Timber Design Using Eurocode

Seminar on
Sustainable Future through

Timber Design
UITM, Dec. 16.12.2014
Design Timber Structures

using
Eurocode 5
Simon Aicher
Page 1 of 119
Contents of lecture
Basics of permissible stress and
semi-probabilistic partial factor concept
Interrelationship of
- Eurocodes,
- harmonized (timber) product standards,
- classification standards, calculation standards and
- test test standards
Basics of Eurocode 5 structure and contents
Design example: straight glulam beam (EC 5 vs. permissible concept)
Design example: curved glulam beam (EC 5 vs. permissible concept)
Aicher
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Eurocode 5 Timber Structures
UITM 2014, Malaysia
Aicher
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UITM 2014, Malaysia
Page 4 of 119
100 years old

glulam beams,
train repair hall,
Bellinzona, Italy
Olympic Ice rink

Hammar, Norway,
1994
glulam truss beams,
span:97m
Page 5 of 119
Manufacture of timber parasols for Expo 2000, Hannover
Page 6 of 119
Page 7 of 119
HESS Limitless Verbindung (22)
Aicher
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UITM 2014, Malaysia
Aicher
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UITM 2014, Malaysia
7-storey timber
Page 10 of 119
building, Berlin, 2011
10-storey timber
building, Melbourne,
Page 11 of 119
Australia 2013
Eurocodes and supporting product and test standards

Eurocodes regulate design of timber, steel, concrete structures
in conjunction with national application documents but give
no provisions on material properties
Harmonized product standards regulate material properties of
harmonized building products (e.g. not adhesives) such as
EN 14080 glulam
EN 14081-1 solid timber in conjunction with national grading rules
and classification standard EN 1912 and strength class standard
EN 338
EN 15497 finger jointed lumber
EN 16351 cross laminated timber
EN 14374 LVL
EN 13986 panel products in conjunction with product / production standards, e.g.
EN 300 for OSB
Test standards, e.g. EN 408, EN 789,..
Calculation standards, e.g. EN 14358 on characteristic values
Page 12 of 119
Permissible stress concept

act = 95
acting loads, hence resulting section forces E and stresses

represent in general 95% quantiles of the distributions
Design verification
act permissible
where in case of structural timber (roughly)
permissible = f50 /3
f50
Aicher
mean value of strength
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13
Semiprobabilistic design concept with partial factors
act = 95
as in permissible stress concept the loads / section forces/ stress

distributions represent 95% quantiles of the distributions
Design verification
d design stress
d fd
fd design strength
d = act L
L partial factor for load (1,5 for live load; 1,35 for perm. load)
f d = fk kmod / M
fk
characteristic strength property (5% quantile)
kmod modification factor (time, climate)

M partial factor for strength (material dependant; 1,1 to 1,3)
Aicher
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Semiprobabilistic vs. permissible stress design concept

f05 = f50 (1 - 1,64 COV)
assuming COV = 0,12
f05 = f50 (1 0,2) = f50 / 1,25
f05 kmod
M
L = 1,5 partial factor for load
f50 kmod
1,25 M
with M = 1,3 and kmod = 0,8

f05 kmod
M
f50 0,8
1,25 1,3
f50
2
f05 kmod
f50
=
d = act L = act 1,5 fd =
M
2
f50
act f50
2 1,5 = 3 = permissible
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Graphical illustration of semiprobabilistic design concept

Probability
density
ms
fs
z = mz = kmod mR - ms
fz
ms 95
pf = 10 -6
Aicher
ms 95 s
kmod mR 05
kmod mR
fR
R, s
kmod mR 05 / R
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Eurocode 5: Design of Timber Structures Part 1-1
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Structural Eurocode Program comprises
Aicher
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Scope of EN 1995
Aicher
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Structure of Eurocode 5 ( = EN 1995)
Aicher
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Subjects / Topics of EN 1995-1-1
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Normative References
Aicher
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Normative References (continued)
Aicher
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Normative References (continued)
Aicher
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Section 2 of EC 5: Basis of design
Aicher
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Section 2.2 of EC 5: Principles of limit state design
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2.2.2 Ultimate limit states
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2.2.3 Serviceability limit states
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2.2.3 Serviceability limit states
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2.3 Basic variables
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2.3.1.2 Load-duration classes
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2.3.1.2 Load-duration classes
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2.3.1.3 Service classes
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2.3.2 Materials and product properties
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2.3.2 Materials and product properties
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2.4 Verification by the partial factor method
5%- quantile value (lognormal dist.)
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Recommended partial factors M for material properties

