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NDEKLER
Arkeologlar Dernei stanbul ubesi
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naatlar iin yaplan keiflerde arkeologlarn yer almas, eski eser korumacl
iin byk nem tamaktadr. Bu yzden arkeologlarn, birok sit alanlarna
sahip yerleimlerdeki belediyelerde istihdam edilmesi gerekmektedir.
Arkeologlarn istihdam edilmesiyle birlikte hem eski eserlerin korunmas
salanacak hem de blgede bulunan kalntlarn deerlendirilmesiyle turizme
ynelik doru tantmlar yaplabilecektir. Mersin Bykehir Belediyesinde
kurulan KUDEBde sadece bir arkeolog bulunmaktadr.
Arkeologlar Dernei Mersin ubesi olarak, Arkeologlarn kamu kurulularndaki
istihdamlarn salayan kontenjanlarn arttrlmas gerei zerine almalarmz
srdrmekteyiz.
10
11
Turque, Ankara 1950, s. 17; S. Pertev Boyar, Osmanl mparatorluu ve Trkiye Cumhuriyeti
Devirlerinde Trk Ressamlar, Hayatlr ve Eserleri, Ankara 1948, s. 92-94; Nurullah Berk-Ahmed
Turan, ada Trk Resim Sanat Tarihi, stanbul 1981, s. 62; Hamit Er, "Ahmed Ziya Akbulut
ve Tarih-i Mimari-i Osman ve Edirne Sultan Selim Cmi-i erifi ", Edirne: Serhattaki Paytaht
(haz. E. N. li-M. S. Koz), stanbul 1998, s. 353-362; Salim Aydz, "Akbulut, Ahmed Ziya",
Yaamlar ve Yaptlaryla OSmanllar Ansiklopedisi, stanbul 1999, I, 176-177; Kandilli
Rasathanesi El Yazmalar 1: Trke Yazmalar, proje sorumlusu: Gnay Kut, stanbul: Boazii
niversitesi Yaynevi, 2007, no. 67, 775).
EKLER:
Resim
http://www.istanbulsanatevi.com/sanat/ressam/resim.php?lang=tur
&id=6162 web sayfasndan alnmtr.
Eserin Ad: Snnet Kprs
Orijinal Ebad: 54 x 72 cm
Teknii: Tuval zeri Yalboya
Bulunduu Yer: zel Koleksiyon
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13
Silifke Mzesi
lhame ztrk1
Silifke Mzesi, blgenin tarih retiminde bir kaynaktr. Toplumun bilgi ve
beenisine ynelik sergilemesi ile toplumda gemi, gnmz, gelecek
kprsn kuran ada bir tarih bilinci yaratma abasndadr ve halkn daha
ok mze ziyaretini gerekletirdii, daha ilevsel bir mze oluturma amacn
hedeflemektedir.
Bu hedefi gerekletirmek iin ise;
-halkn mzeye ihtiya duymasnn salanmas, mzenin hayatmzn bir paras
haline gelmesi duygusunun yerletirilmesi,
-mzeyi yeni sergilemelerle beslemek,
-mzenin eitimin bir paras olmas gerektii dncesini benimsetmek
amalanmtr.
Gemite genel olarak mzeler eitli yaptlar toplama, bilgi salamay ve
onlar korumay grev kabul etmiken bugn dnyada ve Trkiyede farkl bir
oluum ekillenmi ve giderek benimsenmektedir. Bugn btn mzeler
ada iletiim aralar ile almakta ve kendi ellerinde bulunan btn
paralar daha geni olanaklarla izleyiciye sunmaktadrlar. Mzelerde
dzenlenen toplantlarla da mzeler birer tartma yeri haline dnmektedir.
Mzecilikte yz elli yllk bir gemie sahip olan Trkiyenin bu kesinde Silifke
Mzesinin ilk ekirdei ayn zamanda bir tarihi yap olan Cumhuriyet
lkokulunun bir blmnde, 1958 ylnda depo niteliinde oluturulmu,
zamanla gelierek bamsz bir binaya tanm ve 2 Austos 1973 tarihinde
hizmete almtr.
