PREPARED BY:

ALEXANDER SANANDRES
STRUCTURAL REVIEWER
1
2
3
4

6
7
8

It is a structural system without complete vertical local carrying

space frame. (NSCP 208.20)
Is a component including its attachments having fundamental
period less than or equal to 0.06 sec. (NSCP 208.20)
Is a component including its attachments having fundamental
period greater than 0.60 sec. (NSCP 208.20)
Concrete filled driven piles of uniform section shall have a nominal
outside diameter of not less than (NSCP 307.7.3)
A complete record of test of materials and of concrete shall be
available for inspection during the progress of work and _______
years after completion of the project and shall be preserved by the
inspecting engineer or architect for that purpose, (NSCP 403.20)
The minimum bend diameter for 10mm through 25mm bars
(NSCP 407.30)
The minimum bend diameter for 28mm through 36mm bars
(NSCP 407.30)
The minimum clear spacing between parallel bars in a layer must
be db but not less than? (NSCP 407.7.3)

Bearing wall system

Rigid component
Flexible component
200 mm

2 years

6 db
8 db
25mm

In spirally reinforced or tied reinforced compression members,

clear distance between longitudinal bars shall not be less than?
(NSCP 407.7.3)

1.50 db

10

In walls and slabs other than concrete joist construction, primary

flexural reinforcement shall not be spaced farther apart than 3 times
wall or slab thickness nor farther than? (NSCP 407.7.5)

450 mm

11

Groups of parallel reinforcing bars bundled in contact to act as

one unit shall be united to ___ pieces in one bundle. (NSCP
407.7.6.1)

12

Bars larger than ___mm shall not be bundled in beams:

(NSCP 407.7.6.3)

36 mm

13

Individual bars within a bundle terminated within the span of

flexural members shall terminate at different points with at least
____ stagger: (NSCP 407.7.6.4)

40 db

14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24

Minimum concrete cover cast against and permanently exposed

to earth: (NSCP 407.8.1)
The minimum clear concrete covering for cast in place slab:
(NSCP 407.8.1)
In ultimate strength design, the strength reduction factor for
flexure without axial loads: (NSCP 409.2.1)
In ultimate strength design, the strength reduction factor for
shear and torsion: (NSCP 409.4.2.3)
The minimum one way slab thickness which is simply supported
at the ends only is: (NSCP 409.6.2)
The minimum one way slab thickness for a ONE end continuous
slab is: (NSCP 409.6.2)
The minimum one way slab thickness for a BOTH ends continuous
slab is: (NSCP 409.6.2)
The minimum cantilevered slab thickness is : (NSCP 409.6.2)
Deep continuous flexural members has overall depth to clear
span ratio greater than: (NSCP 410.8.10)
Deep simple span flexural members has overall depth to clear
span ratio greater than: (NSCP 307.4.2)
Spacing of shear reinforcement placed perpendicular to axis of
non-prestressed member shall not exceed: (NSCP 411.6.4.1)

1/40
STRUCTURAL REVIEWER

75 mm
20 mm
0.90'
0.85'
L / 20
L / 24
L / 28
L / 10
0.40'
0.75'
d/2

PREPARED BY:
ALEXANDER SANANDRES
STRUCTURAL REVIEWER
25
26
27
28
29
30

31

32
33
34

35

Development length Ld for deformed bars in tension shall be less

than: (NSCP 412.3.1)
Is an essentially vertical truss system of the concentric or
eccentric type that is provided to resist lateral forces: (NCSP 208.1)
Is a horizontal or nearly horizontal system activity to transmit
lateral forces to the vertical resisting elements:
Is a frame in which members and joints are capable of resisting forces primarily by
flexure:
In the determination of seismic dead load with a minimum of
________% of floor live load shall be applicable for storage and
warehouse
The
slope ofoccupancies.
cut surfaces (NSCP
shall be208.5.1.1)
no steeper than _______%
slope. (NSCP 302.2.2)
Before commencing the excavation work, the person making the
excavation shall notify in writing the owner of the adjoining building
not less than _____days before such excavation is to be made. (NSCP
302.2.4)
Fill slopes shall not be constructed on natural slopes steeper than
____% slope (NSCP 302.3.1)
The minimum distance that the toe of fill slope made to the site
boundary line: (NSCP 302.4.3)
The max. distance that the toe of fill slope made to the site
boundary: (NSCP 302.4.3)
In using sand backfill in the annular space around column not
embedded in poured footings, the sand shall be thoroughly
compacted by tamping in layers not more than _____mm in depth?
(NSCP 305.7.3)

300 mm
Braced Frame
Diaphragm
Moment resisting frame
25%
50%

10 days

50%
0.60m
6.00 m

200 mm

36

In using a concrete backfill in the annular space around column

not embedded in poured footings, the concrete shall have ultimate
strength of ____Mpa at 28 days. (NSCP 305.7.3)

15 mpa

37

When grillage footings of structural steel shapes are used on

soils, they shall be completely embedded in concrete. Concrete cover
shall be at least _____mm on the bottom. (NSCP 305.8)

150 mm

38

Temporary open air portable bleachers may be supported upon

wood sills or steel plates placed directly upon the ground surface,
provided soil pressure does not exceed ____Kpa. (NSCP 305.9)

50 kpa

39

The minimum nominal diameter of steel bolts when wood plates

or sill shall be bolted to foundation wall in zone 2 seismic area in the
Philippines. (NSCP 305.60)

12 mm

40

The minimum nominal diameter of steel bolts when wood plates

or sill shall be bolted to foundation wall in zone 4 seismic area in the
Philippines. (NSCP 305.60)

16 mm

41

42
43
44
45

Individual pile caps and caissons of every structure subjected to

seismic forces shall be interconnected by ties. Such ties shall be
capable of resisting in tension or compression a minimum horizontal
force equal to _____% of the largest column vertical load. (NSCP
306.20)
Such piles into firm ground may be considered fixed and laterally
supported at _____M below the ground surface. (NSCP 306.20)
Such piles into soft ground may be considered fixed and laterally
supported at _____M below the ground surface. (NSCP 306.20)
The maximum length of cast in place piles/bored piles shall be
_____times the average diameter of the pile. (NSCP 307.2.1)
Cast in place/bored piles shall have a specific compressive
strength Fc of not less than ______Mpa. (NSCP 307.2.1)

2/40
STRUCTURAL REVIEWER

10%

1.50m
3,0 m
30 times
17.50 mpa

PREPARED BY:
ALEXANDER SANANDRES
STRUCTURAL REVIEWER
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57

Pre-cast concrete piles shall have a specific compressive strength

Fc of not less than _____Mpa. (NSCP 304.7.1)
The maximum spacing of ties and spirals in a driven pre-cast
concrete pile center to center. (NSCP 307.5.1)
Pre-cast pre-stressed concrete piles shall have a specified
compressive strength Fc of not less than ____Mpa.
The minimum outside diameter of pipe piles when used must be?
(NSCP 307.6.3)
Aviation control towers fall to what type of occupancy?
Private garages, carports, sheds, agricultural buildings fall to
what type of occupancy?
Buildings used for college or adult education with a capacity of 500 or more students fall
to what type of occupancy?
Buildings or structures therein housing and supporting toxic or
explosive chemicals or substances fall to what type of category?
The allowable deflection for any structural member loaded with
live load only. (NSCP 107.2.2)
The allowable deflection for any structural member loaded with
dead load and live load only.
Retaining walls shall be designed to resist sliding by at least
_______times the lateral force. (NSCP 206.6)
Retaining walls shall be designed to resist overturning by at least
______times the overturning moment. (NSCP 206.6)

20 mpa
75 mm
35 mpa
250 mm
Essential facilities
Miscellaneous
occupancy
Special occupancy
Hazardous facility
L / 360
L / 240
2 times
1. 5 times

58

As per NSCP 2001 sect. 206.9.3 vertical impact force for crane
load, if powered monorail cranes are considered, the max. wheel
load of the crane shall be increased by what percent to determine
the induced vertical impact? (NSCP 206.9.3)

25%

59

The lateral force on a crane runway beam with electrically

powered trolleys shall be calculated as ______% of the sum of the
rated capacity of the crane and the weight of the hoist and trolley.
(NSCP 206.9.4)

20%

60

The longitudinal forces on crane runway beams, except for bridge

cranes with hand geared bridges shall be calculated as _____% of the
max. wheel load of the crane. (NSCP 206.9.5)

10%

61
62

This is a secondary effect in shears and especially moments of

frame members induced by vertical loads acting on laterally
displaced building frame.
A storey whose strength is less than 80% of the strength of the
storey above is considered as __________.