EC 5 Table 2.3
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2.4.2 Design values of geometrical data
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2.4.2 Design value of a resistance
Example: Rk = Xk relevant cross-sectional quantity
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EC 5 Section 3 Materials properties
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3.1.3/4 Strength and deformation modification factors
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EC 5 Table 3.1 Strength modification values kmod
Aicher
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EC 5 Table 3.1 Strength modification values kmod

(continued)
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Strength modification values kmod = f( time; moisture)

short
1 min
Strength modification factor
1.2
kmod
10Jahre
years50 Jahre
10
1
1 week
Woche 66months
Monate 10
years
Madison-Kurve
Service class 11/2

and2
Nutzungsklasse
0.8
Service class 3
Nutzungsklasse 3
0.6
0.4
very
short
short
kurz
sehr kurz
medium
mittel
permanent
stndig
long
lang
0.2
0
0 .0
1
0
.
0
0 .1
10
10
0
10
0
1
0
00
0
10
0
00
Accumulated duration of load [hours]

Aicher
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0
10
0
00
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45
EC 5 Table 3.2 Deformation modification values kdef
Aicher
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EC 5 Table 3.2 Deformation modification values kdef

(continued)
Aicher
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EC 5 3.2: Solid timber
EN 15497
Aicher
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EC 5 3.3: Glued laminated timber
Aicher
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Now large finger joints are directly regulated in the

harmonized product standard for glulam,
Aicher
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EN 14080
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50
Example of large finger joint (single joint line)
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Example of large finger joint (two joint lines)
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Example of large finger joint (two joint lines)
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EC 5 3.4: Laminated veneer lumber (LVL)
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EC 5 3.4: Laminated veneer lumber (LVL)
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EC 5 3.5: Wood-based panels
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EC 5 3.6: Adhesives
Note: As permissible structural adhesive families and respective classifications have

been profoundly changed in conjunction with introduction of one-component
Polyurethane (1K-PU) and polymer isocyanate (EPI) adhesives according to EN 15425
and EN 16351 principle P (2) is no more throughout valid because of EPI definitions.
Aicher
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EC 5 3.7: Metal fasteners
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EC 5 Section 4: Durability
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EC 5 Table 4.1 Corrosion protection of fasteners
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EC 5 - Section 5: Basis of structural analysis
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5.2 Members
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5.4 Assemblies
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5.4 Assemblies
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5.4.2 Frame structures
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5.4.4 Plane frames and arches
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Examples of assumed initial geometry deviations

geometry of
frames
initial geometry
deviation corresponding
to symmetrical load
initial geometry
deviation corresponding
to non-symmetrical load
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EC 5 - Section 6: Ultimate limit states
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Tension
6.1.2 Tension parallel to the grain
6.1.2 Tension perpendicular to the grain
Aicher
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Compression
6.1.4 Compression parallel to the grain
Aicher
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Compression
6.1.4 Compression perpendicular to the grain
where
c,90,d
is the design compressive stress in the effective contact area

perpendicular to the grain;
Fc,90,d
is the design compressive load perpendicular to the grain;
Aef
is the effective contact area in compression perpendicular to

the grain;
Fc,90,d
is the design compressive strength perpendicular to the

grain;
kc,90
is a factor taking into account the load configuration, the

possibility of splitting and the degree of compressive
deformation.
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Compression
The effective contact area perpendicular to the grain, Aef, should be determined taking into
account an effective contact length parallel to the grain, where the actual contact length, , at
each side is increased by 30 mm, but not more than a, or 1/2, see Figure 6.2.
2. The value of kc,90 should be taken as 1,0 unless the conditions in the following paragraphs
apply. In these cases the higher value of kc,90 specified may be taken, with a limiting value
of kc,90 = 1,75.
3. For members on continuous supports, provided that 1 2h, see Figure 6.2a, the value
of kc,90 should be taken as:
kc,90 = 1,25 for solid softwood timber
kc,90 = 1,5 for glued laminated softwood timber
where h is the depth of the member and is the contact length.
Aicher
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Compression
4. For members on discrete supports, provided that 1 2h, see Figure 6.2b, the value of kc,90
should be taken as:
kc,90 = 1,5 for solid softwood timber
kc,90 = 1,75 for glued laminated softwood timber provided that I 400 mm
where h is the depth of the member and is the contact length.
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6.1.6 Bending
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6.1.6 Bending
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6.1.7 Shear
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6.1.7 Shear (crack factor issue)

