HERIOTWATTUNIVERSITY

2007

INSTITUTEOFPETROLEUMENGINEERING

ECLIPSETUTORIALNO.3
(Upscalingandgeopseudos)
Thisexerciseinvolvesflowsimulationsatthecorescaleandthederivationofrelative
permeabilitypseudofunctions,usingtheGeoQuestPseudoprogram.
Youwillneedtousefilescopiedtoyourownworkspace.
AGeneratingpseudosforupscalingandcomparisonwithrockcurves
Theobjectiveistotakethreecellsoutofthehighpermeabilityzoneinmodel
TUT2C,andsplititinto150x1x20cellswhichhavesimilardimensionstoa
coresampleintheXandZdirections.Theoriginalrockcurveswillbeusedin
thesefinescalecells,andoncetheEclipsesimulationofawaterfloodinthisfine
scalemodelhasbeencompleted,thePseudoprogramwillbeusedtogenerate
pseudorelativepermeabilitycurvesthatwillbeputintoacopyofthecoarser
scaleTUT2Cmodel,replacingtheoriginalrockcurves.
Makethreecopies ofthefileTUT2C.DATAinthe tut3 folder,andcall them
ROCK.DATA,PSEUDO.DATAandUPSCALE.DATA
RunEclipsefortheROCKdataset,andtheneditthe UPSCALE.DATA fileto
makethefollowingchanges:
(a)Setthenumberofcellsto150x1x20.Makesurethatthemaximumnumber
ofconnectionsperwellissetto20intheWELLDIMSkeyword.
(b) To calculate the output pseudo relative permeabilities, the model will be
dividedintofiveregions,oneofwhichwillcontaintheinjector,onetheproducer,
andthemiddleonethesectionofthemodelthatwillbeanalysedforupscaling.
The properties ofthis middle region will correspondtoonegrid blockin the
coarsemodelthatwillsubsequentlybebuilt(itwillbecalledPSEUDO.DATA).
BeforetheSTARTkeywordaddthekeyword
REGDIMS
5/
(c)Makeallcells1x10x0.5.
(d)Giveallcellsthefollowingproperties: =0.2,khoriz =1000md,kvert =
100md,NTG=0.99andretainthemodeltopstructuredepthof8000feet.
1

(e)PutthekeywordPSEUDOSattheendoftheGRIDsection.Thiswillensure
thatthenecessarydataisoutputforthePseudoprogram.
(f)IntheREGIONSsection,changetheSATNUMkeywordsothatall3000cells
inthemodelusethe1000mDrelativepermeabilitytable,i.e.
SATNUM
3000*1/
(g)BelowtheSATNUMkeywordaddthefollowingkeywordwhichdetermines
howthemodelissplitupintothefiveregions:
FIPNUM
2*148*250*348*42*52*148*250*348*42*52*148*250*348*42*5
2*148*250*348*42*52*148*250*348*42*52*148*250*348*42*5
2*148*250*348*42*52*148*250*348*42*52*148*250*348*42*5
2*148*250*348*42*52*148*250*348*42*52*148*250*348*42*5
2*148*250*348*42*52*148*250*348*42*52*148*250*348*42*5
2*148*250*348*42*52*148*250*348*42*52*148*250*348*42*5
2*148*250*348*42*52*148*250*348*42*5/
WhenviewedinFloViz,theresultingdistributionofregionswillbeasshown
below.Wewillcalculatepseudosforregion(coarsecell)3.

(g)Completetheinjectorandtheproduceroverall20verticalcells,andreduce
thewellinternaldiameterforbothwellsto4inches(0.333ft). (Makesurethe
injectoris in (1,1)and theproducer in (150,1),and notvice versaboth
WELSPECSandCOMPDATkeywords.)
(h)Settheproducertoaliquidproductionrateof4stb/day,withaminimum
bottomholepressurelimitof2000psi. Thisratewillmatchtheaverageflow
velocityinTUT2Cofabout0.87ft/day
(i)Settheinjectortoreinjectwateratthefluidvoidagerate,asinTUT1C,witha
maximumBHPof10,000psia.
(j)Waterinjectionatthisratewillresultinthedisplacementofoneporevolume
ofoilafter134days,sosetthetimestepstoflowatotaltwoporevolumesin
incrementsof1/20thporevolume:
TSTEP
40*6.7/