P-delta effect
Weak Storey

63

Hospitals, Communication Centers, and others, which are

necessary for emergency post-earthquake operations, are classified
as ___________.

Essential Facilities

64

A horizontal or nearly horizontal system acting to transmit lateral

forces to the vertical resisting system including the horizontal bracing
system.

Diaphragm

65

This is essentially a vertical truss system provided to resist lateral

forces of a building.

66

Constructing a high- rise building requires concrete that can easily

be pumped. What type of admixture in concrete the contractor will
provide which can reduce the requirement of mixing water and
produce a flowing concrete that does not segregate and needs very
little vibration

67

The records of test material and of concrete must be preserved

after the completion of the project for at least _________.

3/40
STRUCTURAL REVIEWER

Braced Frame

Plasticizer

2 years

PREPARED BY:
ALEXANDER SANANDRES
STRUCTURAL REVIEWER
68
69

70

71
72
73
74

75

76

77

What is the weight of 1 cu. m. of steel?

7850 Kg

A type of gunite mixed with an accelerating admixture with

aggregate larger than 10mm originally sprayed under high air
pressure of lining tunnels.
If a structure is judged under the condition either to be no
longer useful for its intended function or to unsafe, it has reached its
__________.
A phenomenon of failure or damage that may result in sudden
and brittle fracture of a ductile material due to reversals of stresses
applied to a body repeatedly or a great number of times.
The load at which a perfectly straight member under compression
assumes a deflected position.
It is a point within the structure at which a member
(beam/column) can rotate slightly to eliminate all bending moment
in the member at that point.
It is a beam type supported by a hinge/roller at one end and the
other end is projecting beyond a fixed support.
15. Floors in office buildings and in other buildings where partition
locations are subject to change shall be designed to support in
addition to all other loads, a uniformly distributed load equal to
The upward pressure against the bottom of the basement floor of
a structure or road slab caused by the presence of water.
The particular type of pin-connected tension member of uniform
thickness with forged loop or head of greater width than the body,
with is proportioned to provide approximately equal strength both in
the head and the body.

Shotcrete

Limit state

Metal Fatigue
Buckling load
Hinge
Semi-continuous beam

1000 pa

Uplift pressure

Eyebar

78

A revetment consisting of rough stones of various sizes placed

compactly to protect the banks or bed of a river from the eroding
effects of the flowing water.

79

A three-dimensional spatial structure made up of one or more curved slabs or folded

plateshose thicknesses are small compared to
their other dimensions.

80

It refers to a piece or pair of diagonal braces to resist wind or

other horizontal forces on a building.

Overturning moment

81

It refers to a piece or pair of diagonal braces to resist wind or

other horizontal forces on a building.

Sway brace

82

This is designed as special foundation for intense column loads

on a platform consisting usually of two layers of rolled steel joists,
one on top of other, at right angles.

83

84
85
86
87
88

Referring to any artificial method of strengthening the soil to

reduce its shrinkage and ensure that it will not move. Common
methods are mixing the soil with cement or compaction
A pit dug in the basement floor during excavation made to
collect water into which a pump is placed the liquid to the sewer
pipe.
It is a long, straight beam which by the inspection if two hinges
in alternate spans, functions essentially as a cantilever beam.
An instrument which measures the actual displacement of the
ground with respect to a stationary point during an earthquake.
The behavior of sandy soil to weaken its capacity to carry
imposed loads when subjected to vibration such as earthquake
particularly when water table saturates this layer.
It is a beam especially provided over an opening for a door or
window to carry the wall over opening.

4/40
STRUCTURAL REVIEWER

Riprap

Thin shell

Grillage foundation

Soil Stabilization

Sump pit
Gerber beam
Seismometer
Liquefaction
Lintel beam

PREPARED BY:
ALEXANDER SANANDRES
STRUCTURAL REVIEWER
89
90
91
92
93
94
95

96
97
98

99

For any given granular material, the steepest angle with

horizontal, a heaped soil surface will make in normal condition that
will not slide.
An open building is a structure having all walls at least _____%
open. (NSCP 207)
Low rise buildings is an enclosed or partially enclosed with mean
roof height less than or equal to? (NSCP 207.20)
The wind load importance factor lw for essential facilities is
equal to? (NSCP 207.50)
The wind load importance factor for hazardous facilities is equal
to?
The wind load importance factor for standard occupancy
structures is equal to?
The wind load importance factor for miscellaneous structures is
equal to?
Large city centers with at least 50% of the buildings having a height greater than 21M.
falls on what exposure category for wind
loading? (NSCP 207.5.3)
Open terrain with scattered obstructions having heights less than
9M. Falls on what exposure category for wind loading?
Flat unobstructed areas exposed to wind flowing over open water
for a distance of at least 2 km falls on what exposure category for
wind loading?
Urban and suburban areas, wooded areas or other terrain with
numerous closely spaced obstructions having the size of single family
dwelling or larger falls on what exposure category for wind loading?

Angle of repose
80%
18 m
1.15
1,15
1
0.87

Exposure A
Exposure C
Exposure D

Exposure B

100 Zone 1 of the Philippine map has a wind velocity of ____Kph?

250

101 Zone 2 of the Philippine map has a wind velocity of ____Kph?

200

102 Zone 3 of the Philippine map has a wind velocity of ____Kph?

125

In testing concrete laboratory cured specimens, no individual

103 strength test (average of 2 cylinders) falls below fc by more than
_______. (NSCP 405.7.3.3)

3.50 mpa

Spacing for a lateral support for a beam shall not exceed

104 _______times the least width b of compression flange or face.
(NSCP 410.5.10)

50 times

For a rectangular reinforced concrete compression member, it

shall be permitted to take the radius of gyration equal to
105
_______times the overall dimension of the direction of stability is
being considered. (NSCP 410.12.20)

0.30

For members whose design is based on compressive force, the

106 slenderness ratio kL/r preferably should not exceed ________?
(NSCP 502.8.1)

200

For members whose design is based on tensile force, the

slenderness ratio L/r preferably should not exceed _________.
For pin connected members, the allowable stress on the net area
108
of the pinhole for pin connected members is _________.
Other than pin connected members, the allowable tensile stress
109
shall not exceed _______ on the gross area. (NSCP 504.2.1)
For pin connected plates, the minimum net area beyond the
110 pinhole parallel to the axis of the member shall not be less than
_______of the net area across the pinhole. (NSCP 504.4.2.1)
107

5/40
STRUCTURAL REVIEWER

300
0.45 fy
0.60 fy
2/3.

PREPARED BY:
ALEXANDER SANANDRES
STRUCTURAL REVIEWER
For pin connected members in which the pin is expected to
provide for relative movement between connected parts while under
111
full load, the diameter of the pinhole shall not be more than
______mm greater than the diameter of the pin. (NSCP 504.4.2.3)

0.80mm

The maximum longitudinal spacing of bolts, nuts and intermittent

112 welds correctly two rolled shapes in contact for a built up section
shall not exceed ________. (NSCP 505.5.4)

600 mm.

