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OBJECTIVES
1)
HEAT AS A SOURCE OF
ENERGY
2)
3)
HEAT NATURE
SITUATION 1
The change in heat content for a substance with an increase
in temperature, but no phase change.
Equation:
2 important principles:
1.
2.
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SITUATION 2
The change in heat content with a decrease in temperature and no
phase change.
Equation:
HEAT TRANSFER
Several
SITUATION 3
The change in the total heat content of one pound of a substance
when heat is added can be expressed as:
H = CpT + HF + Hv
SITUATION 3
When heat is being removed from a system, the change in heat
content can be expressed as:
-H = (Cp)(-T) - HF - Hv
heat.
1) RADIATION
1) Radiation
3 ways to
transfer
heat
3) Conduction
2) Convection
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CONTINUE
2) CONVECTION
CONTINUE
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3) CONDUCTION
Characteristics of Convection
Convection occurs at all temperatures, but is most useful to
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CONTINUE
Characteristics of Conduction
The mechanism of heat transfer through a solid.
1.
2.
3.
the solid, which is the driving force that moves all heat.
4.
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Where
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Purpose: designed to transfer amount of heat that is calculated from the flow
rates and the temperature difference between the inlet and outlet flows.
The wall keeps the source of heat or the coolant separated from the process
stream.
The physical conditions that affect the performance of a shell and tube HE
can be expressed as:
Q = UATm
Where
A = (D2)(L) / 4
D = Tube diameter, ft
L = length of tube, ft
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Important
Cooler use to remove the heat put into the process which
is usually taken out in cooling water
Heater use steam as the source of energy.
- require heat input
- pre-heat of feed streams to temperature-dependent
units.
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Sketch A
Cooler
1.
2.
3.
4.
Sketch A - cooler
Sketch B heater
Sketch C condenser with system pressure control
Sketch D - reboiler
Process
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SAFETY CONSIDERATIONS
A high-pressure steam leak can be invisible, and the noise
should be approached cautiously.
In a liquid-filled system with no vent, the expansion is
completely control, and the pressure can build up with small
changes in T.
The volume is not allowed to increase with an increase in
temperature change can generate a damaging pressure in
equipment.
In liquid-filled systems, some type of pressure relief is usually
provided.
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