Anchorage To Concrete - Means and Methods

ACI SPRING CONVENTION ATLANTA, APRIL 2007
HOT TOPIC SESSION
Anchorage to Concrete Means and Methods

Structural Anchor Types and General Selection Criteria
J. Silva, SE
Director Codes & Standards
Hilti North America
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its all Greek to me
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Manolis Korres, From Pentelicon to the Parthenon, Publishing House Melissa,

1995, p. 113
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crack-prevention reinforcement
Manolis Korres, From Pentelicon to the Parthenon, Publishing House Melissa, 1995, p. 110
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government anchors
F.E. Kidder, Building Construction and

Superintendence, Part I, Wm Comstock,
NY, 1909, p. 355
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Golden Gate Bridge north anchorage - anchorage weight 60,000 tons

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Anchor bolts
Cast in place
Post-installed
all devices placed in the

formwork prior to casting
all devices installed in

hardened concrete
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J bolt
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bolt with bearing plate
L bolt
cast in place anchor bolts

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R. Park, T. Paulay, Reinforced Concrete

Structures, Wiley-Interscience, 1975, p.411.
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anchor
ring
tank
wall
stiffener
weld plate (embed)

tank anchorage
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1 to 1-1/2"
Coalinga earthquake of May 1983
H. J. Degenkolb
Surge tank ABs: 1-1/2" A307 bolts stretched uniformly 1 to 1-1/2 inches
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Anchor bolt specification:
DO: specify ASTM F1554

covers 36, 55 and 105-ksi in hooked, headed and
threaded/nutted configurations
DO NOT: specify A325 or A490 or A36.
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Anchor bolt specification:

DO: specify AISC base plate hole
recommendations. These are larger
than standard oversize holes. Use
heavy plate washers.
1/05 Concrete International, Tolerance

Compatibility Checklist, B. Suprenant
AISC 3rd Edition Table 14-2
DO NOT: specify standard oversize holes

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1997 ASCE Wind Loads and Anchor Bolt Design for Petrochemical Facilities
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Post-installed anchors
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Basic Post-Installed Anchor Types

post-installed anchors
hybrids
mechanical
adhesive
screws
undercut
expansion
torquecontrolled
capsule
injection
displacementcontrolled
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Post-installed mechanical anchors
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drop-in displacementcontrolled expansion

anchor
Glossary
undercut
anchor
displacement controlled anchors

drop-ins
expansion anchors
mechanical anchors
metal anchors
screw anchors
shell-type anchors
torque controlled anchors
undercut anchors
wedge anchors
screw anchor
wedge-type torquecontrolled expansion

anchors
self undercutting
undercut anchor
heavy-duty sleeve type torquecontrolled expansion anchor
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Hilti, Inc.
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Hilti, Inc.
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Hilti, Inc.
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Hilti, Inc.
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Hilti, Inc.
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Hilti, Inc.
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Post-installed adhesive (chemical) anchors
torquecontrolled
adhesive
anchor
rail anchor
cartridge injection anchor systems
Glossary
adhesive anchors
chemical anchors
bonded anchors
epoxy anchors
capsule anchors
cartridge injection anchors
bucket mixed
bulk dispensed
capsule anchors
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torque-controlled adhesive
anchors
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Hilti, Inc.
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Hilti, Inc.
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Center core 60 feet to

foundation
Install anchors
(Dywidag threadbar)
Prestress against
concrete bond beam
U.S. Custom House, San Francisco

1906 Beaux Art structure
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URS/Blume
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hybrids
mechanical
adhesive
screws
undercut
expansion
torquecontrolled
capsule
injection
displacementdisplacementcontrolled
controlled
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Simpson
StrongTie
Hilti, Inc.
drop-in anchors
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hybrids
mechanical
adhesive
screws
undercut
expansion
torquecontrolled
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capsule
injection
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Hilti (galvanized)
Powers
Simpson
StrongTie
Hilti (316)
wedge-type expansion anchors

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Hilti
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Sanko
MKT
Powers
Torque-controlled expansion anchors

heavy-duty, sleeve type
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torque-controlled expansion anchor (HSLG)

Hilti, Inc.
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Basic Anchor Types
mechanical
hybrids
adhesive
screws
undercut
expansion
torquecontrolled
capsule
injection
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Drillco National Group
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Heinrich Liebig
Stahlduebelwerke GmbH
undercut anchors
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Heinrich Liebig
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Hilti Inc.
Heinrich Liebig
self-undercutting undercut anchors

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undercut anchor (self-undercutting)

Hilti, Inc.
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Basic Anchor Types
mechanical
hybrids
adhesive
screws
undercut
expansion
torquecontrolled
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capsule
injection
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capsule anchor system

HVU capsule
all-thread (HAS)
internallythreaded
insert (HIS)
rebar
Hilti, Inc.
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Hilti, Inc.
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Basic Anchor Types
mechanical
hybrids
adhesive
screws
undercut
expansion
torquecontrolled
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capsule
injection
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cartridge adhesive
anchor system
internally threaded
insert
The HY adhesives are hybrid materials which combine a vinyl

urethane methacrylate with a synthetic cement. They were
developed to provide rapid bonding, low toxicity, and
temperature resistance.
Hilti, Inc.
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Injection
system
Hilti, Inc.
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hybrids
mechanical
adhesive
screws
undercut
expansion
torquecontrolled
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capsule
injection
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torque-controlled adhesive anchors

(hybrid anchors)
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torque-controlled adhesive anchor
Suitable for use in cracked concrete.