14
Silifke Mzesi bal birimleri ile (Atatrk Evi ve Etnorafya Mzesi ile Narlkuyu
Mozaik Mzesi) istatistiksel olarak deerlerini verebildiimiz ziyaret edilen bir
mzedir ancak; toplumun her kesiminin katlmnn salanmas arzulandndan
insanlarn katldklar, etkileim iine girdikleri, kltrel faaliyet merkezi haline
gelmeye alan bu anlamda aday bir mzedir. Bu dnm
gerekletirebilme abasndadr. ncelikle yneldiimiz ana hedef gruplar ise
okul ncesi kurumlar dahil ilkretim kurumlardr. Bu amala ilemiz Milli Eitim
Mdrl ile kltr sanat eitim ibirlii toplantlar dzenli olarak
yaplmaktadr. Dzenli konferanslarla mzede ve blgemizde gerekletirilen
bilimsel
almalar
halkn
bilgisine
sunulmaktadr.
eitli
sergiler
gerekletirilerek halkn deiik zamanlarda mzeyi ziyaretleri salanmaktadr.
Karde Mze ilikilerini balatm olup; faal olarak uluslararas alanda mzeler
arasnda karlkl tantm, yardmlama ve fikir alveriini gerekletirmektedir.
Silifke Mzesinde 4 sergi salonu ve bahede olmak zere kapal ve ak
meknlarda sergileme vardr.
Ta Eserler Salonu: Arkaik, Roma ve Bizans Dnemi ne ait eserler sergide olup
karyatidler, oturan heykeller, rlikerler, mitolojik heykeller devrini en iyi yanstan
buluntulardr. Silifke ile merkezinde gerekletirilen kazlarda karlm olan
M.S. 2.yzyla ait zrhl mparator Heykeli dikkat ekicidir.
15
ait gm sikkeler, bronz Roma sikkeleri, Osmanl bakr, altn sikkeleri ile altn
Bizans sikkeleri sergilenmektedir. Helenistik dneme ait (M.. 330 - 30)
Meydanck kale definesi, Roma dnemine ait (M.S. 193 - 268) Ayvagedii
definesi ilgi ekmektedir.
16
Etnorafik Eserler Salonu: Bir ksm bugn de yre halknn kullanmnda olan ve
retilen folklorik, etnorafik nitelikteki eserlerdir. Bindall, yelek, cepken, etek
gibi erkek ve kadn giysileri ile bu giysileri tamamlayan yn oraplar, gm
kemer ve kemer tokalar, alnlk, bilezik, yzk gibi taklar ile para keseleri
sergilenmitir. Kilim ve heybeler, tabanca ve tfekler, barutluk, fieklik, kl gibi
silah ve elemanlar da sergide yer almaktadr.
Bahe: Bahede 300 eser sergilenmektedir. Bu eserler stun balklar, friz
paralar vd. mimari eler ile lahitler, mezar talar, yaztlar ve pithoslardr.
17
Yeni Arkeoloji
zgr GKDEMR2
Yeni Arkeoloji, 1960larda yaanan entelektel gelimelerin sonucunun
arkeolojiye yansmalar olarak ortaya km, arkeoloji biliminin corafi bilimler
ve antropoloji ile daha ok ibirlii yapmas gerektiini savunan bir arkeoloji
akmdr3. Bu akmn ban eken Lewis Binford 4 ve Kent Flannery5 zellikle
arkeolojik verinin yorumlanmasnda karlalan problemlere yeni bir bak as
getirmeye almtr. Bu yeni bak asnda, o zamana kadar arkeolojik verinin
yorumlanmasnda kullanlan karmsal, betimsel ve sadece veriye dayal
varsaym reten geleneksel bak as eletirilmitir6. Kltr tarihinden ziyade
kltr geliiminin anlalmas ve aratrlmas gerektiinin savunan yeni arkeoloji
yandalar, arkeoloji biliminin teorik temellerinin oluturulmas, test-edilebilir
varsaymlar retilmesi ve ie yaramayan bilgi ynlarndan ziyade belirli
sorulara cevap aranmas gerektiini savunurlar7. Yeni arkeoloji akmndan
etkilenerek retilen teoriler arasnda sistem teorisi ve analojiye dayanan
middle-range theory(MRT)8 teori almalar yeralr9.