2. For the verification of shear resistance of members in bending, the influence
of cracks should be taken into account using an effective width of the member
given as:
bef = kcr b
where b is the width of the relevant section of the member.
NOTE: The recommended value for kcr is given as
kcr = 0,67
for solid timber
kcr = 0,67
for glued laminated timber
kcr = 1,0
for other wood-based products in

accordance with EN 13986 and EN
14374.
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6.1.7 Shear
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6.1.8 Torsion
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6.2.2 Compression stresses at an angle to grain
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6.2.3 Combined bending and axial tension
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6.2.3 Combined bending and axial compression
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6.4 Members with varying cross-section or curved shape
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Figure 6.8 Single tapered beam
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90
(a)
Note: In curved beams

the apex zone extends
over the curved parts
of the beam
Figure 6.9 Double tapered (a) and curved (b) beams with the fibre direction parallel
to the lower edge of the beam
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91

Note: In pitched cambered
beams the apex zone
extends over the curved
parts of the beam
Figure 6.9 Pitched cambered beam (c) beam with the fibre direction parallel
to the lower edge of the beam
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95
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or
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Design examples
Design of straight glulam member

- comparison of
Eurocode 5 vs. DIN 1052
Aicher
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Straight beam design comparison EC 5 vs. perm. stress concept
16x80 cm
q = 9 kN/m, g = 6 kN/m
GL 24 / BS 11
10 m
Geometry:
l = 10 m
b = 160 mm
h = 800 mm
S = b h/6 = 17 10-6 mm
I = b h/12 = 6.8 10-9 mm4
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Design comparison EC 5 vs. perm. stress concept

Property
permissible concept
semi-probabilistic concept
Bending strength
m,perm = 11 N/mm
fm,k = 24 N/mm
Shear strength
v,perm = 1.2 N/mm
fv,k = 3.5 N/mm
MOE
Em = 11000 N/mm
Em,mean = 11000 N/mm
crack factor
kcr = 0.67
modification factor for duration

of load and moisture content
kmod = 0.6 (Service Class I/II,

medium-term)
Partial factor for material

properties
M = 1.25
(glulam, EC 5)
Deformation factor
kdef = 0.8 (Service Class I)
Partial factor for permanent

actions
G = 1.35
Partial factor for variable

actions
G = 1.5
Factor for quasi-permanent

value of a variable action
2,1 = 0.3
Aicher
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101
Result
permissible concept
semi-probabilistic concept
distributed load
F = g + q = 15 kN/m
Fd = G g + Q q = 21.6 kN/m
bending moment M
M = F l / 8 = 188 kNm
Md = Fd l / 8 = 270 kNm
bending stress
m = M/S = 11 N/mm
m = Md/S = 15.8 N/mm
utilization (bending)
11 / 11 = 1.00
fm,d = fm,k kmod /M = 15.4 N/mm

15.8 / fm,d = 1.03
shear force V
V = F l/2 = 75 kN
Vd = Fd l/2 = 108 kN
shear stress v
1.5 V / (b h) = 0.88 N/mm
1.5 Vd / (b h) = 1.89 N/mm
1.2 / 0.88 = 0.73
fv,d = fv,k kmod /M = 2.24 N/mm

1.89 / fv,d = 0.84
utilization (shear)
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deflection
utilitization (deflection)
Aicher
5 4
=
= 26
384
= 0.78
/300
Page 103 of 119
= , + ,=
5 4
5 4
+
= 10.4 + 15.6
384 384
= 26
= , (1 + ) +
, (1 +2,1 )=
16.7 + 18.4 = 35.1mm
= 0.78
/300
= 0.53
/150
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103
Design examples
Design of curved glulam beam

- comparison of
Eurocode 5 vs. DIN 1052
Aicher
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Stress distributions in curved beams with const. moment
R1 < R2
R1 < R2
H/R2 = 0,09
= 0,09
RH/R
2 / H2 = 11
RH/R
=2,5
0,4
1 / H1 =
bending stresses
parallel to grain
tension stresses
perpendicular to grain
,max
Aicher
H/R1 = 0,4
H
H M
II = 1+ 0,35 + 0,6
R
R W
H M
= 0,25
R W
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Stress t,90 of curved and tapered beams with line loads
stress perp.
to grain
h
stress perp.
to grain
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Curved beam design comparison EC 5 vs. perm. stress concept
DIN 1052 BS 14: m,permissible = 14 N/mm2

