THIRU SEVEN HILLS POLYTECHNIC COLLEGE

MADURAVOYAL, CHENNAI 600095.

DEPT. OF ELECTRONICS & COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING
PROJECT REPORT 2003-2004

PROJECT REPORT
ON
ELECTRONIC THERMOMETER USING
MICROCONTROLLER
SUBMITTED BY
R.ANAND BALAN
S.BALAJI
D.RAJESH PANDIYAN
K.B.RAJKUMAR
T.SUBRAMANIA SIVA
S.SUNIL

THIRU SEVEN HILLS POLYTECHNIC COLLEGE

CHENNAI 600 095

DEPT. OF ELECTRONICS & COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING

BONAFIDE CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that this ELECTRONIC THERMOMETER
USING
MICROCONTROLLER is a bonafide record of project work
carried
out by Mr. D.RAJESH PANDIYAN REG.NO: 2143127 of III
year, Sixth
Semester in Electronics & Communication Engg. had
successfully
Completed the entitled. In partial fulfillment for the
award of
Diploma in Electronics & Communication Engg. Under
my
supervision during the academic year 2003-2004.

Guide
H.O.D

Submitted for the exam held

on______________________________________

Internal Examiner
External Examiner.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
We render our profound and heart felt
gratitude to our principal Mrs. Premalatha
Kanikannan, B.E., M.B.A., Thiru Seven Hills
Polytechnic College, Chennai for the
encouragement and co-operation for accomplishing
our project entitled ELECTRONIC THERMOMETER
USING MICROCONTROLLER.
We thank our H.O.D. Mr.V.ELANGOVAN,
D.E.C.E., MISTE for allowing us to under take the
object.
We thank our Internal guide Mr.V.ELANGOVAN,
for his sustained guidelines and encouragement.
His constant enthusiasm showed us the path to
achieve this cherished goal.
We express our sincere thanks to
Mr.G.SARAVANAN who provided us with his
expertise.
We also reveal our sincere thanks to all faculty
members of E.C.E. Department whose suggestions
and teaching brought the comprehensive in us to
complete this project.

We would like to take this opportunity to thank

our friends for their endurance, patience and
support in achieving our ambition.
We will remain with gratitude to our parents,
lecturers, non-teaching staff and management
forever.

CONTENTS
INTRODUCTION
REGULATED POWER SUPPLY
OVERVIEW OF MICROCONTROLLER
PERIPHERAL INTERFACE
ADC 804
DISPLAY INTERFACE
TEMP. TRANSDUCER
FUNCTIONAL BLOCK DIAGRAM OF CIRCUIT
OPERATION OF ADC CIRCUITS
ADC PROGRAM

 MEASURING,PROGRAM AND DISPLAY

BIBLIOGRAPHY
CONCLUSION

INTRODUCTION
Temperature is the most important variable in industrial
processing, primarily because it is the fundamental
condition characteristic of the thermal state of the body.
Consequently it is most important that the various ways of
measuring temperature be well mastered and the
advantages and disadvantages of each method we well
understood and the operating limitation in terms of time of
response, temperature range distance of operation and
compatibility with other control etc. should be considered
for each installation and measurement. There are two types
of measurement 1. Non-electrical method (e.g. Glass
thermometer) and 2. electrical method (e.g. Digital
thermometer, thermo couples and RTDs)

THERMO COUPLES
Thermocouple is a device that converts thermal energy
to electric voltage when there is a temperature difference
between the ends of a pair of dissimilar metals. One end of
the pair is fused together to form a hot junction, and the
other end called the cold junction is connected to the
measuring instrument. The open circuit voltage developed
is a function of the Seebeck coefficient for the two metals
and is proportional to the temperature difference. The
Seebeck effect refers to the set conversion of thermal
energy to voltage under zero current conditions. The
direction and magnitude of the voltage depends on the
metals making up the junction and the temperatures of the
junctions. As opposed to the Seebeck effect if a current is
passed through junctions made of two dissimilar metals,
heat is absorbed in one junction and liberated in the other.

When current is flowing in the same direction as the seebeck

current heat is absorbed at the hot junction and liberated at
the cold junction. This is known as peltier effect and is
utilized in thermoelectric refrigeration and heating.
Peltier thermoelectric heating is different from Joule
heating. Joule heating is given by iR and so depends on the
resistance of the wires making up the circuit.
In our project we are using encapsulatedAD590
temperature transducer as an input device.

REGULATED POWER SUPPLY

Since a power supply is a vital part of all electronic
system, it has to be discussed. Most digital IC, including
microprocessor and memory ICs, operate on a 15 supplies.
Therefore, the power supply presented in this section will
have 5 and 12v.
Consider how the 12V supply voltage are obtained in
circuit as shown in the diagram, the 7812 is a +12V
regulator, 7912 is a -12V regulator and both can deliver
output current excess of 1.0A. They will hence perform
satisfactorily in the circuit as shown in the diagram by
providing 12V at 0.500A. However since the drop out
voltage (Vin-V0) is 2V, the input voltage for these 7812 must
be at least +15v and -15v for 7915. This means that the
rectified peak voltage must be greater than +15V and -15V
which in turn implies that the secondary voltage must be
greater than 30V peak or 24V rms. Since we are using
center-tapped (CT) transformer, the voltage across them will
be satisfied.
Finally, the size of the filter capacitor depends on the
secondary current of the transformer. As per thumb rule, a
1500 fd capacitor should be used for each ampere of
current. The working voltage rating (WVDC) of the
capacitor, depends on the peak rectified output voltage and
must be at least 20% higher than the peak value of the
voltage it is expected to charge to.

The circuit arrangement of 5V is similar as 12V

except the regulator 7805 and the power supply transformer
(0-9) V additional filter capacitor provided at the regulator
output.

MICRO CONTROLLER
A By product of microprocessor development was the
microcontroller. Microcomputers are also known as single
chip microcontrollers.
Nowadays the conventional pneumatic controllers are
replaced by electronic controllers built using high speed
microprocessors and personal computers.
Microcontroller / Microcomputers offer more
advantages than the conventional microprocessors for
performing dedicated jobs. These ICs are also cost effective
and could be used for any applications such as process
control equipments, dot matrix Printers, PLCs etc., For the
Present work, microcontroller 8051 is made use of. This has
timers and I/O ports needed for the work.

