Professional Documents
Culture Documents
I. Course Description
This is a course tracing the origin and history of the Philippines. It will trace the evolution of the
present Philippine society as they changed from antiquity to the present era, discussing along the
factors surrounding such changes.
IV. Values
This course will seek to inculcate in the students appreciation of history as a foundation of today’s
development. It seeks to instill in the students critical analysis on issues surrounding the various events in
the History of the Philippines. Lastly, it seeks to awaken the spirit of nationalism among Filipinos.
V. References
Agoncillo, Teodoro. History of the Filipino People. Eight Edition. 1990
Constantino, Renato. The Philippines: A Past Revisited. 1998
Constantino, Renato. The Philippines: A Continuing Past. 1998
Scott, William Henry. Barangay. 1997
Zaide, Sonia. Philippine History and Government. Fourth Edition. 1999
I. Basic Concepts
A. History
A narrative (written, visual, oral or a combination of all three) about past events that has
meaning to a certain group of people in a given time and place.
B. Kasaysayan
“SALAYSAY na may SAYSAY” (A story with meaning)
Without both (story and meaning) then there is NO true history.
C. Importance of History
1. If we find meaning in history, then it will gain the power to change our lives;
2. Making people see their past, gives them a sense of being Filipinos;
3. History gives us a way of looking at the world and dealing with it and its problems.
D. Culture
The system of shared beliefs, values, customs, behaviors and artifacts that
the members of society use to cope with their world and with one another, and that are
transmitted from generation to generation through learning.
A way of life which involves everything.
It includes all the social practices that bond a group of people together and
distinguish them from others.
Could never remain static, it is constantly changing.
E. Geography
Literally means, “Earth’s description”
The science, which treats of the world and its inhabitants.
A description of the earth, or a portion of the earth, including its structure,
features, products, political divisions and the people by whom it is inhabited.
II. Philippines
A. Basic Facts
The Pearl of the Orient Seas
Most ethnically diverse country in Asia
One of the two predominantly Christian countries in Asia
An ARCHIPELAGO located in SOUTH EAST ASIA
Situated along the “PACIFIC RING OF FIRE”
Made up of approximately 7,107 islands.
3 main island groups:
LUZON (Regions I to V, NCR and CAR)
VISAYAS (Regions VI to VIII)
MINDANAO (Regions IX to XIII and ARMM)
Capital: MANILA
Largest City: Quezon City (population); Davao City (area)
National Language: FILIPINO
Currency: Philippine Peso
Staple Food: Rice
National Anthem: LUPANG HINIRANG
Motto: “Maka-Diyos, Maka-Tao, Maka-Kalikasan, Maka-Bansa”
B. Geographical Trivia
1. The Philippines has the world’s longest discontinuous coastline.
2. Manila Bay is the Finest Bay in Asia.
3. San Juanico Strait is the World’s Narrowest Strait.
4. The Philippine Deep is believed to be the deepest area in the world.
5. Banaue Rice Terraces is one of the Eight Wonders of the Modern World.
6. Mount Mayon has a Nearly Perfect Cone Shape similar to Mt. Fuji of Japan.
7. Mt. Apo is the highest mountain in the Philippines.
8. Cagayan River is the longest river of the Philippines.
9. Laguna de Bay is the largest lake.
10. Taal Volcano could be considered as the World’s smallest volcano.
C. The Name “Philippines”
1. MA-YI (The Land of Gold)
2. MANIOLAS (Claudius Ptolemy)
3. ARCHIPELAGO OF ST. LAZARUS (Ferdinand Magellan)
4. LAS PHELIPINAS (Ruy Lopez de Villalobos)
5. FILIPINAS (Spanish Era)
6. PHILIPPINE ISLANDS (American Era)
7. REPUBLIC OF THE PHILIPPINES (1946)
D. Origin of the Philippines
1. PANGAEA (Land Bridges)
2. Bottom of the Sea
3. Volcanic Eruptions
Social Classes
Lines drawn between classes were not hard; any member of the social classes could go
up or down the social ladder depending upon the attendant circumstances.