EN 14080 GL 28: fm,k = 28 N/mm2
Geometry, dimensions and quality /strength class
of example beam
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EC5
F = 23,31 kN
Design for bending:
rin/t = 200,
kr = 0,96
hap / r = 0,118
k1 = 1; k2 = 0,35, k3 = 0,6
kl = 1,05
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F = 23,31 kN
EC5
Design for bending:
GL28:
fm,k = 28 N/mm2
load duration:
medium, kmod = 0,8
fm,d = fm,k kmod /m
kr = 0,96
fm,d =
glulam: m = 1,25
17,92 N/mm2
ratio = 0,38
kl = 1,05
Map,d = f Map
m,d = 6,85 N/mm2
combined loading: f = 1,4
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curved beam design comparison EC 5 vs. perm. stress concept
EC5
Design for tension perp.:
glulam: V0 = 0,01 m3
kdis = 1,4
V = 0,691 m3
kVol = (V0/V)0,2 = 0,43
hap / r = 0,118
k5 = 0; k6 = 0,25, k7 = 0
kp = 0,0294
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Example: Curved Beam with pure moment loading

F = 23,31 kN
EC5
Design for tension perp.:
glulam:
ft,90,k = 0,5 N/mm2
kdis = 1,4 , kVol = 0,43,
load duration:
medium, kmod = 0,8
ft,90,d = ft,90,k kmod /m
glulam: m = 1,25
ft,90,d = 0,32 N/mm2
1,4 x 0,43 x 0,32 = 0,19 N/mm2

kp = 0,0294
Map,d = f Map
t,90,d = 0,19 N/mm2
ratio
= 1,0
combined loading: f = 1,4
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DIN
1052
F = 23,31 kN
Design for bending:

m m,permissible
m,permissible = 14 N/mm2
ratio = 0,33
m = kl 6 Map/b h2
hap / r = 0,118, kl = 1,05
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m = 4,66 N/mm2
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DIN
1052
F = 23,31 kN
Design fr tension perp.:

t,90 t,90,permissible
t,90,permissible = 0,2 N/mm2
ratio = 0,69
t,90 = kp 6 Map/b h2
hap / r = 0,118, kp = 0,0294
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t,90 = 0,14 N/mm2
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F = 23,31 kN
bending
tension perp.
EC5
0,40
1,00
DIN 1052
0,33
0,69
no pre-stress effect
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no size effect
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Now ist time to finish!
Thank you very much for your patient listening!
Aicher
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119

Timber Design Using Eurocode

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Timber Design Using Eurocode

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Seminar on

Sustainable Future through

Design Timber Structures

semi-probabilistic partial factor concept

Eurocode 5 Timber Structures

UITM 2014, Malaysia

Eurocode 5 Timber Structures

UITM 2014, Malaysia

100 years old

Olympic Ice rink

Manufacture of timber parasols for Expo 2000, Hannover

HESS Limitless Verbindung (22)

Eurocode 5 Timber Structures

UITM 2014, Malaysia

HESS Limitless Verbindung (23)

Eurocode 5 Timber Structures

UITM 2014, Malaysia

building, Berlin, 2011

Eurocodes and supporting product and test standards

Permissible stress concept

acting loads, hence resulting section forces E and stresses

mean value of strength

Eurocode 5 Timber Structures

UITM 2014, Malaysia

Semiprobabilistic design concept with partial factors

as in permissible stress concept the loads / section forces/ stress

characteristic strength property (5% quantile)

kmod modification factor (time, climate)

Eurocode 5 Timber Structures

UITM 2014, Malaysia

Semiprobabilistic vs. permissible stress design concept

L = 1,5 partial factor for load

with M = 1,3 and kmod = 0,8

Eurocode 5 Timber Structures

UITM 2014, Malaysia

Graphical illustration of semiprobabilistic design concept

Eurocode 5 Timber Structures

UITM 2014, Malaysia

Eurocode 5: Design of Timber Structures Part 1-1

Eurocode 5 Timber Structures

UITM 2014, Malaysia

Structural Eurocode Program comprises

Eurocode 5 Timber Structures

UITM 2014, Malaysia

Eurocode 5 Timber Structures

UITM 2014, Malaysia

Structure of Eurocode 5 ( = EN 1995)

Eurocode 5 Timber Structures

UITM 2014, Malaysia

Subjects / Topics of EN 1995-1-1

Eurocode 5 Timber Structures

UITM 2014, Malaysia

Eurocode 5 Timber Structures

UITM 2014, Malaysia

Normative References (continued)

Eurocode 5 Timber Structures

UITM 2014, Malaysia

Normative References (continued)

Eurocode 5 Timber Structures

UITM 2014, Malaysia

Eurocode 5 Timber Structures

UITM 2014, Malaysia

Section 2 of EC 5: Basis of design

Eurocode 5 Timber Structures