INTRODUCTION TO 8051:
The 8051 is one of the most popular microcontrollers

in use today. Many derivative microcontrollers have since

been developed that are based onand compatible with--the
8051. Thus, the ability to program an 8051 is an important
skill for anyone who plans to develop products that will take
advantage of microcontrollers.
The 8051 has three very general types of memory.
To effectively program the 8051 it is necessary to have a
basic understanding of these memory types.

On-Chip Memory refers to any memory (Code, RAM, or

other) that physically exists on the microcontroller itself.

On-chip memory can be of several types

External Code Memory is code (or program) memory that

resides off-chip. This is often in the form of an external
EPROM.

External RAM is RAM memory that resides off-chip. This is

often in the form of standard static RAM or flash RAM.

Register Banks
The 8051 uses 8 "R" registers which are used
in many of its instructions. These "R" registers are
numbered from 0 through 7 (R0, R1, R2, R3, R4, R5, R6, and
R7). These registers are generally used to assist in
manipulating values and moving data from one memory

location to another. For example, to add the value of R4 to

the Accumulator, we would execute the following
instruction:
ADD A, R4
However, as the memory map shows, the "R" Register R4 is
really part of Internal RAM. Specifically, R4 is address 04h.
This can be see in the bright green section of the memory
map. Thus the above instruction accomplishes the same
thing as the following operation:
ADD a, 04 h This instruction adds the value found in Internal
RAM address 04 h to the value of the Accumulator, leaving
the result in the Accumulator. Since R4 is really Internal RAM
04h, the above instruction effectively accomplished the
same thing. But watch out! As the memory map shows, the
8051 has four distinct register banks. When the 8051 is first
booted up, register bank 0 (addresses 00h through 07h) is
used by default. However, your program may instruct the
8051 to use one of the alternate register banks; i.e., register
banks 1, 2, or 3. In this case, R4 will no longer be the same
as Internal RAM address 04h. For example, if your program
instructs the 8051 to use register bank 3, "R" register R4
will now be synonymous with Internal RAM address 1Ch. The
concept of register banks adds a great level of flexibility to
the 8051, especially when dealing with interrupts. However,
always remember that
the register banks really reside in the first 32 bytes of
Internal RAM.

Special Function Register (SFR) Memory

Special Function Registers (SFRs) are areas of
memory that control specific functionality of the 8051
processor. For example, four SFRs permit access to the
8051s 32 input/output lines. Another SFR allows a program
to read or write to the 8051s serial port. Other SFRs allow
the user to set the serial baud rate, control and access
timers, and configure the 8051s interrupt system. When
programming, SFRs have the illusion of being Internal
Memory.

The Program Counter (PC)

The Program Counter (PC) is a 2-byte address which tells the
8051 where the next instruction to execute is found in
memory. When the 8051 is initialized PC always starts at
0000h and is incremented each time an instruction is
executed. It is important to note that PC isnt always
incremented by one. Since some instructions require 2 or 3

bytes the PC will be incremented by 2 or 3 in these cases.

The Program Counter is special in that there is no way to
directly modify its value. That is to say, you cant do
something like PC=2430h. On the other hand, if you execute
LJMP 2340h youve effectively accomplished the same thing.
It is also interesting to note that while you may change the
value of PC (by executing a jump instruction, etc.) there is
no way to read the value of PC.

Interrupts
An interrupt is a special feature which allows the
8051 to provide the illusion of "multitasking," although in
reality the 8051 is only doing one thing at a time. The word
"interrupt" can often be substituted with the word "event."
An interrupt is triggered whenever a corresponding event
occurs. When the event occurs, the 8051 temporarily puts
"on hold" the normal execution of the program and executes
a special section of code referred to as an interrupt handler.
The interrupt handler performs whatever special functions
are required to handle the event and then returns control to
the 8051 at which point program execution continues as if it
had never
been interrupted.

Interrupt Priorities
The 8051 offers two levels of interrupt priority:
high and low. By using interrupt priorities you may assign
higher priority to certain interrupt
conditions. For example, you may have enabled Timer 1
Interrupt which is automatically called every time Timer 1
overflows. Additionally, you
may have enabled the Serial Interrupt which is called every
time a character is received via the serial port. However, you
may consider that receiving a character is much more
important than the timer interrupt. In this case, if Timer 1
Interrupt is already executing you may wish that the serial
interrupt itself interrupts the Timer 1 Interrupt. When the
serial interrupt is complete, control passes back to Timer 1
Interrupt and finally back to the main program. You may
accomplish this by assigning a high priority to the Serial
Interrupt and a low priority to the Timer 1 Interrupt.

Instruction Set, Timing, and Low-Level Info

In order to understand--and better make use of-the 8051, it is necessary to understand some underlying
information concerning timing. The 8051 operates based on
an external crystal. This is an electrical device which, when
energy is applied, emits pulses at a fixed frequency. One can
find crystals of virtually any frequency depending on the
application
requirements. When using an 8051, the most common
crystal frequencies are 12 megahertz and 11.059
megahertz--with 11.059 being much more common. Why
would anyone pick such an odd-ball frequency? Theres a
real reason for it--it has to do with generating baud rates
and well talk more about it in the Serial Communication
chapter. For the remainder of this discussion well assume
that were using an 11.059 MHz crystal. Microcontrollers
(and many other electrical systems) use crystals to
synchronize operations. The 8051 uses the crystal for
precisely that: to synchronize its operation. Effectively, the
8051 operates using what are called "machine cycles." A
single machine cycle is the minimum amount of time in
which a single 8051 instruction can be executed. Although
many instructions take multiple cycles. A cycle is, in reality,
12 pulses of the crystal. That is to say, if an instruction takes
one machine cycle to execute, it will take 12 pulses of the
crystal to execute. Since we know the crystal is pulsing
11,059,000 times per second and that one machine cycle is
12 pulses, we can calculate how many instruction cycles the
8051 can execute per second: 11,059,000 / 12 = 921,583
This means that the 8051 can execute 921,583 single-cycle
instructions per second. Since a large number of 8051
instructions are single-cycle instructions it is often
considered that the 8051 can execute roughly 1 million
instructions per second, although in reality it is less--and,
depending on the instructions being used, an estimate of
about 600,000 instructions per second is more realistic. For
example, if you are using exclusively 2-cycle instructions
you would find that the 8051 would execute 460,791
instructions per second.
The 8051 also has two really slow instructions that
require a full 4 cycles to execute--if you were to execute
nothing but those instructions youd find performance to be
about 230,395 instructions per second. It is again important
to emphasize that not all instructions execute in the same
amount of time. The fastest instructions require one
machine cycle (12 crystal pulses), many others require two
machine cycles (24 crystal pulses), and the two very slow
math operations require four machine cycles (48 crystal
pulses).