1. Nobles (Maharlika)
− Consists of the chiefs and their families
− Wielded tremendous influence in the barangay
− Enjoyed rights that were not usually enjoyed by the other members of
society
2. Freemen (Timawa)
− Includes the dependents who had earned their freedom
3. Dependents (Alipin)
− Acquired his low status by:
o Inheritance;
o By captivity in war;
o By failing to pay his debts;
o By purchase; or
o By committing a crime for which he was duly sentenced
− Gradations among dependents:
o Full dependent – the son or daughter of dependent parents
o Half-dependent – the son or daughter of parents, one of whom was full
dependent and the other a freeman
o Quarter-dependent – the son or daughter of parents, one of whom was a
half dependent and the other a freeman.
− Types of Dependents:
a) Aliping Namamahay
Had his own family and house
Served his master during planting and harcest seasons
Rowed for the master
Helped in the construction of the master’s house
Served the visitors of the master
b) Aliping Sagigilid
Had no property of his own
Lived with his master
Could not marry without the master’s consent
V. Pre-Colonial Communities
A. Igorot
People of the Mountains (Cordilleras)
Headhunters
Miners
Cañao
B. Pintados
Tattooed warriors (Batuk)
Panay
Islam
−1380: Mudum
−1390: Raja Baginda
−1450: Abu Bakr ~ Paramisuli
−Serif Kabungsuan
Traders
His greatest contribution was the naming of the country, LAS PHELIPINAS in honor of
King Philip II
E. Miguel Lopez de Legazpi
The most successful of all the three conquerors
He accomplished an almost bloodless conquest in the Philippines
He became the First Governor-General of the Philippines
F. Reduccion Bajo El Son dela Campana
Resettlement Under the Sound of the Bell
A “civilizing” device to make the Filipinos ultimate “little brown Spaniards”
All new Christian converts were required to construct their houses around the Church and
the unbaptized were invited to do the same.
MINISTRY OF COLONIES
(Consejo de las Indias)
GOBERNADOR - GENERAL
ALCALDE-MAYOR CORREGIDORES
GOBERNADORCILLO
CABEZA DE BARANGAY
King of Spain – the supreme ruler and law maker of all Spanish possessions
Ministry of Colonies – governs all Spanish possessions; oversees the colonies of the
Spanish empire.
E. La Solidaridad
The Official Organ of the Reform Movement
The paper was dedicated to:
Expose the conditions in the Philippines;
Defend the Filipinos against malicious and slanderous attacks of the hired writers
of the friars; and
Publish studies about the Philippines and the Filipinos
In writing for the Sol, the Reformists used pen names for obvious reasons:
1. JOSE RIZAL: Dimas Alang; Laong Laan
2. MARIANO PONCE: Tikbalang; Naning; Kalipulako
3. ANTONIO LUNA: Taga-ilog
4. MH del PILAR: Plaridel
5. JOSE MA. PANGANIBAN: Jomapa
Accomplishments of the Sol:
It represented the ideals of the Filipino Reformist Group;
It exposed the evils in the Philippine Society;
It belied the claim that Filipinos had no civilization before the coming of
Spaniards.
F. Hispano-Filipino Association
Composed of Filipinos and Spaniards who favored the granting of reforms in the
colony.
To make the propaganda work effective, the society was divided into 3 sections:
The POLITICAL Section under M.H. del Pilar
The LITERARY Section under Mariano Ponce
The SPORTS Section under Tomas Arejola
They believed that the reforms needed in the Philippines were:
The compulsory teaching of Spanish in all schools;
The suppression of inhuman punishment in all jails and tribunals of justice;
The establishment of a civil registrar and the register of deeds;
The abolition of unfair taxes;
The establishment of secondary schools in the archipelago;
Reforms in UST in order to raise it to the rank of the universities in Spain;
The establishment of agricultural banks;
The initiation of reforms in the public administration; and
The construction of good roads and railways.
G. La Liga Filipina
A civic society founded by Rizal
Aims:
To unite the whole archipelago into one compact, vigorous and homogenous
body;
Mutual protection in every want and necessity;
Defense against all violence and injustice;
Encouragement of instruction, agriculture and commerce;
Study and application of reforms.
At first the Liga was quite active. Bonifacio in particular exerted great efforts to
organize chapters in various districts of Manila.
A few months later, however, the Supreme Council of the Liga dissolved the
society.
The reformist leaders found out that most of the councils were no longer willing
to send funds to the Madrid propagandists
This was because they had become convinced that peaceful agitation for
reforms was futile.
