REPRODUCTIVE

PHYSIOLOGY:
INTRODUCTION & OVERVIEW
By
Dr. M. Anthony David, MD
Professor of Physiology

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A DIVIDED HUMANKIND

MALE FEMALE
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 WHY THE DIVISION?
 SRY  S Region of the Sex
Chromosome Y

 SPEG

 A Single Pair Of
Endocrine Glands
 Testes or Ovaries!

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 ARE MEN AND WOMEN THE
SAME?
 MEN ARE FROM MARS

 WOMEN ARE FROM

VENUS

 THEY MET ON PLANET

EARTH!
- John
Gray

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 GENETIC SEX DETERMINATION
OVA SPERMS
MEIOSIS 22 X MEIOSIS

22
44 44
22 22 X
XX XX
X X 22 X
FEMALE
22 X 44
Polar Bodies XY

22 Y
44 22
44 22 22 XY Y
XX X X

22 X MALE
Polar Bodies 22 Y
ZYGOTES
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 SEX DETERMINATION, DIFFERENTIATION &
DEVELOPMENT
22 Y 22 X
22 22
X X

44
XY ZYGOTE 44
XX
BIPOTENTIAL
FEMALE INT FEMALE INT
PRIMORDIA
GENITALIA GENITALIA

EMBRYONAL
GONADS
MIS

T FEMALE
T
MALE DHT
INT & EXT
GENITALIA MALE
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 SEX DETERMINATION,
DIFFERENTIATION & DEVELOPMENT

ADULT OVARY
TESTIS GONADS

DHT ESTROGENS

SECONDARY
SEXUAL
CHARACTERISTICS

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 GONADAL DEVELOPMENT
PRIMORDIAL
GONAD

CORTEX MEDULLA

INDIFFERENT
GONAD
BY
DEFAULT

TESTIS OVARY
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Effect of SRY
 DEVELOPMENT OF EXTERNAL
GENITALIA
 INDIFFERENT STAGE

 VII – VIIIth WEEK OF INTRA UTERINE

LIFE: differentiation begins

 XIIth WEEK OF I.U.L: Differentiation

becomes clear.

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 GENETIC SEX DETERMINATION
ABERRATIONS
 MATERNAL NON DISJUNCTION:
 TURNER’S SYNDROME OR GONADAL
DYSGENESIS: GENOME: 44 XO
 SUPERFEMALE:? NORMAL: 44 XXX
 KLINE FELTER’S SYNDROME:
SEMENIFEROUS TUBULE DYSGENESIS:
44 XXY
 LETHAL: 44 YO

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 MATERNAL NON DISJUNCTION 1
22 X

TURNER’S
44 22 44 SYNDROME
XX 0 XO

22 X

22 44 SUPERFEMALE
XX XXX

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 MATERNAL NON
DISJUNCTION 2
22 Y
44
22 YO LETHAL: NOT
0 COMPATIBLE
WITH LIFE
44
XX
22 Y
44
22 XXY KLINE FELTERS
XX SYNDROME

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 HERMAPHRODITISM
 TRUE HERMAPHRODITISM:
 XX/XYMOSAICISM
 HAS BOTH OVARIES & TESTES
 PSEUDO HERMAPHRODITISM:
 GENETIC FEMALES WITH MALE
EXT.GENITALIA: ENLARGED CLITORIS
 GENETIC MALES WITH FEMALE EXT.
GENITALIA

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REPRODUCTIVE PHYSIOLOGY
: an Overview:
 FEMALE REPRODUCTIVE
PHYSIOLOGY : Basics
 OVARIAN PHYSIOLOGY
 MENSTRUAL CYCLE
 PHYSIOLOGY OF PREGNANCY
 FETAL PHYSIOLOGY

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 REPRODUCTIVE PHYSIOLOGY

 PHYSIOLOGY OF PARTURITION
 PHYSIOLOGY OF LACTATION
 MALE REPRODUCTIVE PHYSIOLOGY
 CONTRACEPTIVE PHYSIOLOGY
 ASSISTED REPRODUCTIVE
PHYSIOLOGY

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 TIME

FOR A BREAK

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BACK TO LEARNING…

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OVARIAN
PHYSIOLOGY
By
Dr.M.Anthony David MD
Professor of Physiology

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THE JOURNEY OF THE PRIMORDIAL OVARIAN
FOLLICLES

7,000,000 IUL: PRIMORDIAL FOLLICLES

ATRESIA, LOSS

2,000,000 AT BIRTH OF THE GIRL: NEONATE

50% ATRESIA
1,000,000 INFANCY: 0 – 1 Year
ATRESIA
30,000 AT PUBERTY
ATRESIA
CHOSEN TO BE STIMULATED
500
BETWEEN 15 – 45 Years
2, or 3 COMPLETE THE II MEIOTIC
DIVISION IN THE LIFETIME
1
RESULTS IN YOU! 19
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 CONGRATULATIONS
!
YOU ARE ONE IN SEVEN
MILLION!