Timers

The 8051 comes equipped with two timers, both of

which may be controlled, set, read, and configured
individually. The 8051 timers have three general functions:
1) Keeping time and/or calculating the amount of time
between events,
2) Counting the events themselves
3) Generating baud rates for the serial port. The three timer
uses are distinct so we will talk about each of them
separately. A timer is always incremented by the
microcontroller.

USING TIMERS AS EVENT COUNTERS

We've discussed how a timer can be used for the
obvious purpose of keeping track of time. However, the 8051
also allows us to use the timers to count events.
Temperature sensor placed on a hot surface that would send
a pulse every time depends upon the change in
temperature. This could be used to determine the
temperature. We could attach this sensor to one of the
8051's I/O lines through proper interface and constantly
monitor it, detecting when it pulsed high and then
incrementing our counter when it went back to a low state.

Writing to the Serial Port

Once the Serial Port has been properly
configured as explained above, the serial port is ready to be
used to send data and receive data. If you thought that
configuring the serial port was simple, using the serial port
will be a breeze. To write a byte to the serial port one must
simply write the value to the SBUF (99h) SFR. For example,
if you wanted to send the letter "A" to the serial port, it
could be accomplished as easily as:
MOV SBUF, #A
Upon execution of the above instruction the 8051 will begin
transmitting the character via the serial port. Obviously
transmission is not instantaneous--it takes a measurable
amount of time to transmit. And since the 8051 does not
have a serial output buffer we need to be sure that a
character is completely transmitted before we try to
transmit the next character. The 8051 lets us know when it
is done transmitting a character by setting the TI bit in
SCON. When this bit is set we know that the last character
has been transmitted and that we may send the next
character, if any. Consider the following code segment:
CLR TI; be sure the bit is initially clear
MOV SBUF, #A; Send the letter A to the serial port
JNB TI, $; Pause until the RI bit is set. The above three
instructions will

successfully transmit a character and wait for the TI bit to

be set before continuing. The last instruction says "Jump if
the TI bit is not set to $"-$, in most assemblers, means "the same address of the
current instruction."

Reading the Serial Port

Reading data received by the serial port is

equally easy. To read a byte from the serial port one just
needs to read the value stored in the SBUF (99h) SFR after
the 8051 has automatically set the RI flag in SCON. For
example, if your program wants to wait for a character to be
received and subsequently read it into the Accumulator, the
following code segment may be used: JNB RI, $; Wait for the
8051 to set the RI flag MOV A, SBUF; Read the character
from the serial port The first line of the above code segment
waits for the 8051 to set the RI flag; again, the 8051 sets the
RI flag automatically when it receives a character via the
serial port. So as long
as the bit is not set the program repeats the "JNB"
instruction continuously.
Once the RI bit is set upon character reception the above
condition automatically fails and program flow falls through
to the "MOV"
instruction which reads the value.

PIN DIAGRAM OF 8051

MEMORY MAPPING
The 8051 memory register map is shown in the diagram. The
8051 internal 4K ROM and 128 byte RAM, including the special
function registers, are shown in the diagram. The 8051 can address
external memory if there is not enough internal RAM and /or ROM.
When used to address external memory, two ports provide the
memory addressing. The 8051 addresses two separate memory
spaces.
The 8051 uses one memory space for storing programs and the
other for storing variable data. The program memory space is a
read only space. One can read program instructions from this
space, but the processor cannot write data into or read data from
these memory locations. The 8051 internal ROM is in program
memory space. All instruction fetches are taken from the program
memory space.
The data memory space is read-write memory space. The
processor can read data from this memory space and can write data
to this memory space. It cannot execute program functions from
this memory space. The 8051 internal RAM is in this memory space.
The 128 bytes of internal RAM (memory locations 00H to 7 FH)
provide general read write data storage. Although we say the 8051
has 128 bytes of internal RAM. Part of this memory space is often
referred to as general-purpose registers.
It is important that the 8051 internal RAM is often referred to
as registers.
The 8051 also has 22 special function registers which are
not part of the 128 byes of internal RAM. The 8051 special
function registers occupy data memory space from 80H to F8H.
Although addressable as memory locations, these registers must be
used for their intended purpose.
If more program memory is needed, the 4-Kbyte, memory
can be expanded by an additional 60 K bytes giving the 8051 a full
64-K bytes program memory space. If the 8051 EA pin is asserted
(Connected to ground) the 8051 does not use the internal 4K ROM.
The external memory must start at memory location 0000H and can
be up to a full
64 K bytes.
If more RAM are needed add external data memory. AS shown
in the diagram full use of all 64 Kbytes of the external memory
address space also possible. This is, this memory is addressed
separately from the internal 128 bytes of RAM.

Although the 8051 normally operates with separate program

memory and data memory space, there are applications where it is
desirable to have these work as common memory when this is done,
the 8051 only has 64 K bytes of total external memory. However,
when used in this configuration, the 8051 can input a block of data
through its serial communications port, load that data into memory,
and then execute that data as a program. This is called a
downloaded program. It is a very common technique used to
change the program operating in a remote microprocessor-based
controller.

PROGRAMMABLE PERIPHERAL INTERFACE 8255

A PPI (Programmable peripheral Interface) is a multi port
device. The ports may be programmed in a variety of ways as
required by the programmer. The device is very useful for
interfacing peripheral device.
The INTEL 8255 is a PPI. It has 2 versions namely the INTEL
8225A and the INTEL 8225A-5. General descriptions of both are
same. There are some differences in their electrical characteristics.
Hereafter they will be referred to as 8255. Its main functions are to
interface peripheral devices to the microcomputer. It has three 8 bit
ports namely, port A, Port B and Port C. The port C has been
further divided into two 4 ports. Port C upper and port C lower.
Thus a total of 4 ports are available, tow 8 bit ports and two 4 bits
ports. Each can be programmed as either input port or an output
port.

FEATURES OF 8255
The 8255 is a 40-pin DIP chip. It has three separately
accessible ports. The ports are each 8-bit, and are named A, B, and
C. The individual ports of the 8255 can be programmed to be input
or output, and can be changed dynamically. In addition, 8255 ports
have handshaking capability, thereby allowing interface with
devices that also have handshaking signals, such as printers.

PA0 PA7
The 8-bit port A can be programmed as all input, or as all
output, or all bits as bidirectional input/output.

PB0 PB7

The 8-bit port B can be programmed as all input or as all

output. Port B cannot be used as a bidirectional port.