zellikle kltrel geliim konusunda Annales Okulu10 ile pek ok ortak gr
bulunan yeni arkeoloji akmnda, kltrel geliimin savalar, tesadf olaylar ve
politik gelimelerden oluan izgisel bir sre olmad, toplumlarn isel
dinamikleri, ekonomik yaps ve evresel etmenlerin etkiledii ve toplumdan
topluma deien bir sistemler btn olduunu ne srlr11. Yeni arkeolojinin
nemli argmanlarndan olan uygulanabilir modeller ve test edilebilir
varsaymlar oluturmak, sistem teorisinde tam olarak karln bulur. nsann
doaya adaptasyonu12 sistem teorisinin de temelini oluturur. Toplumlarn
geliimi birbirinden bamsz gelien ancak birbiriyle etkileim ierisinde olan
sosyal yaam, ekonomi, ritel gibi alt sistemlerden oluan bir sistemler
btndr. Buna gre; evre alt sisteminde oluan deiiklik sonucu art
rnn ortaya kmas sosyal alt sistemi etkileyerek toplumsal tabakalamaya,
ynetici ve dinsel snfn domasna sebep olmu, bu da dier bir alt sistem
olan ekonomideki deiiklikleri tetikleyerek ticaretin gelimesini salamtr13.
Arkeolojinin bilimsel ve nesnel olarak yaplabileceinin bir gstergesi olarak
ileri srlen sistem teorisi toplumlarn ortaya knn, geliiminin ve yklnn
2
3 Johnson 2000.
4 Binford 1962.
5 Flannery 1976.
6 Renfrew 1991.
7 Earle&Preucel 1987.
8 Middle Range Theory (MRT): Trke uygun bir karlk bulmadm iin bu ekilde kullandm. Belki orta
alan teorisi uygun olabilir.
9 Johnson 2000.
10 Braudel 1985.
11 Trigger 1989.
12 Binford 1968.
13 Flannery 1976.
18
14 Renfrew 1997.
15 Trigger 1989.
16 Giddens 1984
17 Baknz dipnot 4.
18 Binford 1968.
19
20
Kaynaka:
Binford, Lewis R.
1962 Archaeology as anthropology, In Contemporary
Archaeology, ed by M. Leone, pp. 93-101. Southern Illinois
University, Carbondale.
Binford, Sally R. & Lewis Binford.
1968, New Perspectives in Archaeology, Chicago, Aldine
Press.
Braudel, F.
1985 Tarih ve Tarihi, Annales Okulu zinde, der. Ali Boratav,
Alan Yaynclk, stanbul, sayfa 97-109.
Earle, T.K., Preucel, R.W.
Flannery, K.
Giddens, A.
Hodder, Ian
Johnson, Matthew
2000
21
Arkeolog, ran - Urumiye ehri Kltr Kurumu Aratrma Blm Bakan. (Sayn Reza
Heydarinin Arkeoidea iin yazd yazy, Farsadan tercme eden Kiarash Ghasemlou).
Re_heydari@yahoo.com
23
stte fotoraf yer alan Taht- Cemid (Persepolis) ve Pasarghad bu devre ait
iki en nemli eser olarak kabul edilir. Persden sonra Eshkanllar M 248 MS
226 ve Sasaniler MS 226 MS 626 randa hkm srdler. Kenghaverde
Anahita Ategedesi, Mehellatta Khor-he Ategedesi ve Khozestanda Shemi
Tapna Eshkanilerin dneminden kalmtr. Ayrca Goor Darab Gherd ehirleri,
Taht- Sleyman Ategedesi ayn dnemden kalan, en bilinen nemli
eserlerdendir.
21
Kyros, Kura.
24
25
Erzen 1940,99
Erzen 1940, 99 vd.
26
27
olan Tarsusa gelerek kenti yama ederler. Syennessis ile Kyros arasnda
yaplan anlama ile Syennessis Kyrosa ordusu iin nemli lde para verir
bunun karlnda Kyros ise lkesinin Syennessise ait olduunu ve bir daha
yamalanmayaca garantisini verir. Gen Kyros, kardei Artakserksese
Kunaksada yenilir ( M.. 401)33. Bundan sonra Syennessisler ile ilgili yazl
kaynaklara rastlanmamaktadr.
