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REFRIGERATION
15.1
Solution:
English Units
From Chart 4 and Table A-3a
At 110 F, P1 = P4 = 241.14 psia
At 40 F, P2 = P3 = 83.28 psia
i1 = i2 = 42.717 Btu lbm
i3 = 108.191 Btu lbm , s3 = s4 = 0.2204 Btu (lbm F ) , v3 = 0.6561 ft 3 lbm
i4 = 119.74 Btu lbm
i3 i2 108.191 42.717
=
= 5.67
i4 i3 119.74 108.191
R =
(c) hp/ton
15. REFRIGERATION
Equation 15-3
hp 4.72 4.72
=
=
= 0.8325 hp ton
ton COP 5.67
i3 i2 406.47 253.72
=
= 5.84
i4 i3 432.63 406.47
R =
15. REFRIGERATION
(c) hp/ton
Equation 15-4
kW 3.52 3.52
=
=
= 0.6027 kW ton
ton COP 5.84
15.2
A vapor compression refrigeration cycle uses R-22 and follows the theoretical
single-stage cycle. The condensing temperature is 48 C, and the evaporating
temperature is 18 C. The power input to the cycle is 2.5 kW, and the mass
flow rate of refrigerant is 0.05 kg/s. Determine (a) the heat rejected from the
condenser, (b) the coefficient of performance, (c) the enthalpy at the
compressor exit, and (d) the refrigerating efficiency.
Solution:
15. REFRIGERATION
At 48 C, P1 = P4 = 1.8555 MPa
At -18 C, P2 = P3 = 264.77 kPa
i1 = i2 = 260.51 kJ kg
i3 = 397.81 kJ kg , s3 = s4 = 1.7787 kJ (kg K ) , v3 = 0.08615 m3 kg
i4 = 447.81 kJ kg
i3 i2 397.81 260.51
=
= 2.746
i4 i3 447.81 397.81
R =
15.3
15. REFRIGERATION
Solution:
i3 i2 108.507 37.978
=
= 2.743
i4 i3 134.22 108.507
Equation 15-3
hp 4.72
4.72
=
=
= 1.721 hp ton
ton COP 2.743
COP =
15.4
15. REFRIGERATION
Solution:
English Units
At 3, 0.5 F saturated, Table A-2a, R134a
v3 = 2.1362 ft 3 lbm
At b, 20 psia, 20 F, Chart 3
vb = 2.413 ft 3 lbm
Pb = 20 psia
At c, 180 psia
Pc = 180 psia
Equation 15-8
1
Pc n v3
v = 1 + C C
Pb vb
(a) C = 0.03
1
v = 1 + 0.03 0.03
= 0.7679
20
2.413
(b) C = 0.15
1
v = 1 + 0.15 0.15
= 0.2983
20
2.413
(c) Equation 15-10
m& v3
PD
Assume PD same as Example 15-4
v =
15. REFRIGERATION
v PD
v3
min
v PD
v3
min
P
n
c
&
W = m&
Pv
1
(n 1) b b Pb
180 (1.301)1.30
1
.
30
W& = (3.59)
(180)(144)(2.413)
1
(1.30 1)
20
&
W = 249,504 ft lbf min = 7.56 hp
Power input flow rate of part (a) is larger than part (b)
SI Units
At 3, -18 C saturated, Table A-2b, R134a
v3 = 0.13597 m3 kg
At b, 138 kPaa, -7 C, Chart 3
vb = 0.1503 m 3 kg
Pb = 138 kPaa
At c, 1.24 MPaa
Pc = 1240 kPaa
Equation 15-8
1
Pc n v3
v = 1 + C C
Pb vb
15. REFRIGERATION
(a) C = 0.03
1
v = 1 + 0.03 0.03
= 0.7849
138
0.1503
(b) C = 0.15
1
v = 1 + 0.15 0.15
= 0.3057
138
0.1503
(c) Equation 15-10
m& v3
PD
Assume PD same as Example 15-4
(10)(1725) = 0.00471 m3 s
PD =
(3.281)3 (1728)(60)
v =
v PD
v3
(0.7849)(0.00471) = 0.0272 kg
(0.13597 )
v PD
v3
P
n
c
W& = m&
Pb vb
1
(n 1) Pb
1240 (1.301)1.30
1
.
