31 12

2005 12

Journal of Finance and Eco no mics

V ol. 31 N o. 12
Dec. 2005

,
( , 210003)
:
,
,
, ,
, ,
, ,

:
;
;

:
F061. 4 :
A :
1001-9952(2005)12-0088-07

, , ,
()
33 ,
(ex t reme poverty)(poverty )
,
, ,
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1990
1975
R. J. 1991
,
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2005-09-16
:
(1960 -), , , ;
(1967 -), , ,

88

(H DI)

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, ( ,
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,


m , Z =(z1 , z2 , ,
zm ) n ():
x 1 , x 2 , , x n , i j
x ij (i =1 , 2 , , n ;
j =1 , 2 , , m), x i =(x i1 , x i2 , , x im ) x ij
n X , :

X=

x 11

x 12

x 1m

x 21

x 22

x 2m

x n2

x nm

x n1

x ij <z j , i j , j i
, i ;
, i j
, j i
p(X ;
Z) n Z
, p() :
1. X X , p(X ;
Z)=
p(X ;
Z)
2. , p(X ;
Z) X p X

3. , X=X, Z=
1 ,
2 , ,
m ) ,
i >0 , p(X
Z, =diag(
;
Z
)=p(X ;
Z)

4. ,
k
ni
(), p(X1 ,X2 , ,Xk ;
Z)=
p(Xi ;
Z), ni
i =1 n

Xi , n
89

 2005 12

5. ,
X Y , j i
y ij <zj , , x ij =y ij +,>0 , X Y
x r s =y rs ((r , s)(i , j)), p(X ;
Z)<p(Y ;
Z);

j i y ij zj , x ij =y ij +,>0 , X
Y x rs =y rs ((r , s)(i , j)), , p(X ;
Z)=
p(Y ;
Z)
6.

X Y

, j , t i
y tj <y ij , t j i j x tj - y tj =y ij - x ij >0 ,
t i x tj x ij ;
X Y x rj =
y rj (r i , t), x rk =y rk (k j) , p(X ;
Z)p(Y ;
Z)
5 6 ,
, ,
,

, 4 :
p(X ;
Z) = 1
n

p(x

;
Z), p(x i ;
Z) i

i=1

x i
, p(x i ;
Z)=p(x i1 , x i2 , , x im ;
Z) x ij (i =1 , 2 , , n ;
j=
m

1 , 2 , , m) , p(x i ;
Z)=
p (x ij ;
z j ), , p (x ij ;
z j )
j=1
j i zj
, p(X ;
Z) p(X)
j , x ij x ij , y k =(x k1 , , x kj , ,
x km ), (k t , i);
y t =(x t1 , , x tj- 1 , x tj - , x tj+1 , , x tm ), y i =(x i1 , ,
x ij- 1 , x ij +, x ij +1 , , x im ), Y X :
x 11

x 1j

x t1
Y =

x tj - x tm

x ij + x im

x n1
90

x11

xi1

x1m

x t1
X=
x i1

x nj

x nm

x n1

x 1j

x1m

x tj

x tm

x ij

x im

x nj

xnm

, >0

6 , p(Y)- p(X)0
p(y t )+p(y i )- p(x t )- p(x i )0
p(x i1 , , x ij +, , x im ) - p(x i1 , , x im ) - (p(x t1 , , x tm ) p(x t1 , , x tj - , , x tm ))0
0 , p j (x i1 , , x ij , , x im )- pj (x t1 , , x tj , , x tm )0
(1)
x ik , x tk (k j);
x tj , pj () p( ) j

:
u(s j )=M
ax p j(s1 , , sj , , sm )sk [ 0 , ), k j
s , k j
k

d(sj )=Min
pj (s1 , , s j , , sm )sk [ 0 , ), k j
s , k j
k

(1), d(x ij )- u(x tj )0 , x tj x ij

(2)

, :
d(x tj )- u(x tj )0 x tj
d(x ij )- u(x ij )0 x ij

(3)

x tj x ij , (2)(3) :
u(sj ) =d(sj ), sj
, p j (s1 , , sj , , sm ) s1 , , sj - 1 , sj +1 , , sm , sj
j , p(s1 , s2 , , sm ) =p1 (s1 ) +p2 (s2 ) +
+pm (sm )
, :
P(X ;
Z) =