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 OOGENESIS: FETAL LIFE
 BEGINS IN FETAL LIFE
 OOGONIA ARE THE PRIMORDIAL CELLS
WHICH DIVIDE AGAIN AND AGAIN.
 THEY ARE ALL DIPLOID
 ALL THE DIVISIONS IN THIS PHASE ARE
MITOTIC.
 THE FINAL DIVISION, THE IST MEIOTIC ONE,
BEGINS IN THE PRIMARY OOCYTE

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 OOGENESIS IN THE
CHILDHOOD
 THE PRIMARY OOCYTES CONTINUE
THEIR MEIOTIC DIVISION THROUGH
THE CHILDHOOD.
 THEY COMPLETE THEIR FIRST PHASE
OF MEIOTIC OR REDUCTION DIVISION
AT OVULATION.

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 OOGENESIS AT PUBERTY
 THE PRIMARY OOCYTE COMPLETES
ITS FIRST MEIOTIC DIVISION.
 ONE SECONDARY OOCYTE AND THE
FIRST POLAR BODY ARE FORMED.

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 OOGENESIS: COMPLETION AT
FERTILIZATION
 THE PROCESS OF OOGENSIS IS
COMPLETED AT FERTILIZATION.
 THE SECOND MEIOTIC DIVISION IS
COMPLETED AFTER FERTILIZATION
 A HAPLOID OVUM AND POLAR BODIES ARE
FORMED.
 THIS OVUM MAY TAKE PART IN
FERTILIZATION

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OOGENESIS: A SCHEMA

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 FOLLICULAR GROWTH
 THE FOLLICLES GROW ALONG WITH
THE OVA IN THE OVARY.
 THE STAGES OF FOLLICULAR
GROWTH ARE:
 PRIMORDIAL FOLLICLE
 PRIMARY FOLLICLE
 VESICULAR FOLLICLE
 MATURE FOLLICLE (Graafian Follicle)

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 MATURE GRAAFIAN FOLLICLE
 THE OOCYTE IS ENVELOPED BY
GRANULOSA CELLS: THECA GRANULOSA
 THERE IS AN ANTRUM FILLED WITH FLUID
IN THE GRANULOSA CELLS
 A STALK: CUMULUS OOPHORUS ATTACHES
TO THE OOCYTE
 AROUND THE GRANULOSA CELLS ARE THE
THECA CELLS
 THE MATURE FOLLICLE IS ABOUT 1.5 cms.
IN DIAMETER
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A MATURE GRAAFIAN FOLLICLE

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 GRAAFIAN FOLLICLE TO
CORPUS LUTEUM
 FROM THE MATURE GRAAFIAN
FOLLICLE, THE OVUM IS RELEASED.
 THIS IS THE PROCESS OF
OVULATION, THE CENTRAL EVENT OF
THE MENSTRUAL CYCLE.
 THE FOLLICLE WHICH IS EMPTY OF
THE OVUM DEVELOPS INTO THE
CORPUS LUTEUM.

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GROWTH OF AN OVARIAN
FOLLICLE

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FUNCTIONS OF ESTROGENS
 ON GENITALIA: THEY INCREASE:
 BLOOD SUPPLY OF UTERUS
 THE UTERINE MYOMETRIUM
 GROWTH OF OVARIAN FOLLICLES
 ON BEHAVIOUR:
 INCREASE LIBIDO: THE SEX DRIVE
 ON SODIUM & WATER:
 CAUSES RETENTION

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 SYNTHETIC FORMS OF
ESTROGENS
 DIETHYL ESTRADIOL
 DIETHYL STILBESTEROL
 CAN BE GIVEN ORALLY
 INDICATED IN CASES OF POLYCYSTIC
OVARIAN DISEASE AND OTHER
DISEASES.

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