The ratio L/r for lacing bars arranged in single system shall not
exceed ________. (NSCP 505.5.80)
The ratio L/r for lacing bars arranged in double system shall not
114
exceed ________.
113

For members bent about their strong or weak axes, members

115 with compact sections where the flanges continuously connected to
web the allowable bending stress is _________. (NSCP 506.4.1.1)
For box type and tabular textural members that meet the non
116 compact section requirements of section 502.6, the allowable
bending stress is ________. (NSCP 506.4.1.1)
Bolts and rivets connecting stiffness to the girder web shall be
117
spaced not more than ______mm on centers. (NSCP 507.5.3)

140 mm
200 mm
.66 fy

.60 fy
300 mm

Ira composite beam section, the actual section modulus of the

transformed composite section shall be used in calculating the
118 concrete flexural compressed stress and for construction without
temporary shores, this stress shall be based upon loading applied
after the concrete has reached _____% of its required strength.

75%

119

Shear connectors shall have at least ________mm of lateral

concrete covering. (NSCP 509.5.8)

25 mm

120

The minimum center to center spacing of stud connectors along

the longitudinal axis of supporting composite beam is ____________.

6 d of connector

121

The maximum center to center spacing of stud connectors along

the longitudinal axis of supporting composite beam is ____________.

8 d of connector

Connections carrying calculated stresses, except for lacing, sag

122 bars and girts, shall be designed to support not less than ________Kn
of force. (NSCP 510.10.61)
The connections at ends of tension or compression members in
trusses shall develop the force due to the design load, but no less
than _______% at the effective strength of the member unless a
123
smaller percentage is justified by engineering analysis that considers
other factors including handling, shipping and erection.
(NSCP 510.2.5.1)
When formed steel decking is a part of the composite beam, the
124 spacing of stud shear connector along the length of the supporting
beam or girder shall not exceed _______mm. (NSCP 509.6.1.2)
125

The minimum sizes of filler weld for plates with thickness greater
than 20mm is ________. (NSCP 510.3.3.2)

The minimum sizes of filler weld for plates with thickness 6mm is
________? (NSCP 510.3.3.2)
The minimum sizes of filler weld for plates with thickness over
127
12mm to 20mm is ________? (NSCP 510.3.3.2)
126

6/40
STRUCTURAL REVIEWER

26.70 kn

50%

900 mm

8mm
3mm
6mm

PREPARED BY:
ALEXANDER SANANDRES
STRUCTURAL REVIEWER
A property of a material that enables it to undergo
plastic deformation after being stressed beyond the
elastic limit and before rupturing._____________is a
128 desirable property of structural material since plastic
material since plastic behavior is an indicator of
reserve strength and can serve as a visual warning of
impending failure.

ductility

In structural design ________________is considered

as wide shallow rectangular beam. The reinforcing
129 steel is usually spaced uniformly over its width. The
flexural reinforcement of a one way slab extends in
one direction only.

one way slab

It is an external shear force at a cross section of a

beam or other member subject to bending. Equal to
130
the algebraic sum of transverse forces on one side of
the section.

transverse shear

The structural term which critical point at which a

column carrying its critical buckling load, may either
131
buckle or remain undeflected. The column is
therefore in the state of neutral equilibrium.

bifurcation

In concrete protection for reinforcement

___________mm is the standard minimum thickness
132
for concrete covering not exposed to weather or in
contact with ground, such as slabs walls and joists.

20mm

An instrument for measuring minute deformation in

133 a test specimen caused by tension, compression,
bending or twisting. It is also called EXTENSOMETER.
For structural properties of A36 steel the maximum
134
allowable stress (Fb) for bending is.
It is a part of a beam that is thickened or deepened
to develop greater moment resistance.
135 The efficiency of a beam can be increased by shaping
its length in response to the moment and shear
values which typically vary along its longitudinal axis.

stain gauge
24 ksi

haunch

Program Evaluation
Review TechniqueCritical
Path Method

136 What is the meaning of PERT-CPM?

They maybe categorized as building or non building.

137 It is an assembleage designed to support gravity
loads and resist lateral forces.
It is a vertical pipe, often sheet metal, used to
138 conduct water from a roof drain or gutter to the
ground. It is another term for down spout,
The area where water is pumped from within to
permit free access to the area. A temporary
watertight enclosure around an area of water or
139
water bearing soil, in which construction is to take
place, bearing on a stable statum at or above the
foundation level of new construction.

7/40
STRUCTURAL REVIEWER

structure

rainwater leader

coffer dam

PREPARED BY:
ALEXANDER SANANDRES
STRUCTURAL REVIEWER
140

A membrane structure that is placed in tension and

stabilized by the pressure of compresses air.

A steel beam fabricated by the dividing the web of a

wide flange section with a lengthwise section zigzag
141 cut, then welding both halves together at the peaks,
thus increasing its depth without increasing its
weight.
A structure of cables suspended and pre-stressed
142 between compression members to directly support
applied loads.
One pair of vertical angles fastened to each side of
web plate to solidify it against buckling.
Integral part of a beam that forms a flat, rigid
144 connection between two broader, parallel parts, as
the flanges of the structural shape.
143

145

A high tension bolt having splined and twists off

when required torque has been reached.

The oscillating, reciprocating or other periodic

146 motion of an elastic body or medium when forced
from a position or state of equilibrium.
Is a horizontal structural member in a timber-framed wall. resist lateral loads from wind
and support wall cladding
materials.
148 A brace fitted into a frame work to resist force in the direction of its length.
147

net structure

castellated beam

suspension structure
stiffener
web
tension control bolt

Vibration
Girt
Struts

Is a structural element which divides adjacent window units, may also vertically divide
double doors, acts as a
structural member, and it carries the dead load of the weight above the opening and the
149 wind load acting on the
window unit back to the building structure. The term is also properly applied to very large
and deep structural
members in many curtain wall systems.

Mullion

Is a quantity expressing the two-dimensional size of a defined part of a surface, typically

150 a region bounded by a
closed curve.

Area

The stress at which material strain changes from elastic deformation to plastic
151 deformation, causing it to deform
permanently.
In engineering mechanics, (also known as flexure) characterizes the behavior of a
152 structural element subjected to an
external load applied perpendicular to the axis of the element.

Yield strength

Bending

Is a statue, building, or other edifice created to commemorate a person or important

153 event. They are frequently used
to improve the appearance of a city or location.

Monument

A loads are weights of material, equipment or components that are relatively constant
154 throughout the structure's
life.

Dead Load

Are analytical tools used in conjunction with structural analysis to help perform structural
155 design by determining the value of shear force and bending moment at a given point of
an element.
Minimum concrete cover cast against and permanently exposed to earth: (NSCP
156
407.8.1)

8/40
STRUCTURAL REVIEWER

Shear and bending

moment diagram
75mm

PREPARED BY:
ALEXANDER SANANDRES
STRUCTURAL REVIEWER
157

Is an essentially vertical truss system of the concentric or eccentric type that is provided
to resist lateral forces: (NCSP 208.1)

158 A wall (bearing or non-bearing) designed to resist lateral forces parallel to the wall
In using a concrete backfill in the annular space around column not embedded in poured
159 footings, the concrete shall
have ultimate strength of ____Mpa at 28 days. (NSCP 305.7.3)
160 Standard concrete mix for beams, girders, slabs, stairs and columns is (
In engineering, buckling -is a failure mode characterized by a sudden failure of a
structural member subjected to high
compressive stresses, where the actual compressive stress at the point of failure is less
161 than the ultimate
compressive stresses that the material is capable of withstanding. This mode of failure is
also described as failure due
to elastic instability.
What is known as the deformation in which parallel planes slide relative to each other so
162
as to remain parallel?