Dalk Kilikia Prensesi olarak ortaya kan Epyaxa ayn zamanda
Syennesisin de kars olmaldr. Gen Kyrosun yenilgisinden sonra blgeyi
tekrar kendi hanedanl altnda toplamaya alr. Bu dnemde dalk
Kilikiada ve Pamphyliada Pers egemenlii yerel glerin denetimi altnda
srmektedir. Ancak 380 360 yllar arasnda Tarsus hanedanln Tarkumuwa
olarak isimlendirildii grlmektedir. Bu dnemde Kilikia ve Pamphylia
blgelerinde bulunan, Selge, Aspendos, Side, Nagidos, Kelenderis, Holmoi,
Soloi, Tarsus, Mallus ve Issos kentlerinde baskn olarak parasal politikalarn
denetimini salad grlmektedir. .. 4. yzyln ilk eyreinden sonra da
Tarkumuwa bir syennesis olarak yerel bir hanedana mensup olmasna ramen
deien politikalar gerei tam bir Pers satrab grnm almaya balar. Ayn
dnemdede Kariada Hekatomnidler ayn vazifeyi stlenmektedir. Kilikiann
Mazdaius satrapln yapt ran satraplna dahil edilmesinden sonra 360
333 yllar arasnda Kilikia blgesinde yerel hanedanlklara ait herhangi bir yazl
kaynaa rastlanmamaktadr34.
M.. 4. yzyln ilk eyreinde Kilikia Satrapl hakknda yinede fazla bir
bilgi bulunmaz, nk Kyros taraftar olan Syennessisler, Byk Kral tarafndan
grevinden alnr. Ge sikkeler zerinde Pers Satraplarnn ismi yer alr. Bu da
bize Kilikiann ynetiminin Pers Satraplarna getiini gsterir. Ancak bu
satraplarn direkt olarak blgeyi, Kilikiadan ynetip ynetmedikleri tartma
konusudur. Kilikia sikkeleri zerinde . 386372 yllar arasnda Pers satraplar
olarak atandklar dnlen Tiribazos, Pharnabazos ve Datames sikke darp
eder ve skenderin blgede hakimiyet kurmasna kadar Kilikia blgesini
ynetirler35.
28
29
30
Kaynaka
Bakr 2003
Cassabonne 1999
Erzen 1940
Durugnl 1999
Durugnl 2004
Gates 2005
kmen 2002
Strabon 1993
31
32
33
ve
Illiasn
gmme
ritelleri
noktalarda
ortaktr51:
Cenaze yaklr.
Ate ieceklerin dklmesiyle sndrlr.
Kemikler, ya veya don yana batrlr ya da bununla kaplanr.
Kemikler keten bezi ve iyi bir giysiyle sarlr.
Ta bir odaya yerletirilir.
len yaplr.
51
34
35
36
37
38
Kaynaka
Akyurt, Metin (1998)
39
40
76
41
2- In Antis
Kestroi Vespasianus tapnann prostylos olduu dnlmektedir; Calybrassus
2 nolu tapnak ise in antis olarak nerilmektedir90. Bu tapnaklara rnek olarak
Kk Asiadan, Selge Kesbelion91 Tapna, Patara Tapna92, Alindada
bulunan tapnak93, Caunus B94 ve C95 verilebilir. Kuzey Afrika ve Ortadou
rnekleri; Kyrenaika96, Baal Shamin97, Nabat-Qasr Rabba Dibon98 ve
Hibbariye99 Tapna- (Tablo 2).
Kestroi - Calybrassus 2
Kesbelion
Baal Shamin
3- Tetrastylos Prostylos
St, Nephelium Tykhe, Antiochia ad Cragum100, Calybrassus 1101, Iotape
1102,
Lamus Vespesianus-Titus ve Domitianus103, Laertes 2104 numaral
tapnaklarnn tetrastylos plana sahip olduunu dnmektedir. Stn
Lamus da bulunan ve tapnak olarak dnd yapy (Vespesianus, Titus ve
Macdonald 1986,2627.
St 1998,115.
88 St 1998,125.
89 Serdarolu 2004,146.
90 St 1998,126.
91 Machatschek-Schwarz 1981,92.
92 Serdarolu 2004,88.
93 Serdarolu 2004,20.
94 Serdarolu 2004,37.
95 Serdarolu 2004,39.
96 Sichtermann 1960,278279.
97 Netzer 2003,104.
98 Netzer 2003,101.
99 Serdarolu 2004,156.
100 St 1998,80.
101 St 1998,46.
102 St 1998,63.
103 St 1998,76.
104 St 1998,56.
86
87
42
Nephelium
Lagon
A. Kragos
T. Artemis
Calybrassus 2
Selge
Es Sanamen
Gadara
Niha B
H.Soleiman
Qasr B.Fraun
Adada B
Seeia
Bergama G.