1
n

p (x
j

i=1

ij

;
z j)

j=1

j i p (x ij ;
z j ) x ij / zj ,
j

p (x ij ;
zj )=j (x ij / zj ) j (u)(u [ 0 , +)) :
1. j (u)=0 , u 1 5 ,
, ,

2. j (u) u [ 0 , 1) , 0 u 1 <u 2 <1 , j
(u1 )>j (u 2)
, :
j (u)=Max(0 , 1 - u)
x ij
:
p j (x ij ;
zj )=M ax 0 , 1 zj
1 n m
x ij
:
p(X ;
Z)= n i
M ax 0 , 1 =1j=1
zj

1j u

91

 2005 12
, , :
j

p (x ij ;
zj ) =w j j (x ij /zj ) =w j M ax 0 , 1 :
p(X ;
Z) = 1
n

w M ax
j

i=1

j=1

0 ,1 -

x ij
( w j =1)
zj
x ij
zj

,
,

,
1998
1999 2000 , 2000
p(X ;
Z) HDI
GDP ,
:
1. 1991 ,
85 % 70 16
2
2. J. :
80 % ,
95 %
3. 1976
,
50 % ,

, ,
75 % 60
, , 1998 2 348
1999 2 534 2000 2 850
1

1 :
1. , ,
, ,

2. ,
, 1999 1998 2000 1999
92

,

1 1998 1999 2000

GD P

:
%

GD P 1 12

1998

1999

2000

1998

1999

2000

23. 30

23. 74

22. 62

26. 82

27. 93

26. 53

9. 28
3. 33

8. 87
3. 60

9. 35
3. 92

10. 35
3. 52

10. 06
3. 95

10. 82
4. 50

1. 24

1. 85

2. 69

0. 93

1. 72

3. 02

0. 74
0. 39

0. 84
0. 42

1. 18
0

1. 37
0. 59

1. 51
0. 63

2. 30
0

2000 p(X ;
Z) H DI

, :
H DI ,
p(X ;
Z) , p(X ;
Z) I =1 - H DI
;
() ,
, (100)
2
2 2000
/
p(X ;
Z)

100

41. 3

17. 3

11. 9

5. 2

I =1 - HDI

100

62. 3

54. 4

48. 4

36. 7

30. 7

2 ,
, , ,

, , ( 5)
j (u) p(X ;
Z)
,
,
GDP ,
, ,
, , ,
,
, ,
, , , ()
, ,

93

 2005 12
:
http:/ /ww w. stats. g ov. cn /tjsj /qtsj /index. htm ,
http:/ /ww w. edu. cn /20011008 /3003905. shtml, 20
:
, , , 1993
H DI :

2000 5 , 368 HDI ,

:
[ 1] Rav allion M . Issues in measuring and mo delling po ver ty[ J]. Eco no mic , 1996, 106:
1328
1343.
[ 2] Bourg uignon F , Fields G S. Disco ntinuous losses fro m pov erty , generalized p mea sures ,
and o ptimal transfer s to the po or[ J] . Public Economics , 1997, 63 :
155 175.
[ 3] Chakravar ty S R , M ukher jee D , Ranade R. O n the family of subg roup and factor deco mpo sable measures of multidimensional pov erty [ J] . Research o n Eco nomic Inequality ,
1998 ,(8) :
175 194.
[ 4] Duclo s J-Y , Sahn D , Yo ung er S. Robust multi-dimensional po ver ty comparisons [ M] .
Cor nell Univ ersity , M imeo , 2001.
[ 5] F rancois Bo ur guig no n, Satya r Chakr av ar ty. T he mea surement of multidimensional poverty[ J]. Jo urnal o f Eco no mic Inequality , 2003 ,(1) :
25 49.

The Research of Method in Multidimensional

Poverty Measure
SH A NG Weiping , YA O Zhim ou

(S chool of Economics , N aj ing University o f Finance and Economics , N aj ing 210003 , China)

Abstract :
Po verty refe rs to shor t of w elf are , no t o nly sho rt of inco me
and consumptio n. Welf are is a m ul tidimensional concept , so povert y is also a
multidimensi onal one. In orde r to m easure po verty we m ust m ake sure of the
thresho ld of select ed variables of w elfare. T he povert y means the eig envalue
of w elfare is below the relevant threshold. T he paper discusses the prope rty
and t he f o rm of mult idimensional po verty index and analy ses t he povert y deg ree among nat ions.
Key words:
pover ty ;w elfare ;Pigo u-Dalt on prog ressive t ransf er ;H um an Development Index
( )
94