PC0 PC7
This 8-bit port C can be all input or output. It can also be split
into two parts, CU (upper bits PC4 PC&) and CL (Lower bits PC0
PC3). Each can be used for input or output. In addition, any of bits
PC0 to PC7 can be programmed individually.

RD and WR
These two active-low control signals are inputs to the 8255.
The RD and WR signals from the 8031/51 are connected to these
inputs.

D0 D7 data pin
The data pins of the 8255 are connected to the data pins of the
microcontroller allowing it to send data back and forth between the
controller and the 8255 chip.

RESET
This is an active-high signal input into the 8255 used to clear
the control register. When RESET is activated, all ports are
initialized as input ports. In many designs this pin is connected to
the RESET output of the system bus or grounded to make it inactive.
Like all IC input pins, it should not be left unconnected.

A0, A1, and CS

While CS (Chip Select) selects the entire chip, it is A0 and A1
that select specific ports. These three pins are used to access ports
A, B, C or the control register according to the pin diagram. Note
that CS is active low.

CONTROL WORD
According to the requirement, a port can be programmed to
act either as an input port or an output port. For programming the
ports of 8255 a control word is formed. The bits of control word.
The word is written into the control word register which is within
8255. No read operation of the control word register is allowed.

The control word bit corresponding to a particular port is set to

either 1 or 0 depending upon the definition of the port.

MODE SELECTION OF THE 8255

While ports A, B, and C are used to input or output data, it is
the control register that must be programmed to select the
operation mode of the three ports. The ports of the 8255 can be
programmed in any of the following modes.

1. Mode 0, simple I/O mode. In this mode, any of the ports, A, B,

CL, and CU can be programmed as input or output. In this

mode, all bits are out or all are in. In other words, there is no
such thing as single-bit control as we have seen in P0 P3 of
the 8051. Since the vast majority of applications involving the
8255 use this simple I/O mode, we will concentrate on this
mode in this chapter.

2. Mode 1. In this mode, ports A and B can be used as input or

output ports with handshaking capabilities. Handshaking

signals are provided by the bits of port C. The details of this
mode are discussed in the third section of this chapter.

3. Mode 2. In this mode, port A can be used as a bidirectional I/O

port with handshaking capabilities whose signals are provided

by port C. Port B can be used either in simple I/O mode or
handshaking mode1. This mode will not be explored further in
this book.

4. BSR (bit set/reset) mode. In this mode, only the individual bits
of port C can be programmed. This mode is discussed further
in the third section of this chapter

CONNECTING THE 8051 TO 8255

The 8255 chip is programmed in any of the 4 modes mentioned
earlier by sending a byte (Intel calls it a control word) to the control
register of the 8255. We must first find the port addresses assigned

to each of ports A, B, C, and the control register. This is called

mapping the I/O port.
The 8255 is connected to an 8051 as if it is RAM memory.
Notice the use of RD and WR signals. This method of connecting an
I/O chip to a CPU is called Memory; mapped I/O, since it is mapped
into memory space. In other words, we use memory space to access
I/O devices. For this reason we use instructions such as MOVX to
access the 8255. We used MOVX to access RAM and ROM. For an
8255 connected to the 8051 we must also use the MOVX instruction
to communicate with it.

EPROM

27C256

EPROM was invented to allow making changes in the contents

of PROM after it is burned. In EPROM, one can program the memory
chip and erase it thousands of times. This is especially necessary
during development of the prototype of a microprocessor-based
project. A widely used EPROM is called UV- EPROM where UV stands
for ultra-violet. The only problem with UV EPROM is that erasing
its contents can take up to 20 minutes. All UV-EPROM chips have a
window that is used to shine ultraviolet (UV) radiation to erase its
contents. For this reason, EPROM is also referred to as UV
erasable EPROM or simply UV-EPROM.
To program a UV-EPROM chip, the following steps must be
taken:
1. Its contents mu7st be erased. To erase a chip, it is removed
from its socket on the system board and placed in EPROM
erasure equipment to expose it to UV radiation for 15 20
minutes.
2. Program the chip. To program a UV-EPROM chip, place it in the
ROM burner (programmer). To burn code or data into EPROM
type. This voltage is referred to as Vpp in the UV-EPROM data
sheet.
3. place the chip back into its socket on the system board
As can be seen from the above steps, in the same way
that there is an EPROM programmer (burner), there is
also separate EPROM erasure equipment. The main
problem, and indeed the major disadvantage of UVEPROM, is that it cannot be programmed while in the
system board.

SRAM 62256
Storage cells is static RAM memory are made of flip-flops and
therefore do not require refreshing in order to keep their data. This
is in contrast to DRAM, discussed below. The problem with the use
of flip-flops for storage cells is that each cell requires at least 6
transistors to build, and the cell holds only 1 bit of data. In recent
years, the cells have been made of 4 transistors, which still is too
many. The use of 4-transistor cells plus the use of CMOS technology
has given birth to a high-capacity SRAM, but its capacity is far
below DRAM. WE are write enable, and OE is output enable, for read
and writes signals respectively.

SERIAL INTERFACE

MAX 232

Serial interface is required to communicate with 8051. We

need line driver to convert RS232 signal to TTL voltage levels that
will be acceptable to the 8051,TXD and RXD pins. One such
converter is MAX 232 we are using in our circuit. One advantage of
the MAX 232 chip is that it uses a +5V power source same as 8051.
The MAX 232 has two sets of line drivers for transferring and
receiving the data. For many applications,only one set is used. MAX
232 requires four capacitors ranging from 1 to 22 mfd. Most widely
used capacitor is 22mfd.

DECODER 74138
The simplest method of decoding is the usage of NAND gate.
The 74138 is 3-8 decoder. The three inputs are A,B and C generates
8 active low output of Y0 to Y7. each y output is connected to cs of a
memory chip allowing control of 8 memory blocks by a single 74138
IC.

ADDRESS/DATA MULTIPLEXING 74373

The PC of 8051 is 16 bit which is capable of accessing 64kb
of program code.
Pins PO 0 to PO 7 are used for both address and data path. This is
called address/data multiplexing for decoding these we are using
74373 as an I/O Interface. So this 74373 receives data from 8051
and demultiplexer.

