1930s
seeDimitrisEmmanuel,TheGrowthofSpeculativeBuildinginGreece:ModesofHousingProduction
andSocioeconomicChanges,PhDThesis,LondonSchoolofEconomicsandPoliticalScience,London
1981.
4.See"TheGeneralBuildingRegulationoftheState"(April3rd1929)andthe3741/1929law"On
HorizontalPropertyDivisionsandotherprovisions".
5.Ontheparticularitiesofthiseconomicmodel(inGreek):PanosKazakos,BetweenStateandMarkets:
EconomyandEconomicPolicyinGreece,19442000,Patakis,Athens2009.
6.DimitrisEmmanuel,HousingPublicPoliciesinGreece:TheScaleofanAbsence,NationalCentrefor
SocialResearch,Athens2006.
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7.Thisparticularprocessandthepoliticalimplicationsofthiseconomicprojectwerethoroughly
discussedanddescribedinafundamentaltextof1951,thereport"OntheEconomicProblemof
Greece",bytheGreekeconomistKyriakosVarvaressos.Thereportforesawandanalysedthe
particularitiesofthismajorreform.Recentlyrepublished(inGreek):Varvaressos,Kyriakos,Reporton
theEconomicProblemofGreece,Savalas,Athens2002.
8.N.X.Rousanoglou(inGreek),"84.6isthePercentageofHomeOwnershipinGreece",Kathimerini,
04/01/2006,figuresfromtheGeneralReportontheActivitiesoftheEuropeanUnion2005,European
CommissionBrussels,Luxembourg2006.
9.Asanexample,werefertotheessaybyPaoloVirno,"VirtuosismoeRivoluzione",inMondanit,
ManifestoLibri,Rome1994.

Cloister.JiHyunWoo,BerlageInstitute,2011

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Platform.IvanK.Nasution,BerlageInstitute,2011

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Entablature.DavideSacconi,BerlageInstitute,2011

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Roof.LingxiaoZhang,BerlageInstitute,2011

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Stoa.RobertoSoundy,BerlageInstitute,2011

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Intransit.JuanCarlosAristizabal,BerlageInstitute,2011

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Theatre.HyunSooKim,BerlageInstitute,2011

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Wall.YuichiWatanabe,BerlageInstitute,2011

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Author

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