Superior performance in poorly cleaned holes.
Hilti, Inc.
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Basic working principle of the torque-controlled adhesive anchor
note: bond line

thickness
exaggerated
for clarity
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1.
de-bonding upon
application of
setting torque
2.
displacement
under load
3.
generation of
additional
expansion force
(re-expansion)
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Hilti, Inc.
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Application Guidance for Structural Post-Installed Anchors

load case
shear
only
shear only
gravity
gravity
seismic
seismic
shear
shear
and/or
and/or
tension
tension
gravity
gravity
seismic
seismic
light duty/non-structural
duty/non-structural
structural connections
structural
connections
wedge anchors
wedge anchors
adhesive anchors
heavy-duty torque-controlled anchors
drop-ins
adhesive anchors
wedge anchors
wedge anchors
adhesive anchors
undercut anchors
large diameter/long adhesive anchors
wedge anchors
adhesive anchors
undercut anchors
wedge anchors
adhesive anchors
undercut anchors
large diameter/long adhesive anchors
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anchorage to concrete
rebar development
attachments to
concrete
rebar dowels
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Hilti, Inc.
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Hilti, Inc.
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Hilti, Inc.
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Hilti, Inc.
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Hilti, Inc.
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Testing and assessment
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Document flow for anchor qualification and design in

concrete
IBC Section 1913 Strength Design of Anchors
ACI 318 Appendix D Anchoring to Concrete
ACI 355.2 Qualification of Post-Installed Mechanical
Anchors
AC193 Acceptance Criteria for Mechanical Anchors
in Concrete Elements
AC308 Acceptance Criteria for Post-Installed
Adhesive Anchors in Concrete Elements
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ACI Standard 355.2-04 defines the testing requirements

for post-installed mechanical anchors (expansion and
undercut anchors)
It defines four types of tests:
1. Identification tests
2. Reference tests
3. Reliability tests
4. Service condition tests
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Hilti, Inc.
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REFERENCE
DISPLACEMENT
REFERENCE
EXPANSION
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Report of ACI Committee 224, Control of Cracking in Concrete Structures

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The effect of cracking on anchor

concrete breakout capacity is
two-fold:
a. Effect on hoop stresses (all
anchors)
uncracked concrete
crack plane
cracked concrete
b. Degradation of force-transfer
mechanism (bonded anchors,
expansion anchors...)
Eligehausen, Malle, Silva, Anchorage in Concrete Construction,

Ernst & Sohn, 2006, p. 147.
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w = 0.4 mm
fc = 21 N/mm2
Drop-in anchors
Load-displacement curves for fullyand partially-expanded drop-in
anchors in uncracked and cracked
concrete (crack width 0.4 mm)

Ernst & Sohn, 2006, p. 145.
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Nn
Torque-controlled
expansion anchors
with marginal
followup expansion
Load-displacement
curves for M12 wedge
anchors (hef=60 mm) set
in uncracked concrete
and in 0.4 mm line cracks

Ernst & Sohn, 2006, p. 145.
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30%
reduction
Torque-controlled expansion
anchors with robust followup
expansion
Load-displacement curves for M12
HSL anchors set in uncracked
concrete and in 0.4 mm line cracks
Eligehausen, Malle, Silva, Anchorage in Concrete

Construction, Ernst & Sohn, 2006, p. 144.
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Load (kN)
uncracked concrete
cracked concrete w
= 0.3 mm
w 34
N/mm2
25%
reduction
CIP studs
Headed studs dia. = 12 mm
hef = 80 mm
Load-displacement curves
for 12 mm headed studs
set in uncracked concrete
and in 0.3 mm line cracks
Displacement (mm)
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moving crack test University of Stuttgart

photo courtesy of R. Eligehausen
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Moving crack test
Nw static
Test 8, Table 4.2, ACI 355.2-04
Spring pot
Hairline crack
induced by bar
tension
LVDT
Concrete
Reinforcing
bars
Crack width w cycled between 0.1+

mm and 0.3+ mm
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anchor displacement (mm)
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Nb,r
unsuccessful test
successful test
10
20
100
1000
no. of
cycles
crack movement test acceptance criteria

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Shear testing rig Hilti R&D

Hilti, Inc.
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1.5 mm 0.75 mm
do 1.5 mm
shear loading plate geometry

per ASTM E 488
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Hilti R&D
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Hilti R&D
Hilti, Inc.
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Hilti, Inc.
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Connections between
Steel and Concrete
Sept. 4 to 7, 2007
Stuttgart, Germany
Objective:
Forum for civil and structural
engineers in research and practice to
present and to discuss the state-ofthe-art as well as new research
developments in the field of fastening
technology.
Early bird registration:
May 31, 2007
iwb.uni-stuttgart.de/symposium
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John F. Silva, SE
Director, Codes & Standards
Hilti North America
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Anchorage To Concrete - Means and Methods

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ACI SPRING CONVENTION ATLANTA, APRIL 2007

HOT TOPIC SESSION