30
(1240)(0.1503)
W& = (0.0272)
1
(1.30 1)
138
&
W = 14.49 kW
For Part (b)
1240 (1.301)1.30
1
.
30
W& = (0.0106)
1
(1240)(0.1503)
(1.30 1)
138
W& = 5.65 kW
15. REFRIGERATION
Power input flow rate of part (a) is larger than part (b)
15.5
Solution:
(3) (4)
PD = 4
(800) = 52.36 ft 3 min
4
1728
v = 0.70
2
Equation 15-10, v =
Table A-2a
At 1, 100 F, i1 = i2 = 39.538 Btu lbm
At 3, 45 F, i3 = 108.6 Btu lbm
Refrigeration capacity in tons
q&e = m& (i3 i2 ) = (2460)(108.6 39.538) = 169,893 Btu hr = 14.16 tons
15. REFRIGERATION
15.6
Solution:
(a) Pressure-enthalpy diagram
Refer to Problem 15-6a, and sketch the capacity and power curves for 130 F
(54 C) from Fig. 15-7. (a) Sketch the capacity curve for the evaporator,
assuming its capacity is proportional to the evaporating temperature in the
ratio 4000 Btu/(hr-F) (2.1 kW/C). (b) The evaporator load decreases to
130,000 Btu/hr (38 kW) while the condensing temperature decreases to 115 F
(46 C). Sketch the new evaporator-capacity curve. (c) Suppose in part (a) that
the evaporator operating conditions remain fixed but the condensing
temperature increases to 145 F (63 C). What will the capacity and evaporator
temperature be?
15. REFRIGERATION
Solution:
(a)
(b)
15. REFRIGERATION
(c)
From Fig. 15-7
Evaporator Temperature = 20 F
Condenser Temperature = 145 F
Then
Capacity = 70,000 Btu/hr
Evaporator Temperature = 20 F
15.8
Solution:
Figure 15-7
Condensing Temperature = 115 F
Evaporating Temperature = 50 F
Then
Capacity = 175,000 Btu/hr
Power Input = 13.7 kW
At 69 psia, saturation temperature = 29.5 F, Table A-3a.
15. REFRIGERATION
Solution:
English Units
P4 = 275 psia
Pc = Pd = P4 + 4 = 275 + 4 = 279 psia
At 45 F, Table A-3a,
P3 = 90.791 psia
Pb = P4 2 = 90.791 2 = 88.791 psia
Table A-3a, v3 = 0.6029 ft 3 lbm
At Point b, tb = 45 + 10 = 55 F
15. REFRIGERATION
Pc n v3
v = 1 + C C
Pb vb
v = 1 + 0.05 0.05
= 0.8646
88.791
0.6386
v PD
v3
min
&
P
m
n
c
&
W =
Pb vb
1
(
)
1
P
m
b
279 (1.161)1.16
28.68 1.16
&
W =
(88.791)(144)(0.6386)
1
88.791
0.80 (1.16 1)
15. REFRIGERATION
1
Pc n v3
v = 1 + C C
Pb vb
v = 1 + 0.05 0.05
= 0.8642
608.14
0.04013
(b) Equation 15-10
m& =
v PD
(0.8642)(9.44) = 0.2152 kg
(0.03791)(1000)
v3
(c) Equation 15-12 and 15-13
( n 1)
&
P
m
n
c
&
W =
Pb vb
1
(
)
n
1
P
m
b
1927.6 (1.161)1.16
0.2152 1.16
&
W =
(608.14)(0.04013)
1
608.14
0.80 (1.16 1)
