By: Er.

Er. Rahul Sharma

EE DEPARMENT SEMINAR

April 23, 2012

Introduction:

In a generating station the generator and transformer

are the most expensive equipments and hence it is

desirable to employ a protective system to isolate the
faulty equipment as quickly as possible to keep the
healthy section in normal operation and to ensure
uninterruptable power supply.

The basic electrical quantities those are likely to
change during abnormal fault conditions are current,
voltage, phase angle and frequency . Protective relays
utilizes one or more of these quantities to detect
abnormal conditions in a power system.

Generator protection:

Stator protection

Differential

Restricted earth fault

Negative sequence current

Loss of load

Cont..

Rotor earth fault

Over speed

Over voltage

Loss of field

Back up over current

Differential protection:

CTs are provided at each end of the generator winding

which is to be protected.(as shown in fig.)

When there is no fault the differential current (I1-I2)
through the relay is zero. So the relay will not operate.

When the fault occurs the balance is disturbed and
differential current (I1-I2) flows through the operating
coil of the relay causing relay operation and the trip
circuit of the circuit breaker is closed.

Differential protection of generator:

Differential protection using balancing resistor:

Biased differential protection

Modified differential protection:

Generally protection is made for 80 to 85% of the

winding.

If any fault occurs near the neutral point then the fault
current is very small and relay does not operate.

Modified differential protection scheme is used to over
come this.

Two phase elements (PC and PA) and balancing
resistor(BR) is connected in star and the earth
relay(ER) is connected between the star point and
neutral pilot wire.

Modified differential protection

Restricted or balanced earth fault

protection:

In case of small size generators star point is not

available because it is made inside the generator and

grounded through some low resistance then
percentage differential relay for ground fault is
provided and is known as restricted earth fault
protection.

This scheme can be used only for ground faults but not
for phase faults.

Restricted or Balanced earth fault protection

Stator protection:
Stator faults include the followingi. Phase-to-earth faults
ii. Phase-to-phase faults
iii. Inter-turn faults
From these phase faults and inter turn faults are less
common ,these usually develop into an earth faults.
This causes
Arcing to core
Damage of conductor and insulation

Stator inter-turn fault protection:

Inter-turn fault on the same phase of the stator

winding cannot be detected by transverse differential

protection as it does not disturb the balance between
the currents in neutral and high voltage CTs.

For protection against inter-turn faults the following
protection schemes are used.
(1)Cross differential protection.
(2)Residual voltage protection.

Cross differential protection:

Used in case of hydro-

electric generator having

double winding armature.

As shown in figure relay
Rc provides protection

against phase to ground

and phase to phase fault.

The relay R1 provides
protection against interturn faults.

Residual voltage protection:

These method is used in

case of alternators those

dont have parallel stator
windings.

During normal operation
VRES=VRN+VBN+VYN=0.
In case of fault VRES is not
zero and this residual
voltage operates the relay.

Rotor faults:

Faults in the rotor circuit may be either earth faults or

between the turns of the field winding .

Field circuits are normally operated un-earthed. So a
single earth fault will not affect its operation.

But when a second fault arises then field winding is
short circuited and produce unsymmetrical field
system which leads to unbalanced forces on rotor and
results in excess pressure and bearing and shaft
distortion.

Rotor earth fault protection:

The rotor earth fault protection is done by dc

injection method or ac injection method.

The dc or ac voltage is impressed between the field
circuit and ground through a sensitive overvoltage
relay and current limiting resistor or capacitor(in case
of ac).

But dc source is generally used as over-current relay in
case of dc is more sensitive than ac.

A single earth fault in rotor circuit will complete the
path and the fault is sensed by the relay.

Rotor earth fault protection

Rotor temperature alarm

It is provided in large

generators.

It indicates the level of
temperature but not the
actual hot spot
temperature.

The relay measures the
temperature by
measuring the resistance
.(as shown in fig)

Loss of excitation protection:

When the excitation of generator is lost it operate as a
Induction generator. It derives excitation from the
system and supply power at leading power factor.
Which may cause
A fall in voltage & so loss of synchronism & system
instability.

Over heating of rotor due to induction current on it.
A protection having MHO characteristic
is used to detect loss of field.

Over voltage protection:

Overvoltage protection is required in case of hydro-

electric or gas turbine generators but not in case of

turbo generators.
Over voltage may be caused due to
Transient over voltage in the transmission line due to
lightening.

Defective operation of the voltage regulator.

Sudden loss of load due to line tripping.
The protection is provided with an over voltage relay.
It is usually of induction pattern with an IDMT
Characteristic

Overload protection:

Overloading of the machine causes overheating in the

stator winding.

This can be prevented by using over-current relay with
time delay adjustment.

But overheating not only depends on over-current but
also the failure of the cooling system in the generator.

So temperature detector coils such as thermistors or
thermocouples are used at various points in stator
winding for indication of the temperature.

Reverse power protection:

When prime-mover fails machine starts motoring and

draws electrical power from the system and this is

known as inverted operation .

The generator can be protected from inverted
operation by using single-element directional power
relay(reverse power relay) which senses the direction
of power flow.

Negative phase sequence

protection:

Unbalance may cause due to single phase fault or

unbalanced loading and it gives rise to negative

sequence current .

This current in rotor causes rotor overheating and
damage to the rotor.

This can be protected by negative sequence current
filter with over current relay.

Negative phase sequence protection:

Automatic field suppression and

use of neutral circuit breaker:

In case of a fault in the generator and though the

circuit breaker is tripped ,the fault continues to fed as

long as excitation will exist because emf is induced in
the generator itself.

Hence all protection system not only trip the generator
circuit breaker but also trip the automatic field
discharge switch .

Automatic field suppression and use of neutral

circuit breaker

External fault back up protection:

Over-current and earth-fault protection is

provided for back-up protection of large

sized generators protected by differential
protection.

Induction type IDMT relay is used for this
purpose.

External fault back-up protection

Conclusion:

Protective relays are used to detect electrical faults and

to alarm, disconnects or shutdown the faulted

apparatus to provide personnel safety and equipment
protection.

A protective relay does not prevent the appearance of
faults rather takes action only after a fault has occurred
in the system.

References:

Electrical power system

by C.L.Wadhwa

Electrical power
by J.B.Gupta

www.wikipedia.com

Thank
you

Any Queries
???