BLOCK DIAGRAM OF ADC 804

ADC 804 CHIPS

The ADC 804 IC is an analog-to-digital converter it works with
+5 volts and has a resolution of 8 bits. In addition to resolution,
conversion time is another major factor in judging an ADC.
Conversion time is defined as the time it takes the ADC to convert
the analog input to a digital (binary) number. In the ADC 804, the
conversion time varies depending on the clocking signals applied to
the CLK R and CLK IN pins, but it cannot be faster than 110 mS. The
ADC 804 pin descriptions follow.

CS
Chip select is an active low input used to activate the ADC 804
chip. To access the ADC 804, this pin must be low.

RD (read)
This is an input signal and is active low. The ADC converts the
analog input to its binary equivalent and holds it in an internal
register. RD is used to get the converted data out of the ADC 804
chip. When
CS = 0, if a high-to-low pulse is applied to the RD pin, the 8-bit
digital output shows up at the D0 D7 data pins. The RD pin is also
referred to as output enable.

WR (write; a better name might be start conversion)

This is an active low input used to inform the ADC 804 to start
the conversion process. If CS = 0 when WR makes a low-to-high
transition, the ADC 804 starts converting the analog input value of
Vin to an 8-bit digital number. The amount of time it takes to
convert varies depending on the CLK IN and CLK R values explained
below. When the data conversion is complete, the INTR pin is forced
low by the ADC 804.

CLK IN AND CLK R

CLK IN is an input pin connected to an external clock source when
an external clock is used for timing. However, the 804 has an
internal clock generator. To use the internal clock generator (also
called self-clocking) of the ADC 804, the CLK In and CLK R pins are
connected to a capacitor and a resistor. In that case the clock
frequency is determined by the equation:
F = 1/1.1 RC

Typical values are R = 10K ohms and C = 150 pF. Substitution in the
above equation, we get f = 606 k Hz. In that case, the conversion
time is 110 s.

8051 INTERFACING TO ADC 804, SENSORS

This section will explore interfacing ADC (analog-todigital
converter chips and temperature sensors to the 8051.
First, we describe ADC chips,
and then show how to interface an ADC to the 8051.

ADC

devices

Analog-to-digital converters are among the most widely used

devices for data acquisition. Digital computers use binary (discrete)
values, but in the physical world everything is analog (continuous).
Temperature, pressure, humidity, and velocity are a few examples of
physical quantities that we deal with every day. A physical quantity is
converted to electrical (voltage, current) signals using a device called
a transducer. Transducers are also referred to as sensors. These
sensors are converting natural quantities to an output that is voltage
(or current). Therefore, we need an analog-to-digital converter to
translate the analog signals to digital numbers so that the
microcontroller can read them. A widely used ADC chip is the ADC
804.

ADC CONNECTION TO THE 8255

The following is a program for the ADC connected to the 8255
as shown in the diagram.
MOV A, # 80H
; control word for PA=OUT, PC=IN
MOV R1, K#CRPORT
; control reg port address
MOVX @R1, A
; configure PA=OUT AND PC=IN
Back: MOV R1, #CPORT
; Load port C address
MOVX A, @R1
; read port c to see if ADC is ready
ANL
A, #00000001B
; mask all except PC0
JNZ
Back
; keep monitoring PCO FOR EOC
; end of conversation, now get ADC data
MOV
R1, # APORT ; load PA address
MOVX A, @R1
; A=analog data input

LCD CONNECTION TO THE 8255

In the following diagram shows how to issue commands and
data to an LCD connected to an 8255. In the diagram, we must put
a long delay before issuing any information (command or data) to
the LCD. A better way is to check the busy flag before issuing
anything to the LCD.

Two-Terminal IC Temperature Transducer

AD590
FEATURES:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.

Linear Current Output: 1 mA/K

Wide Range: 558C to +1508C
Probe Compatible Ceramic Sensor Package
Two Terminal Device: Voltage In/Current Out
Laser Trimmed to 60.58C Calibration Accuracy
(AD590M)
Excellent Linearity: 60.38C Over Full Range
(AD590M)
Wide Power Supply Range: +4 V to +30 V
Sensor Isolation from Case
Low Cost

PRODUCT DESCRIPTION
The AD590 is a two-terminal integrated circuit
temperature transducer that produces an output current
proportional to absolute temperature. For supply voltages
between +4 V and +30 V the device acts as a high
impedance, constant current regulator passing 1 mA/K.
Laser trimming of the chips thin-film resistors is used to
calibrate the device to 298.2 mA output at 298.2K (+25C).

The AD590 should be used in any temperature sensing

application below +150C in which conventional electrical
temperature sensors are currently employed. The inherent
low cost of a monolithic integrated circuit combined with the
elimination of support circuitry makes the AD590 an
attractive alternative for many temperature measurement
situations. Linearization circuitry, precision voltage
amplifiers, resistance measuring circuitry and cold junction
compensation are not needed in applying the AD590. In
addition to temperature measurement, applications include
temperature compensation or correction of discrete
components, biasing proportional to absolute temperature,
flow rate measurement, level detection of fluids and
anemometry. The AD590 is available in chip form making, it
suitable for hybrid circuits and fast temperature
measurements in protected environments. The AD590 is
particularly useful in remote sensing applications. The
device is insensitive to voltage drops over long lines due to
its high impedance current output. Any well insulated
twisted pair is sufficient for operation hundreds of feet from
the receiving circuitry. The output characteristics also make
the AD590 easy to multiplex: the current can be switched by
a CMOS multiplexer or the supply voltage can be switched
by a logic gate output.

PRODUCT HIGHLIGHTS
1. The AD590 is a calibrated two terminal
temperature sensor
requiring only a dc voltage supply (+4 V to +30 V). Costly
transmitters, filters, lead wire compensation and
linearization circuits are all unnecessary in applying the
device.
2. State-of-the-art laser trimming at the wafer
level in conjunction with extensive final testing ensures that
AD590 units are
easily interchangeable.
3. Superior interface rejection results from the
output being a
current rather than a voltage. In addition, power
requirements are low (1.5 mWs @ 5 V @ +25C.) These
features make the AD590 easy to apply as a remote sensor.
4. The high output impedance (>10 MW)
provides excellent

rejections of supply voltage drift and ripple. For instance,

changing the power supply from 5 V to 10 V results in only a
1 mA maximum current change, or 1C equivalent error.
5. The AD590 is electrically durable: it will
withstand a forward voltage up to 44 V and a reverse
voltage of 20 V. Hence, supply
irregularities or pin reversal will not damage the device.