Q. Rabba
Djemila
Q.Rabba-Moab
43
G.Artemis
Q.R.Dhat Ras
44
Caunus A
Es-Sanamen T. Isis
Q.Fraun
4- Hexastylos Prostylos
Tablo 6
Diocaesareia Tykhe Tapna, Cilicia ve Kk
154
D.Tykhe
Termessus
N1 Petra
Asia iin bilinen tek bir rnektir . Plan farkl da
olsa Termessus N1155 yaps hexastylos prostylos
plana sahiptir. Petra Kk Tapnak156 ise
hexastylos prostlos olmasna ramen genel
benzerlik gstermez (Tablo 6).
5- Dipteros ve Pseudodipteros Planllar
Ciliciada dipteros plan zellii gsterdii bilinen bir tapnak yoktur. Fakat .S.II.
yzyla ait bir ehir sikkesinde bir tapnan n yz grlmektedir. n yzde
sekiz veya on stun bulunmaktadr. Vitruviusun dipteros 157 plan tanmna gre
Tarsusda dipteros plana ya da pseudodipteros plana sahip bir tapnak
olduu dnlebilir.
6- Peripteros Planllar
Cilicia blgesinde peripteros plana sahip, Corycus, Elaiussa Sebaste158 ve Zeus
Olbios159 Tapnaklar bulunur. K. Asiadan; Pergamum Traianus160, Sagalassos
Antoninus Pius161 ve Side Athena162 ve Priene Athena163 Tapnaklar rnek
olarak verilebilir. Kuzey Afrika ve Ortadoudan; Baalbek Dionysos Tapna164,
Serdarolu 2004,157.
Anabolu 1992,8.
150 Serdarolu 2004,11-14.
151 Graeve 1972, 378.
152 Netzer 2003,68.
153 Parapetti 2002,25-27.
154 St 1998,131.
155 Bykkolanc 1998,124.
156 Netzer 2003,67.
157 Vitruvius 3.2, 67.
158 Macdonald 1998,1822.
159 Wannagat 1999,361.
160 Radt 2001,208218.
161 Serdarolu 2004,123.
162 Pohl 2002,216.
163 Rumscheid 2000,118121.
164 Serdarolu 2004,185.
148
149
45
7- Pseudodipteros Planllar
Pseudodipteros planl olarak Seleucia ad Calycadnum Zeus Tapna168
bulunmaktadr. Ephesus Domitianus, Ancyra Augustus, Aizanoi Zeus169
Tapnaklar rnek olarak verilebilir. Ortadoudan; Palmyra Baalbek (?)
Tapna bu grupta yer alr (Tablo 8).
Tablo 8-Pseudodipteros Planllar
Seleucia ad Calycadnum Zeus
E.Domitianus
Aizonoi
P.Baalbek
A.Augustus
Iotape 2
Baal Shamin
46
tetrastylos prostylos, in antis veya apter, Lyrbede; in antis veya apter, Mallos
Magarsosta; tetrastylos prostylos Korinth ve ayrca Nemesisin betimlendii
korinth, Suriye alnlkl tetrastylos prostylos, Ninika Claudiopoliste; tetrastylos
prostylos, Philadelphiada; in antis veya apter, Selinusda; prostylos ve
Tarsusda; dekastylos, hexastylos, oktastylos ve ayrca Maximius (235238)
dneminde klt olarak Apollon, Aphrodite ve Tykhenin bulunduu farkl
tetrastylos prostylos tapnan ve tapnaklarn varlndan bahseder174.
174
St 1998,2228.
47
KAYNAKA
Anabolu 1992
Bykkolanc 1998
Graeve 1972
Hofmann 2002
Hoffmann-Kerner 2002
Machatschek-Schwarz 1981
Netzer 2003
Macdonald 1986
Parapetti 2002
Pohl 2002
Radt 2001
Rumscheid 2000
Sichtermann 1960
Serdarolu 2004
St 1998
Townsend-Hoff, 2004
Rough
Wien,
Vitruvius
Wannagat 1999
band 73,2004
De Architectura, Mimarlk zerine On Kitap, stanbul, 1998
D. WANNAGAT, Zur Saulenordnung des Zeustempels von OlbaDiokaisereia, OLBA BAND II
48
(M.A). Klasik Filolog. I would like to thank Prof. Warren Schultz for his guidance in developing this work.
Angold 1995, 122
177 Wolff 1954,227
175
176
49
50
position. Innocent III depicts whoever respects Thomas Morosini in this world
may merit to be honored in heaven by him.