Braced frame
Shear

15 mpa
Class "A"

Buckling

Shear

163 periodic reversal of stresses

fatigue

164 elongation of material subject to axial force

strain

165 deformation that accompanies bending of a beam

166 A column that is subjected to both direct axial stress and bending stress is known as?
167

concrete column whose load capacity must be reduced, according

to code requirements, because of its slenderness

deflection
eccentrically loaded
long column

168 projected beyond it supports

cantilevered

169 state of a body in which the forces acting on it are equally balanced

equillibrium

170

What is known as an imaginary line in a beam, shaft, or other bending, where there is no
tension nor compression and where no deformation takes place?

171 Unit stress in a bar just before it breaks is called?

172 bending magnitude wherever the shear passes through zero
173 the product of the force and lever arms which tends to twist the body
unit stress at which deformation increases without any increase in
the load
tendency of one part of a beam to move vertically with respect to
175
an adjacent part
in the design of structures, the maximum unit stress permitted
176
under working loads by codes and specifications
174

neutral axis
ultimate strength
maximum moment
Torque
yield point
vertical shear
working stress

177 It is the tendency of a force to cause rotation about a given point or axis.

moment

178 state of rest or motion

inertia

179

ratio of the force applied to a structure to the corresponding

displacement

180

It is a method of concrete building construction in which floor (and roof) slabs are cast
usually at ground level and then raised into position by jacking.

9/40
STRUCTURAL REVIEWER

stiffness
lift slab

PREPARED BY:
ALEXANDER SANANDRES
STRUCTURAL REVIEWER
181 concrete floor system which has no beam

flatslab

It is a structural system without complete vertical local carrying space frame. (NSCP
208.20)

Is a component including its attachments having fundamental period less than or equal
to 0.06 sec. (NSCP 208.20)

Rigid component

Is a component including its attachments having fundamental period greater than 0.60
sec. (NSCP 208.20)

Flexible Component

Concrete filled driven piles of uniform section shall have a nominal outside diameter of
not less than (NSCP 307.7.3)

200 mm

A complete record of test of materials and of concrete shall be available for inspection
during the progress of work and _______ years after completion of the project and shall
be preserved by the inspecting engineer or architect for that purpose, (NSCP 403.20)

2 years

The minimum bend diameter for 10mm through 25mm bars (NSCP 407.30)

6 db

The minimum bend diameter for 28mm through 36mm bars (NSCP 407.30)

8 db

In spirally reinforced or tied reinforced compression members, clear distance between

longitudinal bars shall not be less than? (NSCP 407.7.3)

1.50 db

In walls and slabs other than concrete joist construction, primary flexural reinforcement
shall not be spaced farther apart than 3 times wall or slab thickness nor farther than?
(NSCP 407.7.5)

450 mm

10

Groups of parallel reinforcing bars bundled in contact to act as one unit shall be united to
___ pieces in one bundle. (NSCP 407.7.6.1)

4 pcs

11

Bars larger than ___mm shall not be bundled in beams: (NSCP 407.7.6.3)

36mm

12

Individual bars within a bundle terminated within the span of flexural members shall
terminate at different points with at least ____ stagger: (NSCP 407.7.6.4)

40 db

13

Minimum concrete cover cast against and permanently exposed to earth: (NSCP
407.8.1)

75 mm

14

The minimum clear concrete covering for cast in place slab: (NSCP 407.8.1)

20 mm

15

In ultimate strength design, the strength reduction factor for flexure without axial loads:
(NSCP 409.2.1)

16
17
18

In ultimate strength design, the strength reduction factor for shear and torsion: (NSCP
409.4.2.3)
The minimum one way slab thickness which is simply supported at the ends only is:
(NSCP 409.6.2)
The minimum one way slab thickness for a ONE end continuous slab is: (NSCP 409.6.2)

10/40
STRUCTURAL REVIEWER

Bearing wall system

0.9

0.85
L / 20
L / 24

PREPARED BY:
ALEXANDER SANANDRES
STRUCTURAL REVIEWER
19

The minimum one way slab thickness for a BOTH ends continuous slab is: (NSCP
409.6.2)

L / 28

20

The minimum cantilevered slab thickness is : (NSCP 409.6.2)

L / 10

21

Deep continuous flexural members has overall depth to clear span ratio greater than:
(NSCP 410.8.10)

0.4

22

Deep simple span flexural members has overall depth to clear span ratio greater than:
(NSCP 307.4.2)

0.75

23

Spacing of shear reinforcement placed perpendicular to axis of non-prestressed member

shall not exceed: (NSCP 411.6.4.1)

d/2

24

Development length Ld for deformed bars in tension shall be less than: (NSCP 412.3.1)

300 mm

25

Is an essentially vertical truss system of the concentric or eccentric type that is provided
to resist lateral forces: (NCSP 208.1)

Braced Frame

26

Is a horizontal or nearly horizontal system activity to transmit lateral forces to the vertical
resisting elements:

Diaphragm

27

Is a frame in which members and joints are capable of resisting forces primarily by
flexure:

28

In the determination of seismic dead load with a minimum of ________% of floor live
load shall be applicable for storage and warehouse occupancies. (NSCP 208.5.1.1)

25%

29

The slope of cut surfaces shall be no steeper than _______% slope. (NSCP 302.2.2)

50%

30

Before commencing the excavation work, the person making the excavation shall notify
in writing the owner of the adjoining building not less than _____days before such
excavation is to be made. (NSCP 302.2.4)

31
32
33
34
35

Fill slopes shall not be constructed on natural slopes steeper than ____% slope (NSCP
302.3.1)
The minimum distance that the toe of fill slope made to the site boundary line: (NSCP
302.4.3)
The max. distance that the toe of fill slope made to the site boundary: (NSCP 302.4.3)
In using sand backfill in the annular space around column not embedded in poured
footings, the sand shall be thoroughly compacted by tamping in layers not more than
_____mm
in depth?backfill
(NSCPin305.7.3)
In
using a concrete
the annular space around column not embedded in poured
footings, the concrete shall have ultimate strength of ____Mpa at 28 days. (NSCP
305.7.3)

Moment Resisting
Frame

10 days

50%
.60 m
6 m.
200 mm
15 mpa

36

When grillage footings of structural steel shapes are used on soils, they shall be
completely embedded in concrete. Concrete cover shall be at least _____mm on the
bottom. (NSCP 305.8)

37

Temporary open air portable bleachers may be supported upon wood sills or steel plates
placed directly upon the ground surface, provided soil pressure does not exceed
____Kpa. (NSCP 305.9)

50 kpa

38

The minimum nominal diameter of steel bolts when wood plates or sill shall be bolted to
foundation wall in zone 2 seismic area in the Philippines. (NSCP 305.60)

12 mm

39

The minimum nominal diameter of steel bolts when wood plates or sill shall be bolted to
foundation wall in zone 4 seismic area in the Philippines. (NSCP 305.60)

16 mm

11/40
STRUCTURAL REVIEWER

150 mm

PREPARED BY:
ALEXANDER SANANDRES
STRUCTURAL REVIEWER

40

Individual pile caps and caissons of every structure subjected to seismic forces shall be
interconnected by ties. Such ties shall be capable of resisting in tension or compression
a minimum horizontal force equal to _____% of the largest column vertical load. (NSCP
306.20)

41

Such piles into firm ground may be considered fixed and laterally supported at _____M
below the ground surface. (NSCP 306.20)

1.50 m.

42

Such piles into soft ground may be considered fixed and laterally supported at _____M
below the ground surface. (NSCP 306.20)

3.0 m

43

The maximum length of cast in place piles/bored piles shall be _____times the average
diameter of the pile. (NSCP 307.2.1

30 times

44

Cast in place/bored piles shall have a specific compressive strength Fc of not less than
______Mpa. (NSCP 307.2.1)

17.50 mpa

45

Pre-cast concrete piles shall have a specific compressive strength Fc of not less than
_____Mpa. (NSCP 304.7.1)

20 mpa

46

The maximum spacing of ties and spirals in a driven pre-cast concrete pile center to
center. (NSCP 307.5.1)

75 mm

47

Pre-cast pre-stressed concrete piles shall have a specified compressive strength Fc of

not less than ____Mpa. (NSCP 307.5.1)

35 mpa

48

The minimum outside diameter of pipe piles when used must be? (NSCP 307.6.3)

250 mm

49

Aviation control towers fall to what type of occupancy?