(k)Toallocatemorememoryforthecalculations,insertthekeyword
NSTACK
25/
beforetheSTARTkeywordintheRUNSEPCsection,and
TUNING
/
/
2*25/
beforetheTSTEPkeywordintheSCHEDULEsection.
RunEclipseusingtheUPSCALEdatafile.
To use the results of finescale simulations in largerscale models (ie. for
upscaling),pseudofunctionsarecalculated.TheGeoQuestPseudoprogramusesa
modifiedKyte&Berrymethodfordoingthis(readtheappropriatesectionsinthe
Pseudomanualforbackgroundinformation). Inthisexercise,onlysimple1D
pseudofunctionsarecalculated,buttheprincipleisthesameformorecomplex
cases.
OncetheEclipse runis completed, runRunPseudo.exe, andthenclick onthe
RunInteractivelybutton.
Usethefollowingmenuoptions(showninbold):
2
tochoseaninteractivesessionwithgraphics
49
touseWindowsgraphics
0.1
toreadfinegriddata
UPSCALE
nameoffiletobeloaded

<Enterkey>
0.2.1
<Enterkey>
<Enterkey>
0.9.5.0.3
<Enterkey>
<Enterkey>
<Enterkey>
<Enterkey>
<Enterkey>
0.5
0.8
<Enterkey>
<Enterkey>
<Enterkey>
0.4.11
<Enterkey>

tocontinue
definepseudogridfromdatafile
toselectUPSCALEPseudoDefinitionFile
tocontinue
Generatepseudos
toselectUPSCALEunifiedrestartfile
nottoaddaveragecriticalvalues
toselectfirstreportfile
toselectlastreportfile
tocontinue
toapplymonotonicityconstraint
tooutputgenerateddata
nottoselectnormalisedpseudos
toselectUPSCALEPTOfile
tocontinue
performbatchcommandtodisplaytable
toselectUPSCALEPseudoDefinitionFile

Atthispointagraphwillbedisplayed,showingtheoriginalrockcurves,denoted
byR(RPWwater,RPOWoil),andthenewlygeneratedpseudos,denotedby
P.
UseAltPrintScrntocopythepicturewhichmaythenbepastedintoWord.Press
thereturnkeyandthenexitthePseudoprogram(0.10)
An output file, UPSCALE.PTO, will also be generated. Edit this file using
Notepad,andcopythekeywordsSWFNandSOF2andtheirassociateddata,and
pastethemintothePSEUDO.DATAfileinthePROPSsection,usingthemto
replacetheSWOFkeywordanditsassociateddata.
RemoveTables1,2,4and5fromboththeSWFNandSOF2keywords,andchange
theTable3commenttoindicatethatthisisnowthe1000mDPseudotable.
DeletethelastrowofdatafromtheSOF2table(thiscontainsspuriousvalues),
andchangethesaturationvalueinthepreviousrowfrom0.848739to0.85.This
willensurethatendpointoilandwatersaturationsalwaysaddtoexactly1.0.
Nowrepeatthispseudogenerationprocessforthelowpermlayers.Todothis,
copy UPSCALE.DATA to UPSCALElowk.DATA, and change the following
data:
=0.19,khoriz=200md,kvert=20md,NTG=0.95
andsetall3000cellstousethe200mDrelativepermeabilitytable(changevalues
underSATNUMkeywordfrom1to2)andrunthismodelwithECLIPSE.

ThenrunRunPseudo.exeagain,followingtheexactsameprocedureasabove,
exceptthistimeenterUPSCALElowkinsteadofUPSCALEatmenuoption0.1.
An output file, UPSCALElowk.PTO will be generated. Edit this file using
Notepad, and copy table 3 for the keyword SWFN, pasting it into the
PSEUDO.DATAfileintheSWFNkeyword below thecorresponding1000mD
Pseudotable.Dothesamewithtable3fromtheSOF2keyword,pastingitbelow
the corresponding 1000 mD Pseudo table in the SOF2 keyword in
PSEUDO.DATA.Notethateachtableshouldbeendedwitha/i.e.atotalof2/
intheSWFNkeywordand2intheSOF2keyword.
By doing this the original high and low perm rock curves in SWOF will be
replacedbythewaterpseudorelativepermeabilityandcapillarypressurecurves
(SWFN)andtheoilpseudorel.perm.curve(SOF2).
IntheRUNSEPCsectionofPSEUDO.DATA,changetheTABDIMSkeywordto
TABDIMS
21*30/
Toreflectthefactthattherearenowmorethanthedefaultallowed20rowsof
dataintherelpermtables,notallowingupto30rowsofdata.
RunEclipseontheupdatedPSEUDOdataset.Loadthe.ROCK,andPSEUDO
results into OFFICE RESULTS or the .RSM files into Excel, and make
comparativeplotsofFOPTasafunctionoftimeonFigure1,andFWCTasa
functionoftimeonFigure2.UsingFlovizcomparethewatersaturationprofiles
attimesteps2and5.
Explain thedifference between thesimulations usingthepseudoandtherock
relativepermeabilitycurves,andcommentonwhatotherstepsmightneedtobe
carriedouttomakethepseudosmorerepresentative(considerthatthepseuods
have been generated for horizontal flow only, what might be the impact of
distancefrominjector,etc.)

