MAE 4171: Principles of Heat Transfer

Solution-Assignment #1

1. (a) Describe (briefly) the three modes of heat transfer and the rate equation for each
mode. (b) What is the difference between rating problems and sizing problems?
a) The three modes of heat transfer are:
Conduction: Occurs by intermolecular interaction as the result of temperature
dT
difference. The rate equation is given by the Fouriers law: q k
dx
Convection: Occurs between fluid and a solid surface by both molecular effect
and bulk fluid motion. The rate equation is given by Newtons law of cooling:
q h Ts T

Radiation: does not need a medium to occur. The rate equation can be given by:
q Ts 4 T 4 surrounding

b) Heat transfer problems can be categorized as Rating problems and Sizing problems. In
Rating problems the heat flux has to be determined for a certain geometry and known
temperature difference. In a sizing problem, the heat transfer is known and the surface
area (size of the system) must be calculated.

2. The concrete slab of a basement is 11 m long, 8 m wide, and 0.20 m thick. During the
winter, temperatures are nominally 17C and 10C at the top and bottom surfaces,
respectively. If the concrete has a thermal conductivity of 1.4 W/mK, what is the rate of
heat loss through the slab? If the basement is heated by a gas furnace operating at an
efficiency of 0.90 and natural gas is priced at Cg=$0.02/MJ, what is the daily cost of the
heat loss? (Problem 1.4)
-

Steady state, one-dimensional heat conduction with constant material properties. Using
heat rate equation we have:
q= -kA(T2-T1)/t = -(1.4 W/m.K)(11m 8m)(10 C-17 C)/(0.2 m) = 4,312 W

The daily cost of natural gas that has to be used for the heat loss is:
C=qURNG /f time= (4.31210-3 MW $0.02/MJ) /0.9 x (24 hr/day x 3,600 s/hr)
= $8.28/day

3. The heat flux that is applied to one face of a plane wall is q=20 W/m2. The opposite face
is exposed to air at temperature 30C, with a convection heat transfer coefficient of 20
W/m2K. The surface temperature of the wall exposed to air is measured and found to be

50 C. Do steady-state conditions exist? If not, is the temperature of the wall increasing or

decreasing with time? (Problem 1.11)
Constant heat flux is being applied at one face and the opposite face is exposed to air at
temperature 30 C.
h=20 W/m2K
Tinf=30C

qin= 20 W/m2
qout= h(T2-Tinf)=(20 W/m2K)(50C-30C)
= 400 W/m2

q=20 W/m2

qin - qout= 20-400= - 380

T2=50C

As seen, the slab is losing heat and is not in the steady state condition. The temperature
will decrease due to losing heat. It will continue loosing heat until it reaches steady state
(qin = qout).
4. A transmission case measures W=0.30 m on a side and receives a power input of Pi =150
hp from the engine. If the transmission efficiency is 0.93 and airflow over the case
corresponds to T=30 C and h=200 W/m2K, what is the surface temperature of the
transmission? (Problem 1.23)
See the picture in the book
The transmission efficiency is 0.93 which means that 7% of the input power wastes as
heat.
q=Pi Po = Pi(1-) =150 hp (1-0.93) (746 W/hp) = 7,833W
Surface temperature can be found as:
q=hAs(Ts-T) = h(6W2)(Ts-T)
Ts = T + q/( h(6W2)) = 30 C + 7,833 W / (6200 W/m2K (0.3m)2) = 102.5 C
5. A vacuum system, as used in sputtering electrically conducting thin films on
microcircuits, is comprised of a baseplate maintained by an electrical heater at 300 K
and a shroud within the enclosure maintained at 77 K by a liquid-nitrogen coolant loop.
The circular baseplate, insulated on the lower side, is 0.3 m in diameter and has an
emissivity of 0.25. (Problem 1.34)
(a) How much electrical power must be provided to the baseplate heater? (b) At what
rate must liquid nitrogen be supplied to the shroud if its heat of vaporization is 125
kJ/kg? (c) To reduce the liquid-nitrogen consumption, it is proposed to bond a thin sheet
of aluminum foil (emissivity= 0.09) to the baseplate. Will this have the desired effect?

See the picture in the book

(a) Energy balance for the base plate: Ein Eout 0 qelec qrad 0
So,

qelec p Ap Tp4 Tsh 4 0.25 (0.3m)2 / 4 5.67 108W / m2 K 4 3004 774 K 4 8.1W

(b) Ein Eout 0

so,

qrad mLN2 h fg mLN2

qrad
8.1W

6.48 105 kg / s 0.23kg / h

h fg 125kJ / kg

Here, hfg is the heat of vaporization of the liquid nitrogen.

(c) when adding aluminum foil, the new qrad can be found as:

qrad , foil qrad f / p 8.1 0.09 / 0.25 2.9W

So, it is reduced. now the liquid nitrogen consumption rate can be found as:
2.9W
mLN2 ,new
2.32 105
125kJ / kg
(2.32/6.48)(100)=35.8%
So, the new mLN2 ,new is 35.8% of the mLN2 ,new before adding aluminum foil (in other words,
it is reduced by 64.2%).
6. In one stage of an annealing process, 304 stainless steel sheet is taken from 300 K to
1250 K as it passes through an electrically heated oven at a speed of Vs =10 mm/s. The
sheet thickness and width are ts =8 mm and Ws=2 m, respectively, while the height,
width, and length of the oven are Ho= 2 m, Wo= 2.4 m, and Lo =25 m, respectively. The
top and four sides of the oven are exposed to ambient air and large surroundings, each at
300 K, and the corresponding surface temperature, convection coefficient, and emissivity
are Ts =350 K, h= 10 W/m2 K, and s 0.8. The bottom surface of the oven is also at 350 K
and rests on a 0.5 m thick concrete pad whose base is at 300 K. Estimate the required
electric power input, Pelec, to the oven. (Problem 1.53) See picture in the book.
The rate of energy added to the oven must be equal to the rate of energy transfer to the
steel sheet and the rate of heat loss from the oven: Pelec q mc p (To Ti )
From Table A.1, St.St.304 (Tavg =(300 +1250)/2 = 775K): = 7900 kg/m3, c = 578
J/kgK; from Table A.3, Concrete, T = 300 K: k = 1.4 W/mK.

4
q 2 H o Lo 2 H oWo Wo Lo h Ts T Ts4 Tsurr
kc W0 L0 Ts Tb / tc

2 2m 25m 2 2m 2.4m 2.4m 25m

10W / m 2 K 350 300 K 0.8 5.67 108W / m 2 K 4 3504 3004 K 4

1.4W / mK 2.4m 25m 350 300 K / 0.5m

169.6m (500 + 313) W/m + 8400 = 84,800 + 53,100 + 8400 146,300 W

Pelec q mc p (To Ti ) Pelec mc p (To Ti ) q

Pelec mc p (To Ti ) q Vs (Ws ts )c p (To Ti ) q
= 7,900kg / m3 0.01m / s 2m 0.008m 578 J / kgK 1250 300 K 146, 300W
=694,000W+146,300W=840,000W=840kW