W& = 8.2 kW
15.10 Consider the single-stage vapor-compression cycle shown in Fig. 15-35.
Design conditions using R-134a are:
q& L = 30,000 Btu/hr
P3 = 200 psia
P1 = 60 psia saturated
P3 P4 = 2 psi
P2 = 55 psia
C = 0.04
T2 = 60 F
m = 0.90
PD = 9.4 cfm
&
(a) Determine W , q& H , m& 12 , and sketch the cycle on a P-i diagram. If the load
q& L decreases to 24,000 Btu/hr and the system comes to equilibrium with P2 =
50 psia and T2 = 50 F , (b) determine W& , q& H , m& , and locate the cycle on a P-i
diagram.
15. REFRIGERATION
Solution:
(a)
Pc n v3
v = 1 + C C
Pb vb
P3 n
v = 1 + C C
P2
200 1.1
v = 1 + 0.04 0.04
= 0.899
50
Equation 15-10
PD
m& = v
v2
at 50 psia, 50 F, R-134a
v2 = 0.975 ft 3 lbm
(0.899)(9.4) = 8.6673 lbm min
m& =
0.975
( n 1)
&
P
m
n
c
&
W =
Pb vb
1
m (n 1)
Pb
(n 1)
m& n
P3 n
&
W =
P2v2
1
P2
m (n 1)
200 (1.11)1.1
8.6673 1.1
&
W =
(50)(144)(0.975)
1
50
0.90 (1.1 1)
&
W = 99,882 ft lb min = 3.03 hp
15. REFRIGERATION
P4 = P3 2 = 200 2 = 180 psia
mW&
= m& (i3 i2 )
J
At 50 psia, 50 F
i2 = 111.02 Btu lbm
(0.90)(99,882) + 111.02 = 124.35 Btu lbm
W&
i3 = m + i2 =
m& J
(8.6673)(778)
q& L = 24,000 Btu hr
q& L = m& (i2 i1 )
q&
24,000
i1 = i2 L = 111.02
= 64.87 Btu lbm
m&
(8.6673)(60)
i4 = i1 = 64.87 Btu lbm
q& H = m& (i3 i4 ) = (8.6673)(60)(124.35 64.87 )
q& H = 30,932 Btu hr
(b)
Pc n v3
v = 1 + C C
Pb vb
P3 n
v = 1 + C C
P2
200 1.1
v = 1 + 0.04 0.04
= 0.9107
55
Equation 15-10
PD
m& = v
v2
15. REFRIGERATION
at 55 psia, 60 F, R-134a
v2 = 0.90165 ft 3 lbm
(0.9107 )(9.4) = 9.4944 lbm min
m& =
0.90165
( n 1)
&
P
m
n
c
1
W& =
Pb vb
Pb
m (n 1)
(n 1)
m& n
P3 n
&
W =
P2v2
1
P2
m (n 1)
200 (1.11)1.1
9
.
4944
1
.
1
W& =
(55)(144)(0.90165)
1
55
0.90 (1.1 1)
&
W = 103,191 ft lb min = 3.13 hp
P4 = P3 2 = 200 2 = 180 psia
mW&
= m& (i3 i2 )
J
At 55 psia, 60 F
i2 = 112.83 Btu lbm
(0.90)(103,191) + 112.83 = 125.40 Btu lbm
W&
i3 = m + i2 =
(9.4944)(778)
m& J
q& L = 30,000 Btu hr
q& L = m& (i2 i1 )
q&
30,000
i1 = i2 L = 112.83
= 60.17 Btu lbm
(9.4944)(60)
m&
i4 = i1 = 60.17 Btu lbm
q& H = m& (i3 i4 ) = (9.4944)(60)(125.40 60.17 )
q& H = 37,159 Btu hr
15.11 Consider an ordinary single-stage vapor-compression air-conditioning system.
Because of clogged filters the air flow over the evaporator is gradually
reduced to a very low level. Explain how the evaporator and compressor will
be affected if the system continues to operate.