Essential facilities

50

Private garages, carports, sheds, agricultural buildings fall to what type of occupancy?

Misc. Occupancy

51
52
53
54
55
56

Buildings used for college or adult education with a capacity of 500 or more students fall
to what type of occupancy?
Buildings or structures therein housing and supporting toxic or explosive chemicals or
substances fall to what type of category?
The allowable deflection for any structural member loaded with live load only. (NSCP
107.2.2)
The allowable deflection for any structural member loaded with dead load and live load
only. (NSCP 104.2.2)
Retaining walls shall be designed to resist sliding by at least _______times the lateral
force. (NSCP 206.6)
Retaining walls shall be designed to resist overturning by at least ______times the
overturning moment. (NSCP 206.6)

10%

Special Occupancy
Hazardous Facility
L / 360
L / 240
2 times
1.5 times

57

As per NSCP 2001 sect. 206.9.3 vertical impact force for crane load, if powered monorail
cranes are considered, the max. wheel load of the crane shall be increased by what
percent to determine the induced vertical impact? (NSCP 206.9.3)

25%

58

The lateral force on a crane runway beam with electrically powered trolleys shall be
calculated as ______% of the sum of the rated capacity of the crane and the weight of
the hoist and trolley. (NSCP 206.9.4)

20%

59

The longitudinal forces on crane runway beams, except for bridge cranes with hand
geared bridges shall be calculated as _____% of the max. wheel load of the crane.
(NSCP 206.9.5

10%

60

An open building is a structure having all walls at least _____% open. (NSCP 207)

80%

61

Low rise buildings is an enclosed or partially enclosed with mean roof height less than or
equal to? (NSCP 207.20)

18 m

12/40
STRUCTURAL REVIEWER

PREPARED BY:
ALEXANDER SANANDRES
STRUCTURAL REVIEWER
62

The wind load importance factor lw for essential facilities is equal to? (NSCP 207.50)

1.15

63

The wind load importance factor for hazardous facilities is equal to?

1.15

64

The wind load importance factor for standard occupancy structures is equal to?

65

The wind load importance factor for miscellaneous structures is equal to?

66

Large city centers with at least 50% of the buildings having a height greater than 21M.
falls on what exposure category for wind loading? (NSCP 207.5.3)

Exposure A

67

Open terrain with scattered obstructions having heights less than 9M. Falls on what
exposure category for wind loading?

Exposure C

68

Flat unobstructed areas exposed to wind flowing over open water for a distance of at
least 2 km falls on what exposure category for wind loading?

Exposure D

69

Urban and suburban areas, wooded areas or other terrain with numerous closely spaced
obstructions having the size of single family dwelling or larger falls on what exposure
category for wind loading?

Exposure B

70

Zone 1 of the Philippine map has a wind velocity of ____Kph?

250 kph

71

Zone 2 of the Philippine map has a wind velocity of ____Kph?

200 kph

72

Zone 3 of the Philippine map has a wind velocity of ____Kph?

125 kph

73

In testing concrete laboratory cured specimens, no individual strength test (average of 2

cylinders) falls below fc by more than _______. (NSCP 405.7.3.3)

3.50 mpa

74

Spacing for a lateral support for a beam shall not exceed _______times the least width b
of compression flange or face. (NSCP 410.5.10)

50 times

75

For a rectangular reinforced concrete compression member, it shall be permitted to take

the radius of gyration equal to _______times the overall dimension of the direction of
stability is being considered. (NSCP 410.12.20

0.3

76

For members whose design is based on compressive force, the slenderness ratio kL/r
preferably should not exceed ________?

200

77

For members whose design is based on tensile force, the slenderness ratio L/r
preferably should not exceed _________.

300

78

For pin connected members, the allowable stress on the net area of the pinhole for pin
connected members is _________. (NSCP 504.4.1.1)

.45 fy

79

Other than pin connected members, the allowable tensile stress shall not exceed
_______ on the gross area. (NSCP 504.2.1)

0.60 fy

80

For pin connected plates, the minimum net area beyond the pinhole parallel to the axis of
the member shall not be less than _______of the net area across the pinhole. (NSCP
504.4.2.1)

13/40
STRUCTURAL REVIEWER

1
0.87

2/3

PREPARED BY:
ALEXANDER SANANDRES
STRUCTURAL REVIEWER

81

For pin connected members in which the pin is expected to provide for relative
movement between connected parts while under full load, the diameter of the pinhole
shall not be more than ______mm greater than the diameter of the pin. (NSCP
504.4.2.3)

0.80mm

82

The maximum longitudinal spacing of bolts, nuts and intermittent welds correctly two
rolled shapes in contact for a built up section shall not exceed ________. (NSCP
505.5.4)

600 mm

83

The ratio L/r for lacing bars arranged in single system shall not exceed ________.
(NSCP 505.5.80)

140 mm

84

The ratio L/r for lacing bars arranged in double system shall not exceed ________.

200 mm

85

For members bent about their strong or weak axes, members with compact sections
where the flanges continuously connected to web the allowable bending stress is
_________. (NSCP 506.4.1.1)

.66 fy

86

For box type and tabular textural members that meet the non compact section
requirements of section 502.6, the allowable bending stress is ________. (NSCP
506.4.1.1)

.60 fy

87

Bolts and rivets connecting stiffness to the girder web shall be spaced not more than
______mm on centers. (NSCP 507.5.3)

88

Ira composite beam section, the actual section modulus of the transformed composite
section shall be used in calculating the concrete flexural compressed stress and for
construction without temporary shores, this stress shall be based upon loading applied
after the concrete has reached _____% of its required strength

75%

89

Shear connectors shall have at least ________mm of lateral concrete covering. (NSCP
509.5.8)

25 mm

90

The minimum center to center spacing of stud connectors along the longitudinal axis of
supporting composite beam is ____________.

6 dia. Of connector

91

The maximum center to center spacing of stud connectors along the longitudinal axis of
supporting composite beam is ____________. (NSCP 509.5.8)

8 dia. Of connector

92

Connections carrying calculated stresses, except for lacing, sag bars and girts, shall be
designed to support not less than ________Kn of force. (NSCP 510.10.61)

26.7

93

The connections at ends of tension or compression members in trusses shall develop

the force due to the design load, but no less than _______% at the effective strength of
the member unless a smaller percentage is justified by engineering analysis that
considers other factors including handling, shipping and erection. (NSCP 510.2.5.1)

50

94

When formed steel decking is a part of the composite beam, the spacing of stud shear
connector along the length of the supporting beam or girder shall not exceed
_______mm. (NSCP 509.6.1.2)

900

95

The minimum sizes of filler weld for plates with thickness greater than 20mm is
________. (NSCP 510.3.3.2)

14/40
STRUCTURAL REVIEWER

300 mm

8 mm

PREPARED BY:
ALEXANDER SANANDRES
STRUCTURAL REVIEWER
96

The minimum sizes of filler weld for plates with thickness 6mm is ________? (NSCP
510.3.3.2)

3 mm

97

The minimum sizes of filler weld for plates with thickness over 12mm to 20mm is
________? (NSCP 510.3.3.2)

6 mm

98

his is a secondary effect in shears and especially moments of frame members induced
T
by vertical loads acting on laterally displaced building frame.

99

A storey whose strength is less than 80% of the strength of the storey above is
considered as __________.

100

ospitals, Communication Centers, and others, which are necessary for emergency postH
earthquake operations, are classified as ___________.