BGeopseudos:Acrosslayerflow
Inthetut3folderyouwillfindtheEclipseinputfileACROSS.DATA.Thisisa
labscalemodel,sothelengthunitsareincentimetres,flowsincc/hrandpressures
inbars. Themodelisa20x20x1cmslabofrockwithalternating2cmlayersof
500and50md,and2cmthickbufferzonesoneitherend;gridcellsare1cmx1cm
x1cm:

Layeredrock

Producer
and
buffer

1cm3
gridcells

=0.2

500md
50md

20cm(20gridcells)

Injector
and
buffer

x
z
24cm(24gridcells)

The model is designed to illustrate flow processes operating at the scale of

sediment lamination. Layers 2cm thick with a 10:1 permeability contrast are
typicalofagoodreservoirsandstone.Themodelispositionedverticallysothat
gravity, viscous and capillary forces are all operating. The objective is to
understandflowbehaviouratthesmallscaleandtocalculatepseudofunctionsfor
useinupscalingcalculations,butthemodelcouldalsorepresenta(ratherlarge)
coreanalysisexperiment.
Inordertorunthemodelatanappropriatefrontaladvancerate,V,of0.48m/day,
calculatethecorrectinjectionrate,Q(whereAisthecrosssectionalarea):
Q(cc/hr)=

=__________.

Calculatethetime,T,takentoflood1porevolumeofthemodel(excludingthe
buffers)
=__________
EntertheflowrateundertheWCONINJkeyword,andsetTSTEPto20*(T/10),
ie.floodfortwoporevolumes.
RunEclipse.InECLIPSEOFFICEResultusemenuFile>OpenGRFandload
theTRAPfile.Thiswilldisplaythepressure(Figure1)andsaturation(Figure2)
profilesintheIdirectionacrossthecentreofthemodel,plottingvaluesagainst
theCellNumbersfortimesteps1,5and20onscreen.
Whatdothepressureandsaturationdistributionstellyouabouttherelativeroles
of viscous and capillary forces in this model? Open the ACROSS model in
FloViz.Howsignificantaregravitationaleffects?

CAlonglayerflow
CopyACROSS.DATAtoALONG.DATAandeditthePERMXandSATNUM
datainthe32211120boxestodepicthorizontalinsteadofverticallayers:
PERMX
40*500
40*50
40*500
40*50
40*500
40*50
40*500
40*50
40*500
40*50

and

SATNUM
40*2
40*1
40*2
40*1
40*2
40*1
40*2
40*1
40*2
40*1

CreateasaturationdisplayforALONGinFloviz
DUniformflow
CopyALONG.DATAtoUNIFORM.DATAandeditthePERMXandSATNUM
datatodepictarockwithnearuniformpermeability:
BOX
31211120/
PERMX
200*50/
BOX
132211120/
PERMX
200*500/
ENDBOX
and
BOX
31211120/
SATNUM
200*1/
BOX
132211120/
SATNUM
200*2/
ENDBOX
RunEclipseforbothcases,andplottherecoveryefficiency(ROEforregion2)
versus time for ACROSS, ALONG and UNIFORM. Also create a saturation
7

displayforUNIFORMinFloviz. Discussthereasonsforthedifferencesinoil
recoveryforthethreecases.WhatdoyouthinktheeffectofsettingP c=0would
be(comparewithTutorial2)?
In your folder you will find the files ACROSS.PDF, ALONG.PDF,
UNIFORM.PDF. Generate the pseudos for each ofthese using the PSEUDO
program,asbefore,butthistimereplacingUPSCALEwithACROSS,ALONG,
andUNIFORM,inturn(ieoneatatime!). Youwillhavegenerated pseudo
relativepermeabilitiesforflowsoutofthecentreblockofyourmodels:

Layered
rock
region

Buffer

Buffer

Coarsegridcells
1
2
3
Pseudosarecalculatedfrom
thefractionalflowsbetween
coarsegrids2and3

Describethemaindifferencesbetweenthepseudosforthethreemodels.Howdo
they relate to the recovery curves. Identify the effects capillary oil trapping.
CopythecurvesinturnintothePSEUDO.DATAfileandruneachdatasetto
identifytheimpactofeachofthegeopseudosinthefieldscalemodel.

EricMackay

7February2007