The 590H has 60 m inches of gold plating

on its Kovar leads and Kovar header. A resistance welder is
used to seal the nickel cap to the header. The AD590 chip is
eutectically mounted to the header and ultrasonically
bonded to with 1 MIL aluminum wire. Kovar composition:
53% iron nominal; 29% 1% nickel; 17% 1% cobalt; 0.65%
manganese max; 0.20% silicon max; 0.10% aluminum max;
0.10% magnesium max; 0.10% zirconium max; 0.10%
titanium max; 0.06% carbon max. The 590F is a ceramic
package with gold plating on its Kovar leads, Kovar lid, and
chip cavity. Solder of 80/20 Au/Sn composition is used for
the 1.5 mil thick solder ring under the lid. The chip cavity
has a nickel underlay between the metallization and the gold
plating. The AD590 chip is eutectically mounted in the chip
cavity at 410C and ultrasonically bonded to with 1 mil
aluminum wire. Note that the chip is in direct contact with
the ceramic base, not the metal lid. When using the AD590
in die form, the chip substrate must be kept electrically
isolated, (floating), for correct circuit operation.
In the AD590, this PTAT voltage is
converted to a PTAT current by low temperature coefficient
thin-film resistors. The total current of the device is then

forced to be a multiple of this PTAT current. Referring to

Figure 1, the schematic diagram of the AD590, Q8 and Q11
are the transistors that produce the PTAT voltage. R5 and R6
convert the voltage to current. Q10, whose collector current
tracks the collector currents in Q9 and Q11, supplies all the
bias and substrate leakage current for the rest of the circuit,
forcing the total current to be PTAT. R5 and R6 is laser
trimmed on the wafer to calibrate the device at +25C.

SCHEMATIC DIAGRAM OF AD590

Figure 2 shows the typical VI characteristic of the circuit at

+25C and the temperature extremes.

CIRCUIT DESCRIPTION
The AD590 uses a fundamental property of
the silicon transistors from which it is made to realize its
temperature proportional characteristic: if two identical
transistors are operated at a constant ratio of collector
current densities, r, then the difference in their base-emitter
voltage will be (kT/q)(In r). Since both k, Boltzmans
constant and q, the charge of an electron, are constant, the
resulting voltage is directly proportional to absolute
temperature (PTAT).

The above block diagram shows our

component hook up. The temperature transducer converts
the heat energy into electrical energy. The temperature
sensor is in the form of IC which requires biasing and
additional driver. The driver circuit is made up of
Operational amplifier which functions as a comparator as
well as an amplifier and power supply unit for the sensor.
This circuit is also called as measuring circuit. This converts
the changing signal from the sensor in the form of mV and
amplifies and feeds as input for the ADC.
The temperature calibration can be done by
adjusting the VR1 and VR2 by varying the biasing voltage of
OPAMP U1 and U3. The temperature sensor output is fed to
U1 as an input and compared with the comparator and
inverted amplified and the output is taken from U3 and
given as input to ADC as per the circuit. Calibration of the
input further explained below.

EXPLANATION OF TEMPERATURE SENSOR

The way in which the AD590 is specified
makes it easy to apply in a wide variety of different
applications. It is important to understand the meaning of
the various specifications and the effects of supply voltage
and thermal environment on accuracy. The AD590 is
basically a PTAT (proportional to absolute temperature)1
current regulator. That is, the output current is equal to a
scale factor times the temperature of the sensor in degrees
Kelvin. This scale factor is trimmed to 1 mA/K at the
factory, by adjusting the indicated temperature (i.e., the
output current) to agree with the actual temperature. This is
done with 5 V across the device at a temperature within a
few degrees of +25C (298.2K). The device is then packaged
and tested for accuracy over temperature.

CALIBRATION ERROR
At final factory test the difference
between the indicated
temperature and the actual temperature is called the
calibration error. Since this is a scale factory error, its
contribution to the total error of the device is PTAT. For
example, the effect of the 1C specified maximum error of
the AD590L varies from 0.73C at 55C to 1.42C at 150C.

Figure 3 shows how an exaggerated calibration error would

vary from the ideal over temperature.

The calibration error is a primary contributor

to maximum total error in all AD590 grades. However, since
it is a scale factor error, it is particularly easy to trim. Figure
4 shows the most elementary way of accomplishing this. To
trim this circuit the temperature of the AD590 is measured
by a reference temperature sensor and R is trimmed so that
VT = 1 mV/K at that temperature. Note that when this error
is trimmed out at one temperature, its effect is zero over the
entire temperature range. In most applications there is a
current-to-voltage conversion resistor (or, as with a current
input ADC, a reference) that can be trimmed for scale factor
adjustment.

CALIBRATION ERROR TRIMMED OUT

Each AD590 is tested for error over the
temperature range with

the calibration error trimmed out. This specification could

also be called the variance from PTAT since it is the
maximum difference between the actual current over
temperature and a PTAT multiplication of the actual current
at 25C. This error consists of a slope error and some
curvature, mostly at the temperature extremes. Figure 5
shows a typical AD590K
temperature curve before and after calibration error
trimming.

ERROR VERSUS TEMPERATURE:

Using the AD590 by simply measuring the
current, the total
error is the variance from PTAT described above plus the
effect of the calibration error over temperature. For example
the AD590L maximum total error varies from 2.33C at 55C
to 3.02C at 150C. For simplicity, only the large figure is
shown on the specification page.

NONLINEARITY
Nonlinearity as it applies to the AD590 is the
maximum deviation of current over temperature from a
best-fit straight line. The nonlinearity of the AD590 over the
55C to +150C range is superior to all conventional
electrical temperature sensors such as thermocouples. RTDs
and thermistors. Figure 6 shows the nonlinearity of the
typical AD590K from Figure 6.

Figure 7A shows a circuit in which the nonlinearity is the

major contributor to error over temperature. The circuit is
trimmed by adjusting R1 for a 0 V output with the AD590 at
0C. R2 is then adjusted for 10 V out with the sensor at
100C. Other pairs of temperatures may be used with this
procedure as long as they are measured accurately by a
reference sensor. Note that for +15 V output (150C) the V+
of the op amp must be greater
than 17 V. Also note that V should be at least 4 V: if V is
ground there is no voltage applied across the device.

VOLTAGE AND THERMAL ENVIRONMENT EFFECTS

The power supply rejection specifications
show the maximum expected change in output current
versus input voltage changes.
The insensitivity of the output to input voltage allows the
use of
unregulated supplies. It also means that hundreds of ohms
of resistance (such as a CMOS multiplexer) can be tolerated
in series with the device.
It is important to note that using a supply voltage other
than 5 V does not change the PTAT nature of the AD590. In
other words, this change is equivalent to a calibration error
and can be removed by the scale factor trim (see previous
page). The AD590 specifications are guaranteed for use in a

low thermal resistance environment with 5 V across the

sensor. Large
changes in the thermal resistance of the sensors
environment will change the amount of self-heating and
result in changes in the output which are predictable but not
necessarily desirable. The thermal environment in which the
AD590 is used determines two important characteristics: the
effect of self heating and the response of the sensor with
time.