101

horizontal or nearly horizontal system acting to transmit lateral forces to the vertical
A
resisting system including the horizontal bracing system.

102 This is essentially a vertical truss system provided to resist lateral forces of a building.
onstructing a high- rise building requires concrete that can easily be pumped. What
C
type of admixture in concrete the contractor will provide which can reduce the
103
requirement of mixing water and produce a flowing concrete that does not segregate and
needs very little vibration

104

The records of test material and of concrete must be preserved after the completion of
the project for at least

105 W hat is the weight of 1 cu. m. of steel?

106

P- Delta Effect

Weak Storey

Essential facilities

Diaphragm

Braced Frame

Plasticizer

2 years

7850 kg.

A type of gunite mixed with an accelerating admixture with aggregate larger than 10mm
originally sprayed under high air pressure of lining tunnels

If a structure is judged under the condition either to be no longer useful for its intended
107 function or to unsafe, it has reached its __________.
A phenomenon of failure or damage that may result in sudden and brittle fracture of a
ductile material due to reversals of stresses applied to a body repeatedly or a great
108
number of times.
??? act parallel to each other (offset to each other, a distance d apart), of the same
109 magnitude but ???
The load at which a perfectly straight member under compression assumes a deflected
position.
It is a point within the structure at which a member (beam/column) can rotate slightly to
111 eliminate all bending moment in the member at that point.
110

It is a beam type supported by a hinge/roller at one end and the other end is projecting
112 beyond a fixed support.

15/40
STRUCTURAL REVIEWER

Shotcrete

Limit State

Metal Fatigue

Couple
Buckling Load
Hinge

Semi-Continous Beam

PREPARED BY:
ALEXANDER SANANDRES
STRUCTURAL REVIEWER
Floors in office buildings and in other buildings where partition locations are subject to
113 change shall be designed to support in addition to all other loads, a uniformly distributed
load equal to

1000 pa

The upward pressure against the bottom of the basement floor of a structure or road slab
114 caused by the presence of water.

Uplift Pressure

The particular type of pin-connected tension member of uniform thickness with forged
loop or head of greater width than the body, with is proportioned to provide
115
approximately equal strength both in the head and the body.
A revetment consisting of rough stones of various sizes placed compactly to protect the
116 banks or bed of a river from the eroding effects of the flowing water.
A three-dimensional spatial structure made up of one or more curved slabs or folded
117 plateshose thicknesses are small compared to their other dimensions.
It refers to a piece or pair of diagonal braces to resist wind or other horizontal forces on a
building.
It refers to a piece or pair of diagonal braces to resist wind or other horizontal forces on a
119
building
118

This is designed as special foundation for intense column loads on a platform consisting
120 usually of two layers of rolled steel joists, one on top of other, at right angles.
Referring to any artificial method of strengthening the soil to reduce its shrinkage and
121 ensure that it will not move. Common methods are mixing the soil with cement or
compaction
A pit dug in the basement floor during excavation made to collect water into which a
122 pump is placed the liquid to the sewer pipe.
123

An instrument which measures the actual displacement of the ground with respect to a
stationary point during an earthquake

The behavior of sandy soil to weaken its capacity to carry imposed loads when subjected
124 to vibration such as earthquake particularly when water table saturates this layer.

Eyebar

Riparap

Thin Shell
Overturning Moment
Sway Brace

Grillage Foundation

Soil Stabilization

Sump Pit
Seismometer

Liquefaction

125

It is a beam especially provided over an opening for a door or window to carry the wall
over opening.

126

For any given granular material, the steepest angle with horizontal, a heaped soil surface
will make in normal condition that will not slide

127

It is a long, straight beam which by the inspection if two hinges in alternate spans,
functions essentially as a cantilever beam.

Gerber Beam

128

1. One of the constituent parts into which a structure may be resolved by analysis,
having a unitary character and exhibiting a unique behavior under an applied load.

Structural member

A major spatial division, usually one of a series, marked or partitioned off by the principal
vertical supports of a structure.
Of a pertaining to a structure or structural member having a load-carrying mechanism
130
that acts in one direction only.
129

Any condition, as fracturing, buckling, or plastic deformation, that renders a structural

131 assembly, element, or joint incapable of sustaining the load-carrying function for which it
was designed.
132

A point, surface, or mass that supports weight, esp. the area of contact between a
bearing member, as a beam or truss, and a column, wall, or other underlying support.

16/40
STRUCTURAL REVIEWER

Lintel Beam
Angle of Repose

Bay
One way
Structural failure

Bearing

PREPARED BY:
ALEXANDER SANANDRES
STRUCTURAL REVIEWER
133 A structural member essential to the stability of a structural whole.
134 The load on a structural element or member collected from its tributary area.
A means for binding a structural member to another or to its foundation, often to resist
uplifting and horizontal forces.
A slender rod driven through holes in adjacent parts to keep the parts together or to
136
permit them to move in one plane relative to each other.
135

137

A structural support that allows rotation but resist translation in a direction perpendicular
into or away from its face.

138 A wall of treated timber, masonry or concrete for holding in place a mass of earth.
139 A wall supporting no load other than its own weight.
140

A finish or protective cap or course to an exterior wall, usually sloped or curved to shed
water.

141 A foundation wall that encloses a usable area under the building.
142 Any wall within a building, entirely surrounded by exterior wall.
143 A beam supporting the weight above a door or window opening.

144

A retaining wall of reinforce concrete or reinforce concrete masonry, cantilevered from

and securely tied to a spread footing that is shaped to resist overturning and sliding.

145

A galvanize wire basket filled with stones and used in constructing an abutment or
retaining structure.

146 Yard lumber 5 or more in the least dimension.

147

Softwood lumber intended for general building purpose, including boards, dimension
lumber, and timber.

Primary Member
Tributary Load
Anchorage
Pin
Roller Support
Retaining Wall
Non bearing Wall
Coping
Basement Wall
Interior Wall
Lintel

Cantilever wall

Gabion
Timbers
Yard Lumber

148 A check that extends completely through a board or wood veneer.

Split

149 The presence of bark or absence of wood at a corner or along an edge of a piece.

Wane

A vertical laminated wood beam made by fastening together 2 or more smaller members
150 with bolts, lag screws, or spikes, equal in strength to the sum of the strengths of the
individual pieces if none of the laminations are spliced.
151

A building material made of wood or other plant fibers compressed with a binder into
rigid sheets.

152

A pitched truss having tension members extending from the foot of each top chord to an
intermediate point of the opposite top chord.

Built up Beam

Fiber board

Scissors Truss

153 Yard lumber less than 2 thick and 2 or more wide.

Boards

154 A plate for uniting structural members meeting in a single plane.

Gusset

155

A structural frame based on the geometric rigidity of the triangle and composed of linear
members subject only to axial tension or compression.

17/40
STRUCTURAL REVIEWER

Truss

PREPARED BY:
ALEXANDER SANANDRES
STRUCTURAL REVIEWER

156

A joint that physically separates two adjacent building masses so that free vibratory
movement in each can occur independently of the other.

157

The ability of a structure, when disturbed from a condition of equilibrium by an applied

load, to developed internal forces or moments that restore the original condition.

Stability

158

A cable anchorage that allows rotation but resists translation only in the direction of the
cable.

Cable Support

159 Yard lumber from 2 4 thick and 2 or more wide.

160

The potential high-shearing stress developed by the reactive force of a column on a

reinforce slab.

161 A butt splice made by arc-welding the butted ends of two reinforcing bars.

162

Any of the U-shaped or closed-loop bars placed perpendicular to the longitudinal

reinforcement of a concrete beam to resist the vertical component of diagonal tension.

163 The integral system of members connecting the upper and lower chords of a truss.

164

An imaginary line passing through the centroid of the cross section of a beam or other
member subject to bending, along which no bending stress occur.