Answer:
Air flow over the evaporator when reduced to a very low level will indicate that the
compressor is not loaded and also indicates that the evaporator is not transferring the
expected quantity of heat to the refrigerant.
15.12 A vapor-compression cycle is subject to short periods of very light load; it is
not practical to shut the system down. During these periods of light load,
moisture condenses from the air flowing over the evaporator and freezes.
Suggest a modification to the system to prevent this condition.
15. REFRIGERATION
Answer:
The system can be modified by reducing the suction pressure and evaporator
temperature.
15.13 A vapor-compression cycle is subject to occasional overload that leads to the
tripping of circuit breakers. Explain how the system can be modified to
prevent compressor overload without shutting the system off.
Answer:
Add an evaporator pressure regulator to maintain a relatively constant minimum
pressure in the evaporator. Because most of the evaporator surface is subjected to
two-phase refrigerant a constant minimum temperature will also be maintained.
Evaporator pressure is sensed internally and balanced by spring loaded diagphragm.
When evaporator pressure falls below a set value, the valve will close, restricting the
flow of refrigerant so that evaporator pressure will rise, therefore prevent freezing.
15.14 A saturated liquid aqua-ammonia solution at 220 F and 200 psia is throttled to
a pressure of 10 psia. Find (a) the temperature after the throttling process, and
(b) the relative portions of liquid and vapor in the mixture after throttling.
Solution:
15. REFRIGERATION
(b)
x2 f = 0.3 , x2 g = 0.976 , x2 = 0.368
x2 x2 f
m& v
0.368 0.3
lbm vapor
=
=
= 0.1006
m&
x2 g x2 f 0.976 0.3
lbm mixture
m& f
m&
lbm vapor
= 1 v = 1 0.1006 = 0.8994
m&
m&
lbm mixture
15.15 A solution of ammonia and water at 180 F, 100 psia, and with a concentration
of 0.25 lbm ammonia per lbm of solution is heated at constant pressure to a
temperature of 280 F. The vapor is then separated from the liquid and cooled
to a saturated liquid at 100 psia. What are the temperature and concentration of
the saturated liquid?
Solution:
15. REFRIGERATION
Temperature = t5 = 134.6 F
Concentration = x4 = x5 = 0.437
15.16 It is proposed to use hot water at 180 F (82 C) from a solar collector system to
operate a simple absorption cycle. Compute the maximum possible coefficient
of performance, assuming an environment temperature of 100 F (38 C) and an
air-cooled evaporator with the air temperature at 75 F (24 C).
Solution:
Equation 15-32
T (T T )
(COP )max = e g o
Tg (To Te )
English Units:
Te = 75 + 459.67 = 534.67 F
To = 100 + 459.67 = 559.67 F
Tg = 180 + 459.67 = 639.67 F
15. REFRIGERATION
(a)
m& 1 x1 = m& 6 x6 + m& 10 x10
x6 = 0.60
x10 = 0.00
m& 6 = 5m& 10
m& 1 = m& 6 + m& 10 = 6m& 10
6m& 10 x1 = 5m& 10 x6
5(0.60 )
x1 =
= 0.50
6
(b)
q& a = m& 10i10 + m& 6i6 m& 1i1
q& a 1
5
= i10 + i6 i1
m& 1 6
6
at 50 F saturated water vapor, Table A-1a
i10 = 1082.9 Btu lbm , P = 0.178 psia = 9.23 mm Hg
Chart 5
At x6 = 0.60 , i6 = 62 Btu lbm
At x1 = 0.50 , i6 = 70 Btu lbm
q& a 1
5
= (1082.9 ) + ( 62 ) ( 70 ) = 198.82 Btu lbm
m& 1 6
6
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