Innocent III might have had some doubts that Thomas Morosini would not
welcome the people in Constantinople. The transfer of imperial power in
Constantinople from the Orthodox Greek to the Catholic Latins would not be
pleased by the people of Constantinople. Venetian Thomas Morosini became
the highest ranked church official in Constantinople and it would be a
challenge for him. Innocent III would hope that Morosini would be received in
friendly fashion by the Emperor, clerics and the people of Constantinople
when he would arrive in Constantinople. According to Innocent III if the
people respected him, as a reward Thomas Morosini will honor them in
Heaven.
Contrast to the eulogistic words of Pope Innocent III about Thomas Morosini,
Byzantine Historian Nicetas Choniates description of Morosini reflects the
hatred of Greeks in Constantinople against the Latins. The only surviving first
hand description of him comes from Nicetas Choniates who saw him in
Constantinople in late summer of 1205 shortly after his arrival there. Nicetas
describes Morosini:
.. the latter wore native dress: it was embroidered and woven so as to fit tightly about
the body but slack at the chest and wrists; his beard was shaved smoother than if
removed by a depilatory, so that the surface of his cheeks gave no indication
whatsoever of the first appearance of hair but looked like a field stripped of crops.
He was middle aged fatter than a hog raised in a pit. He wore a ring on his finger
and sometimes leather gloves and his fellow priests were like him in their
clothes their pursuits and their tonsures. (Nicetas Choniates XXVIII, 341)
He presents Thomas Morosini and his clergy by his perspective. With these
bitter words Nicetas Choniates depicts his account of the fall of
Constantinople to the Latins.
This confirmation letter demonstrates officially that Latin Patriarchate of
Constantinople was built.
Thomas Morosini as the First patriarch of
Constantinople would be the church official that would have a great
responsibility as a head of the church in the Empire to build the bridge
between the Orthodox and Latin Church in the Empire.
Second Letter:
The second letter dates April 1205. After Innocent III had confirmed the
choice, he himself consecrated Thomas a deacon on March 5 1205, a priest
on March 26 and bishop on March 27.181
In the first part of his letter Innocent III talks about the role of church of
Constantinople in the Apostolic See.182 The Pope maintained the superiority of
PL CCXV, 574
An Apostolic see is any see founded by an Apostle and having the authority of its founder; the
Apostolic See is the seat of authority in the Roman Church, continuing the Apostolic functions of Peter,
the chief of the Apostles; The Catholic Encyclopedia : Apostolic See
181
182
51
the three sees, Alexandria, Antioch183 and Jerusalem and adding these three
sees, Constantinople would be the next Patriarchal see under Rome. The idea
of the universal episcopacy would be applied in practice. This letter
represents the point of view of Innocent III hoped that his great dream of the
union of the two churches would be real after Patriarchate of Constantinople
was built.
From general concept Innocent III explains the privileges of Innocent III in the
next part of his letter. In that part the Pope confirms the archbishops
pallium184 upon him with the instructions to wear it on holy days such as
Nativity of the Lord, the feast of the first Martyr St. Stephen, on Palm Sunday,
Holy Saturday, Easter, Pentecost, on the birthday of John the Baptist, and on
the commemoration of all saints. This pallium is a token of confirmation of his
authority over his church. Also the pallium signifies the mark of the fullness of
the Pontifical office and is to be worn by metropolitans only in churches
subject to them and on a certain feast days and occasions.
Innocent III points out that the new church will get whatever goods and
possessions the Constantinople church have which in this context mainly is a
treasure of Hagia Sophia. According to one of Innocent IIIs letters written in
1208, Thomas Morosini used four thousand hyperpers185 from treasure of Hagia
Sophia to buy property for the church. Also The Roman Church started to
control existing church properties. This will cause Romanization in the territories
the church owns since many Greek Orthodox clergy that would have been
against this process fled from Constantinople during the sack of
Constantinople Thomas Morosini will be the charge of these church goods
and incomes.
Another privilege Innocent III gave Thomas Morosini was the right to have the
cross carried before wherever he went and the use of the horsecloth of state
in his procession. This privilege demonstrates that Thomas Morosini as an
official Latin Patriarchate of Constantinople and will represent himself in
religious ceremonies. As Innocent III describes Patriarchate of Constantinople
will become one of the daughters of mother Rome and then will obey her
mother. Constantinople will place herself as an Eastern Church in Catholic
formation.