Figure 8 is a model of the AD590 which demonstrates these

characteristics. As an example, for the TO-52 package, qJC is
the thermal resistance between the chip and the case, about
26C/watt. qCA is the thermal resistance between the case
and the surroundings and is determined by the
characteristics of the thermal connection. Power source P
represents the power dissipated on the chip. The rise of the
junction temperature, TJ,
above the ambient temperature TA is: TJ -TA = P (qJC + qCA )
The time response of the AD590 to a step change in
temperature
is determined by the thermal resistances and the thermal
capacities of the chip, CCH, and the case, CC. CCH is about
0.04 watt-sec/C for the AD590. CC varies with the measured
medium since it includes anything that is in direct thermal
contact with the case. In most cases, the single time
constant
exponential curve of Figure 9 is sufficient to describe the
time response, T (t). Table I shows the effective time
constant, t, for several media.

Applying the AD590 (GENERAL APPLICATIONS)

Figure 10 demonstrates the use of a low cost Digital Panel

Meter for the display of temperature on either the Kelvin,
Celsius or Fahrenheit scales. For Kelvin temperature Pins 9,
4 and 2 are grounded; and for Fahrenheit temperature Pins
4 and 2 are left open. The above configuration yields a 3
digit display with 1C or 1F resolution, in addition to an
absolute accuracy of 2.0C over the 55C to +125C
temperature range if a one-temperature
calibration is performed on an AD590K, L, or M.
Connecting several AD590 units in series as shown in Figure
11 allows the minimum of all the sensed temperatures to be
indicated. In contrast, using the sensors in parallel yields
the average of the sensed temperatures.

The circuit of Figure 12 demonstrates one method by which

differential temperature measurements can be made. R1
and R2 can be used to trim the output of the op amp to
indicate a desired temperature difference. For example, the
inherent offset between the two devices can be trimmed in.
If V+ and V are radically different, then the difference in
internal dissipation will cause a differential internal
temperature rise. This effect can be used to measure the
ambient thermal resistance seen by the sensors in
applications such as fluid level detectors or anemometry.

Figure 15 is an example of a variable temperature control

circuit (thermostat) using the AD590. RH and RL are
selected to set the high and low limits for RSET. RSET could
be a simple pot, a calibrated multiturn pot or a switched
resistive divider. Powering the AD590 from the 10 V
reference isolates the AD590 from supply variations while
maintaining a reasonable voltage (~7 V) across it. Capacitor
C1 is often needed to filter extraneous noise from remote
sensors. RB is determined by the b of the power
transistor and the current requirements of the load.

OPERATION OF ANALOG TO DIGITAL CONVERTER

CIRCUIT

The conversion of analog to its digital equivalent is of

utmost important . One of the reason is its easy interfacing
facility with

the micro processor. Outputs from load-cell,

Thermocouple etc. can be easily interfaced to the processor.

The ADC card provided permits the user to have access
between external analog circuitry with the processor. The
ADC input is given through a potentiometer. This output is

fed to ADC - 0804 to provide an equivalent digital value

corresponding analog input. The digital output which is 8bits
wide is tied to port A bits of 8255. Port A bits are defined as
input port in the control word i.e., data in port A bits are
read by the processor. Logic gates are used of chip selection
purpose for the 8255 IC. The data along with the control
signals are carried to the trainer kit via the 50 pin flat
ribbon cable.
8255 control register address

- 6063H

8255 Port A address

- 6060H

8255 Port B address

- 6061H

8255 Port C address

-6062H

ADC PROGRAM
; port A receives digital o/p from adc
; port B for r/w
;"ADC AND DAC PROGRAM"
;port A receives digital o/p from adc
;port c for r/w
9000

main:

9000 906063

mov

dptr,#6063

9003 7490

mov

a,#90h;define port A as
i/p,remaining as o/p

9005 F0

movx

@dptr,a

9006 906062

mov

dptr,#6062

9009 74FF

mov

a,#ffh

900B F0

movx

@dptr,a

900C 906062

mov

dptr,#6062

900F 7400

mov

a,#0h

9011 F0

movx

@dptr,a

9012 906062

mov

dptr,#6062

9015 74FF

mov

a,#ffh

9017 F0

movx

@dptr,a

9018 129022

lcall

delay

901B 906060

mov

dptr,#6060

901E E0

movx

a,@dptr ;getting digital

lcall

00bbh

;start of

conversion

values
901F 120BBB

;end of conversion

;port A

;DELAY SUBROUTINE
9022

delay:

9022 79FF
9024

mov
Loop:

9024 00

nop

9025 00

nop

9026 00

nop

9027 00

nop

9028 00

nop

9029 00

nop

902A 00

nop

902B D9F7

djnz

902D 22

ret

;Note

r1,#ffh

r1,loop

RESULT STORED IN ACCUMULATOR

MEASURING AND DISPLAY

This voltage after suitable amplification is

given to ADC 804 which converts into digital form. This
digital output of the ADC is given to the Microcontroller
8051 by interfacing through 8255 with I/O address chip. The
Microcontroller calculates the change in temperature with
suitable interfacing through 8255 via decoder and displays
the temperature in the LCD matrix module. The function of
each I/O,EPROM,RAM,Decoder , Memory mapping ,Memory
address are explained in detail in the component
description.