The Liga membership split into two groups:
Cuerpo de Compromisarios:
−the conservatives which pledged to continue supporting the La
Solidaridad
−It lasted only for a few months for its members, though patriotic, were
passive and too conservative to make the society an effective medium of
the Propaganda.
Katipunan
−A secret society of radicals led by Bonifacio
−Organized on the very day Rizal was deported to Dapitan.
H. Causes of the Failure of the Reform Movement
Spain was too pre-occupied with its own internal problems to give a thought to
the Colonial Problem.
The Friars were too powerful even in Spain. The Sol was counteracted by the
influential and powerful newspaper of the friars, the LA POLITICA DE ESPAÑA EN
FILIPINAS
The movement has no sufficient means to carry out their aims;
The propagandists were divided against themselves by petty jealousies.
Although the Reform Movement was a failure in the achievement of its goals, it was still a success for
its failure led to the founding of the Revolutionary Katipunan with separatist aims.
When the Katipunan had sufficiently expanded to include more than a hundred
new members in the ranks, Bonifacio thought it convenient to divide the members into
THREE GRADES.
Grade One: Katipon
− Password: GOMBURZA
Grade Three: Bayani
− Wore a RED MASK and a sash with green borders, symbolizing courage
and hope.
− The front of the mask had white borders that formed a triangle with 3K’s
arranged as if occupying the angles of a triangle.
− At the latter’s base were the letters Z.Ll.B.
− Password: RIZAL
The Katipon could graduate to the Kawal class if he had brought in several
members into the society.
The Kawal can become a Bayani upon election to become an officer of the
society.
For the members to recognize each other in the street, the society adopted
countersigns.
A member meeting another member places the palm of his right hand on his
chest. As he pass the other member, he close his hand, bringing the index finger and
thumb together.
F. Katipunan Codes
The Katipuneros faced many dangers, so that precautions had to be taken to
keep the society secret.
To maintain the secrets of their communication, Bonifacio made a system of
writing that would make it difficult for the Spanish authorities to decode.
G. The Flags of the Katipunan
With the Katipunan now well organized, Bonifacio turned his attention to the
symbol of its authority.
Upon his request, Benita Rodriguez, with the help of Gregoria de Jesus, made a
flag.
OFFICIAL FLAG
of the KATIPUNAN
Owing to the lack of uniformity in the design and the use of the flag, some
generals of the revolution adopted their own design.
BONIFACIO’s FLAG
Mariano Llanera’s Flag (Llanera’s Skull)
H. Andres Bonifacio
The Father of the Katipunan
“Supremo” of the Katipunan
Founder and Organizer of the Katipunan
the eldest among six children- four boys and two girls.
came from a poor family in Tondo
his father (Santiago)is a pure Filipino, while her mother (Catalina) is a mestiza
with a Filipino-Chinese-Spanish descent
Supported his siblings when his parents died of tuberculosis
Jobs:
He had a beautiful penmanship and talent to make attractive posters for clothing
companies.
He helped his siblings continue to make rattan walking canes and paper fans in
the evening. He also wove hats.
He accepted odd jobs from different companies.
Great Dresser: He always wore an open coat and matched it with a necktie and
black hat.
He wasn’t a barbaric individual who put up an arms struggle because of his
violent nature as what some textbooks perceive.
had a scanty education
highly intelligent
He completed only what we call grade four. But he was far from being
uneducated.
He was a voracious reader. He read hundreds of foreign novels, books about
the French revolution, politics, law, and religion.
He was fluent enough in Spanish to translate Jose Rizal’s Mi Ultimo Adios in
Tagalog.
He also wrote the heart-stirring poem, Pag-Ibig sa Tinubuang Lupa.
Humble: he knew his limitations and recognized the worth of others
Ruthless: When the society’s existence was at stake, he never hesitated to take
drastic action against anybody whom he thought would defeat the purposes for which
the Katipunan was founded.
He may have been ignorant from the point of view of the middle class, but he
succeeded where they failed.
Without him, it is extremely doubtful whether the Phil. Revolution could have
been a reality.
During his time, everybody seemed in despair and were not doing anything
about it.