The perpendicular distance a spanning member deviated from true course under
165 transverse loading, increasing with load and span, and decreasing with an increasing in
the moment of inertia of the section or the modulus of elasticity of the material.
166 The extent of space between two supports of a structure.
167 A projecting beam supported at only one fixed end.

Seismic Joint

Dimension Lumber
Punching Shear
Welded Splice

Stirrup

Web

Neutral axis

Deflection

Span
Cantilever Beam

168

The buckling of a structural member induced by compressive stresses acting on a

slender portion insufficiently rigid in the lateral direction.

Lateral Buckling

169

A graphical representation of the variation in magnitude of the bending moments present

in a structure for given set of transverse loads and support conditions.

Moment Diagram

170

A beam resting on a simple supports at both ends, which are free to rotate and have no
moment resistance.

Simple Beam

A point at which a structure changes curvature from convex to concave or vice versa as
171 it deflects under a transverse load: theoretically an internal hinge and therefore a point of
zero moment.
172

A slight convex curvature intentionally built into a beam, girder, or truss to compensate
for an anticipated deflection.

173 The center-to-center distance between the supports of a span.

A rigid structural member designed to carry and transfer transverse loads across space
supporting elements.
An upright, relatively slender shaft or structure, usually of brick or stone, used as a
175
building support or standing alone as a monument.
174

18/40
STRUCTURAL REVIEWER

Inflection Point
Camber
Effective Span
Beam
Pillar

PREPARED BY:
ALEXANDER SANANDRES
STRUCTURAL REVIEWER
The lowest division of a building or other construction, partly or wholly below the surface
176 of the ground, designed to support and anchor the superstructure and transmit its load
directly to the earth.

Foundation

177

A long slender column of wood, steel, or reinforced concrete, driven or hammered

vertically into the earth to form part of a foundation system.

Pile

178

The part of foundation bearing directly upon the supporting soil, set below the frostline
and enlarged to distribute its load over a greater area.

179

A continuous or strip footing that changes levels in stages to accommodate a sloping site
or bearing stratum.

Stepped Footing

180

A graphical representation of the variation in magnitude of the external shears present in

a structure for a given set of transverse load and support conditions

Shear Diagram

181

A thick, slablike footing or reinforced concrete supporting a number of columns or an

entire building.

182

The actual pressure developed between a footing and the supporting soil mass, equal to
the quotient of the magnitude of the forces transmitted and the area of contact.

Soil Pressure

183

The gradual reduction in the volume of a soil mass resulting from the application of a
sustained load and an increase in compressive stress.

Consolidation

184

A reinforced concrete beam distributing the horizontal forces from an eccentrically load
pile cap or spread footing to other pile caps or footings.

185

A foundation system that extends down through unsuitable soil to transfer building loads
to a more appropriate bearing stratum well below the superstructure.

186

One of several piles or post for supporting a structure above the surface of land and
water.

Footing

Mat

Tie Beam

Deep Foundation

Stilt

187 A load extending over the length or area of the supporting structural element.

Distributed Load

188 The forces exerted on a structure by an earthquake.

Earthquake Load

189 A load acting on a very small area or particular point of a supporting structural element.
190

A reinforced concrete slab or mat joining the heads of a cluster of piles to distribute the
load from a column or grade beam equally among piles.

191 The moment of a force system that causes or tends to cause rotation.

Concentrated Load
Pile Cap
Torque

192

A load applied slowly to a structure until it reaches its peak value without fluctuating
rapidly in magnitude or position.

Static Load

193

A wall occurring below the floor nearest grade designed to support and anchors the
superstructure.

Foundation Wall

194 An applied force producing or tending to produce shear in a body.

195

The twisting of an elastic body about its longitudinal axis caused by two equal and
opposite torques, producing shearing stresses in the body.

196

The maximum tensile, compressive, or shearing stress a material can be expected to

bear without rupturing or fracturing.

19/40
STRUCTURAL REVIEWER

Shear Force
Torsion

Ultimate Strength

PREPARED BY:
ALEXANDER SANANDRES
STRUCTURAL REVIEWER
197 Length required for 180 deg Hook.

4d

198 Curing temperature for concrete.

22.8 deg. C

199 Who decides if Footing on Piles is needed for a building?

Soil Mechanics

200 Minimum effective depth of pile cap?

300 mm

201 Minimum controudment of pile on pile cap?

100 mm

202 The following are how to determine the spacing of a tie bar of a column?

16d (rebar) , 48d (tiebar), least

dim. Of a column

203 Minimum concrete cover of a column exposed in air / atmosphere.

40 mm

204 Minimum concrete cover of column pedestal exposed in underground soil.

70 mm

205 Length required for 90 deg hook.

12 d

206 ACI code: Minimum column dimension.

200 mm

207 Induce cracking at preselected location.

Control Joints

The stress beyond which a marked increase in strain occurs in a material without a
concurrent increase in stress.
A joint between 2 parts of a building or structure permitting thermal or moisture
209
expansion to occur without damage to either part.
The breaking of a material resulting from the rupturing of its atomic bonds when stressed
210
beyond its ultimate strength.
The act of shortening or state of being pushed together, resulting in a reduction in size or
211
volume of an elastic body.
208

212 Length required for 135 deg hook

Yield Point
Expansion Joint
Fracture
Compression
6d

213 The deformation of a body under the action of an applied force.

Strain

214

Allow movement between slab and fixed parts of the building such as columns, walls,
and machinery bases.

Isolation Joints

215

The resistance of a material to longitudinal stress, measure by the minimum amount of

longitudinal stress required to rupture the material.

Tensile Strength

216

The axial stress that develops at the cross section of an elastic body to resist the
collinear compressive forces tending to shorten it.

217

The property of a material that enables it to retain its appearance and integrity when
exposed to the effects of sun, wind, moisture, and changes in temperature.

218

A joint between two successive placement of concrete, often keyed or doweled to

provide lateral stability across the joint.

219 The elongation of a unit length of material produced by a tensile stress.

220

An internal force tangential to the surface on which it acts, developed by a body in

response to a shear force.

221 A high-strength steel strand or bar for prestressing concrete.

222

A structural steel column thoroughly encased in concrete reinforced with both vertical
and spiral reinforcement.

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STRUCTURAL REVIEWER

Compressive Stress

Weatherability

Construction Joint
Tensile Strain
Shearing Force
Tendons
Composite Column

PREPARED BY:
ALEXANDER SANANDRES
STRUCTURAL REVIEWER
223

Any of the longitudinal bars serving as tension reinforcement in the section of a concrete
beam or slab subjected to a negative movement.

Top Bar

224

The depth of a concrete section measured from the compression face to the centroid of
the tension reinforcement.

Effective Depth

225

A concrete section in which the tension reinforcement reaches its specified yield strength
before the concrete in compression reaches its assumed ultimate strain.