These letters demonstrate how westerners built their own religious canons and
intuitions in Constantinople. Also the second letter reveals that after Antioch,
which the history of the church declares as the mother of the gentile
churches and headquarters of Christianity in East, Jerusalem and Alexandria,
the history of the church declares as the mother of the gentile churches and headquarters of
Christianity in East
184 The pallium is a circular band about two inches wide, worn about the neck, breast and shoulders
and having two pendants, one hanging down in front and one behind. The ornamentation of the
pallium consists of six small black crosses one each on the breast and back and left shoulder are
provided with a loop for reception of a gold pin set with a precious stone.
185 An equivalent of 3.90- 4.75 dollars may be accepted as approximate for the hyperper of the early
thirteenth century. Wolff 1954, 243
183
52
Constantinople would be the next important church in the East in the eyes of
the West.
Since the Classical period Constantinople has always had a great
geopolitical importance because of its location between East and West and
the strategic junction of lands and seas. It is the only city in the world which
spreads over two continents: it lies at a point where Asia and Europe are
separated by a narrow strait - the Bosporus. This geographical importance
becomes important in every aspects of life -culturally, religiously, and
economically. In the 13th century Constantinople was a major trading port as
well a center of art and architecture so that controlling Constantinople
religiously would be the first step to controlling the East in the Western eyes.
In the 13th century Christendom became aware that it was not the eastern
Christendom or Christendom of Constantine, but an assertively western or
Latin Christendom. Christianity began to provide legitimating ideology for the
kings and increased the cultural homogeneity by uniting the peoples under
the common religious values. The Latin Empire and Patriarchate of
Constantinople would be the important stepping point to make real this idea.
Controlling the church and Constantinople by Latins would help to recover
the holy lands that had fallen under the control of the advancing Muslim
armies as well as able to withstand the advances of Seljuks in Asia Minor.
However this dream came to its end soon. The Latin Empire and Patriarchate
of Constantinople came to the end together in 1261. The Latin Empire of
Constantinople existed no longer. It had done nothing to further the cause of
the Crusades nor had it led to a reunion of the Churches. The New Greek
Emperor restored all the Greek churches and the Greek Patriarch. The Latin
Patriarchate is one of the most important experiments which the westerners
attempted to carry on in East.
53
Bibliography
Angold 1995
Catholic Encylopedia.www.newadvent.org/cathen/01640c
Nicetas Choniates 1984 Nicetas Choniates. O city of Byzantium, Annals of
Niketas Choniates (translated by Harry I. Magoulias) Detroit:
Wayne State University Press
Patrologia Latina vol.LCCXV. J.P.Migne, ed. Parisiis:excudebat Migne,1853
Wolff 1954
54
186
55
Thecla zerine ayrntl bilgi iin bkz; The Catholic Encyclopedia 1912, Kirsch, Sts. Thecla; Canevello,
2004; Erten 2005.
188 zyldrm 2004, 253.
189 Kentte toplanan Konsil iin bkz.: zyldrm 2006.
187
56
190
191
57
Sonu
Btn bu gelimeler sresince siyasi olarak gcn dinsel gle birletiren
Seleucia ad Calycadnum, Isauriada yzlerce yl siyasi gcn dinsel gcyle
birletirerek lider kent olur. evredeki birok piskoposluk merkezinin ynetimi
buraya balanr. Azize Theclann kente kazandrd saygnlk, erken
Hristiyanlk dinsel tartmalarnn en youn olduu dnemlerde de srer ve
gnmze kadar ular. Seleucia ad Calycadnumda 359 ylnda Ariminumla
ayn yl toplanan Konsil, kentin dinsel adan neminin dorua ktn
gstermesi bakmndan ayrca incelenmeye deerdir.
Yunanca ve Latince yazl kaynaklar, erken Hristiyanlk dneminde ilikin
Seleucia ad Calycadnum hakknda birok bilgiler verirken mutlaka
Thecladan ve toplanan Konsilden sz etmektedir. Bugn kalntlar Silifke Meryemlikte yer alan kilise ve hemen kilisenin altnda yer alan Azize
Theclann yaad ve kaybolduuna inanlan maara, kentin grkemli dinsel
gemiinin izlerini bugne tayan en nemli arkeolojik verilerdir.
58
Kaynaka
Canevello 2004
Erten 2005
Erten, E., Kilikia Tarihinde Kadnlar, Tarih inde Mersin II. Collocium
Bildirisi, Mersin.
Kaar 2003
zyldrm 2004
zyldrm 2006
59