Had Two Wives
MONICA
− Andres’ first wife
− Died of Leprosy
GREGORIA DE JESUS
− Andres’ second wife
− From Caloocan
Emilio Jacinto was wounded critically during one of the battles in Majayjay,
Laguna.
This led to his death on April 16, 1899 at the young age of 24.
J. Women’s Chapter of the Katipunan
Membership was limited only to the wives, daughters and sisters of the male
members
This is to ensure that no women of dubious character could penetrate the deep
secrets of the society
Duties:
To take in new members, male or female.
See to it that the meetings of the male members were not disturbed by surprise
raids of the authorities.
Pass and keep important documents of the association
B. Aguinaldo
−While in Hong Kong, he deposited the P400,000 given to him in 2 Hong Kong Banks.
Only the interest was withdrawn and used for the expenses of the exiles.
−After the Battle of Manila Bay, he felt that there was an opportunity to oust the Spaniards
from the Philippines.
−But there was a division in the ranks of the exiles, for ISABELO ARTACHO wanted the
P400,000 to be divided among them and sued Aguinaldo in the Hong Kong Supreme
Court.
−To avoid appearing in court, Aguinaldo, accompanied by Gregorio del Pilar and J. Leyba,
secretly left for Singapore.
C. Aguinaldo and E. Spencer Pratt
− Pratt persuaded Aguinaldo to take his lot to the Americans:
“You need not have any worry about America. The American Congress and President
have just made a solemn declaration disclaiming any desire to possess Cuba and
promising to leave the country to the Cubans after having driven away the Spaniards and
pacified the county. Cuba is at our door, while the Philippines is 10,000 miles away!
D. Aguinaldo Returns
− Aguinaldo arrived in Cavite with the war materials he had brought from Hong
Kong.
− The Renewal of the Struggle began after he issued a proclamation urging the
people to rally once more to the Filipino flag in the struggle against the Spaniards.
− His return was demoralizing for the Spaniards.
E. The Siege of Manila
Intramuros (Walled City)
– The place where thousands of Spaniards have sought refuge.
– Aguinaldo and his men besiege the city in an attempt to starve out the enemy
within its walls.
– They surrounded the city and cut off the city’s food and water supply. This made
the people in the city, Spaniards, Filipinos and aliens, suffer from hunger and thirst.
– It was only a matter of weeks before the Spanish authorities would surrender to
Aguinaldo.
– Aguinaldo offered Gov. Gen. Augustin honorable surrender but he refused for in
Spanish code of honor, the word surrender was non-existent.
– With this refusal, Aguinaldo and his men continued the siege.
F. The Spanish-American Secret Agreement
George Dewey, thought that the surrender of Manila could be affected without
the use of arms.
He started negotiations with Augustin, through the Belgian consul, Andre,
regarding the surrender of Manila.
But when the Peninsular Government heard of Augustin’s plan for surrender, he
was relieved as governor and was replaced by General FERMIN JAUDENES.
Jaudenes, like Augustin, believed that the Spanish position was hopeless and to
save face, he insisted that to satisfy the Spanish code of honor, a MOCK BATTLE should
happen after which, the Spanish forces would surrender.
It was stipulated that Filipino rebels should be excluded and should not be
allowed to enter the city
G. The Mock Battle of Manila
There was a short display of fireworks on the side of the enemies.
The Spaniards hoisted the white flag of surrender.
This signaled the “fall” of Manila and the end of the Spanish Colonial Period.
H. Malolos Republic
First Philippine Republic
The First Republic in Asia
June 12, 1898: Declaration of Independence
Malolos Congress
Malolos Constitution
I. Treaty of Paris
December 10, 1898 the Treaty of Paris was signed.
It provided that Spain would cede the Philippines to United States.
In return, Spain would receive $20,000,000 from the US as payment for the
improvement made in the colony.
US also agreed to give Spaniards the right to ship commodities to the
Philippines for a period of 10 years.
This signaled the start of American Colonization in the Philippines.
C. Limits to Filipinization
Confinement to the Elite
Qualifications for Elections
1. able to read and write
2. must be property owners
3. government employees during the Spanish period
Economic Limitations
Treaty of Paris (1899-1909)
Payne-Aldrich Tariff Act (1909)
Underwood-Simmons Tariff Act (1913)
Tydings-McDuffie Law (1934)
D. Democracy Filipino Style