DISPLAY PANEL PROGRAM

1.initlcd: initialises the lcd
;2.putchar: displays the char. in A at the current cursor
pos.
;3.disadr: displays the hex.address (content of the
adr.buffer)
;
in the 1st line (like 8100:)
;4.disopb: displays the content of the o/p buff.
(disassemble)
;5.gotoxy:
;6.clrscr:
;
;
;@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@
;
;main:
call initlcd
;
call disadr
;
rst 1
;
;
;@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@

;initlcd:
;@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@
INITLCD:

LXI D,0EA6H
CALL DELAY

;for 15msec

MVI A,38H
OUT LCDCMD
LXI D,0401H
CALL DELAY

;functionset

MVI A,38H
OUT LCDCMD
LXI D,0019H
CALL DELAY

;functionset

MVI A,38H
OUT LCDCMD
LXI D,0014H
CALL DELAY

;fuction set{0011 1000}

(useless)

;for 4.1msec
(useless)

;for 100usec

;for 40usec + 40us

MVI A,0fH
OUT LCDCMD
LXI D,0014H
CALL DELAY

;Display ON/OFF{0000 1111}

MVI A,06H
OUT LCDCMD
LXI D,0014H
CALL DELAY

;entry mode{0000 0110}

MVI A,01H
OUT LCDCMD
LXI D,019AH
CALL DELAY

;Clear Display{0000 0001}

LXI D,000AH
CALL DELAY

;for 40usec

;for 40usec + 40us

;for 40usec + 40us

;for 1.64msec

RET
;@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@
;@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@
;DELAY FUNCTION
;@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@
;250 msec for count FFFF
DELAY:
DCX D
;total no. of T
states=24*(count-1)+31
MOV A,E

ORA D
JNZ DELAY
RET
;@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@
;@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@
;PUTCHAR:
;
I/P:A-HAVE THE ASCII VALUE
;
;@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@
PUTCHAR:

PUSH H
PUSH D
PUSH B
MOV D,A
LDA FLGSERIAL
CPI 01H
JNZ LOCALD
MOV A,D
CALL TRACHA

;to check serial mode

;to disp. char on pc

monitor
JMP RET10
LOCALD:

MOV A,D
OUT LCDDIS
LXI D,000AH
;for 40usec
CALL DELAY
RET10:
POP B
POP D
POP H
RET
;@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@

;@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@
;DISPLAY ADDRESS ---in first line (like 8100: )
;@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@
DISADR:

LDA ADRBUF
CALL PUTBYTE
LDA ADRBUF+1H
CALL PUTBYTE

MVI A,3AH
after the addr
CALL PUTCHAR
MVI A," "
CALL PUTCHAR
RET

;ascii of ':'-to display

;***********************************************
;ASCII
;***********************************************
ASCII1:
ANI 0FH
CPI 0AH
JC ADD
ADI 07H
ADD:
ADI 30H
RET
;@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@
;DISPLAY OUTPUT BUFFER ----after disassemble
;
It displays addr,opcodes in first line and
;
mnemonics in second line.
;
line 1: xxxx: xx xx xx
;
line 2: lxi h,5050(mnemonics)
;@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@
DISOPB:

MVI A,06H
CALL GOTOXY
LXI H,OPBUF
MVI C,03H
MOV A,M

CNDIS:
first line

CALL PUTCHAR
INX H
MOV A,M
CALL PUTCHAR
INX H
MVI A,20H
CALL PUTCHAR

;DDRAM addr.06--(1000 0110)=86H

;Display the opcodes in the

;SPACE CHARACTER

DCR C
JNZ CNDIS
LDA FLGSERIAL
CPI 01H
JZ GIVESPACE
MVI A,40H
CALL GOTOXY
JMP CNDIS1
GIVESPACE:MVI A," "
CALL PUTCHAR
CALL PUTCHAR

;DDRAM addr.40--(1100 0000)=C0H

CNDIS1:

MOV A,M
CPI 00H
RZ
CALL PUTCHAR
INX H
JMP CNDIS1

;@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@
;
;@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@
CUROFF: MVI A,0CH
;{0 0 0 0 1 D C B}=00001100
OUT LCDCMD
LXI D,0014H
;for 40usec + 40us
CALL DELAY
RET
;@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@
CURON: MVI A,0FH
;{0 0 0 0 1 D C B}=00001111
OUT LCDCMD
LXI D,0014H
;for 40usec + 40us
CALL DELAY
RET
;@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@
LCDOFF: MVI A,08H
;{0 0 0 0 1 D C B}=00001000
OUT LCDCMD
LXI D,0014H
;for 40usec + 40us
CALL DELAY
RET
;@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@
;@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@
;GOTOXY FUNCTION
;
MOVES LCD CURSOR POSITION
;I/P:
A-DDRAM ADDR
00H-27H for 1st line
;
40h-67h for 2nd line
;@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@
GOTOXY:

MOV
LDA
CPI
JNZ

D,A
FLGSERIAL
01H
LGOTO

MOV A,D
CPI 40H
JC ENDGOTO
MVI A,0AH
CALL PUTCHAR
JMP ENDGOTO
LGOTO:

ENDGOTO:

MOV A,D
ORI 80H
OUT LCDCMD
LXI D,000AH
CALL DELAY
RET

;delay for 40us

;@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@
;CLRSCR FUNCTION
;
;@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@
CLRSCR:

LDA FLGSERIAL
CPI 01H
JNZ LCDCLR
MVI A,0AH
CALL PUTCHAR
RET

LCDCLR:

MVI A,01H
OUT LCDCMD
LXI D,01BAH
delay (01BAH)
CALL DELAY
RET

;for 1.64ms (019AH) for extra

BIBLIOGRAPHY
WEBSITES
1. http://www.atmel.com
2. http://www.google.com
3. http://www.8052.com

BOOKS
1. THE 8051 MICROCONTROLLER AND EMBEDDED
SYSTEMS (Muhammad Ali Mazidi )
2. MICROPROCESSOR AND ITS APPLICATIONS
(S.Rajasekar,D.Madhavan)
3. MICROPROCESSOR BASED TEMPERATURE
INDICATOR
(C.Rameshu, A.P.Sivaprasad)
4. INDUSTRIAL INSTRUMENTATION
(C.Dhanasekaran)

HARDWARE AND TECHNICAL SUPPORT

Durga Electricals,Chennai

CONCLUSION
AN OVERVIEW
Temperature measurement system
using microprocessor/microcontroller has been
described in this report. The system consists of a
combination of hardware and software. The system
has relatively fast response and high accuracy. The
overall system is also quite simple to implement
and relatively cheap.
APPLICATION
This method has got a wide variety of
industrial, domestic, powerplant, school and
colleges and research institutes application. This
system plays a major role in deciding the quality of
petro-chemical industry product e.g.oil, fertilizer,
and de-salination and space research. This
controller can accept a variety of inputs to measure
different variables such as temperature transducer,
strain gauges, load cells, flow, pressure, level,
speed, time, by way of suitable interfacing and
Programming.
We have experienced very many
difficulties in carrying out the project which was
overcome by suggestions and guidance given by
our parents, friends and well-wishers. We have
gained more knowledge about the sections involved
in our project. We feel very happy and proud to
completed this project. We thank one and all who
helped for the successful completion of the course.