226

Minimum number of stories recommended to be provided with at least 3 approved

recording accelerographs

227 Maintenance and service of accelorographs shall be provided by the

Under reinforced
Section
14
Owner
Occupant of the
Building

228

Who shall be responsible for keeping the actual live load below the allowable limits and
shall be liable for any failure on the structure due to overloading

229

The period of continuous application of a given load or the aggregate of periods of

intermittent application of the same load

230

Minimum area in square meters a member supports which the design live load may be
reduced

231

Minimum height of any wall requiring structural design to resist loads onto which they are
subjected

232

Maximum deflection of a brittle finished wall subjected to a load of 250 Pascal applied.
Perpendicular to said wall

1/240 wall span

233

Maximum deflection of flexible finished wall subjected to a load of 250 Pascal applied
perpendicular to said wall

1/120 wall span

234 Maximum floor area for a low-cost housing unit

235

The level at which the earthquake motions are considered to be imparted to the structure
of the level at which the structure as a dynamic vibrator is supported

236

A member or an element provided to transfer lateral forces from a portion of a structure

to vertical elements of the lateral force resisting system

237

A horizontal or nearly horizontal system acting to transmit lateral forces to the vertical
resisting elements it includes horizontal bracing system

238 The total designed lateral force or shear at the base of a structure
239 An element at edge of opening or at perimeters of shear walls or diaphragm
240

An essentially vertical truss system of the concentric or accentric type which is provided
to resist lateral forces

241 A essentially complete space frame which provides supports for gravity loads

Load Duration
14 sq.m.
1.50m

60 m2
Base

Collector

Diaphragm
Base Shear
Boundary Element
Brace Frame
Building Frame System

242

A combination of a Special or Intermediate Moment Resisting Space Frame and Shear

Walls or Braced Frame

Dual System

243

The form of braced frame where at least one end of each brace intersects a beam at a
point away from the column girder joint

Eccentric Brace Frame

244 The entire assemblage at the Intersection of the members

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STRUCTURAL REVIEWER

Joints

PREPARED BY:
ALEXANDER SANANDRES
STRUCTURAL REVIEWER
The horizontal member in a frame system, a beam
245 -the major horizontal supporting member of the floor system
An element of a diaphragm parallel to the applied load, which collects and transfers
246 diaphragm shear to vertical resisting elements of distributes loads within the diaphragm.
Such members may take axial tension or compression

247

The boundary element of a diaphragm or a shear wall which is assumed to take axial
stresses analogous to the flanges of a beam

248 Those structures which are necessary for emergency post earthquake operations
249 That part of the structural system assigned to resist lateral forces
250

Moment resisting space frame not meeting special detailing requirements for ductile
behavior

251 The displacement of one level relative to the level above or below

Girder

Diaphragm Strut

Diaphragm Chord
Essential facilities
Lateral Force Resisting
system
Ord. Moment Resisting
Space Frame
Story Drift

The usable capacity of a structure or its members to resist loads within the deformation
limits prescribed in this document

Strength

253 The lower rigid portion of a structure having a vertical combination of structural system

Platform

252

254 Horizontal truss system that serves the same function as a diaphragm
255

An assemblage of framing members designed to support gravity loads and resist lateral
forces

A structural system without complete vertical load carrying space frame. This system
256 provides support for gravity loads. Resistance to lateral load is provided by shear walls
or braced frames
257

A structural system with essentially complete space frame providing support for gravity
loads. Resistance to lateral load is provided by shear walls or braced frames

Horizontal Bracing
System
Structure

Bearing wall system

Building Frame System

A structural system with an essentially complete space frame providing support for
Moment resisting Frame
258 gravity loads. Moments resisting space frames provide resistance to lateral load primarily
system
by flexural action of members.
259 Is one in which the story strength is less than 80% of that the story above

Weak Storey

An elastic or inelastic dynamic analysis in which a mathematical model of the structure is

subjected to a ground motion time history. The structures time dependant dynamic
260
response to these motion is obtained through numerical integration of its equations of
motions.

Time History analysis

261

The effect on the structure due to earthquake motions acting in directions other than
parallel to the direction of resistance under consideration

Orthogonal Effect

262

The secondary effect on shears and moments of frame members induced by the vertical
loads acting on the laterally displaced building frame

263

Material other than water aggregate or hydraulic cement used as an ingredient of

concrete and added to concrete before or during its mixing to modify its properties

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STRUCTURAL REVIEWER

p-Delta effect

Admixture

PREPARED BY:
ALEXANDER SANANDRES
STRUCTURAL REVIEWER
264 Concrete that doesnt not conform to definition of reinforced concrete
265

Upright compression member with a ratio of unsupported height to average least lateral
dimension of less than three (3 m)

Ratio of normal stress to corresponding strain for tensile or compressive stresses below
proportional limit of material
266
-in the formula e=PL/AE, E stands for ___

267

In prestressed concrete, temporary force exerted by device that introduces tension into
prestressing tendons

268 Length of embedded reinforcement provided beyond a critical section

269

Stress remaining in prestressing tendons after all losses have occurred, excluding
effects of dead load and superimposed loads

270

Length of embedded reinforcement required to develop the design strength of

reinforcement at a critical section

271 Friction resulting from bends or curves in the specified prestressing tendon profile
272 Concrete containing lightweight aggregate

plain concrete
Pedestal

Modulus of Elasticity

Jacking Force

Embedment Length

Effective Prestress

Development Length

Curvature Friction
Structural Lightweight
concrete

273 Prestressing tendon that is bonded to concrete either directly or through grouting

Bonded Tendon

274 ASTM A36

Structural Steel

275 True or False, bar larger than 32mm in diameter shall not be bundled in beams
276

Minimum concrete cover for a Prestressed concrete for beams and columns for primary
reinforcement

277

In a material under tension or compression, the absolute value of the ratio transverse
strain to the corresponding longitudinal strain

278 In column, the ratio of its effective length to its least radius of gyration

TRUE
40 mm
Poisson Ratio

Slenderness Ratio

279 A quantity which measures the resistance of the mass to being revolved about a line

Torsion

280 A type of concrete floor which has no beam

Flat Slab

281 The tendency for one part of a beam to move vertically with respect to an adjacent part
282 A change in shape of a material when subjected to the action of force
283

The maximum value of tension, compression, or shear respectively the material sustain
without failure

It means that by which a body develops internal resistance to stress

284 -Intensity of force per unit area

285

The greatest stress which a material is capable of developing without permanent

deformation remaining upon the complete release of stress

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STRUCTURAL REVIEWER

Shear
Deformation
Yielding Stress
Stress

Allowable Stress

PREPARED BY:
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STRUCTURAL REVIEWER
286 Loop of reinforcing bar or wire enclosing longitudinal reinforcement
287 The measure of stiffness of a material

Stiffness Ratio

288 The failure in a base when a heavily loaded column strikes hole through it
289 The deformation of a structural member as a result of loads acting on it
290 Nominal thickness of a timber
291

The sum of forces in the orthogonal directions and the sum of all moments about any
points are zero

293 Wood board should have a thickness specification

294 The distance from the first to the last riser of a stair flight
A high-speed rotary shaping hand power tool used to make smooth cutting and curving
on solid wood

296 Wood defects are: heart shake, cup shake, star shake and ___

It refers to the occupancy load which is either partially or fully in place or may not be
present at all

299 The other kind of handsaw other than rip cut saw
300 The distance between inflection points in the column when it breaks
301

An expansion joint of adjacent parts of a structure to permit expected movements

between them

302 The total of all tread widths in a stair

Equillibrium

2 years

not less than 1"x4"

Run
Portable Hand Router
Knots

Live Load
Cross cut Saw
Effective Length
Contraction Joint
Total Run

303 The force adhesion per unit area of contact between two bonded surfaces
304 A structural member spanning from truss to truss or supporting a rafter
305

Deflection

Smooth & Planed

Lumber

297 Dressed lumber is referred to ___

298

Punching Shear

6 inches

The complete records of tests conducted (slump, compression test, etc.) shall be
292 preserved and made available for inspection during the progress of construction and
after completion of the project for a period of not less than ___

295

Stirrup / Tie

A connector such as a welded strut, spiral bar, or short length of channel which resists
horizontal shear between elements

306 The force per unit area of cross section which tend to produce shear
307 The law that relates the linear relationship between stresses and strain

Bond Stress
Purlin
Shear Connector
Shear Stress
Hooks Law

308

Minimum spacing of bolts in timber connection measured from center of bolts parallel for
parallel to grain loading is equal to ___

4 x dia. Of bolt

309

According to the provision of the NSCP on timber connection and fastening the loaded
edge distance for perpendicular to grain loading shall be at least

4 x dia. Of bolt

310

NSCP specifies spacing between rows of bolts for perpendicular to grain loading shall be
at least ___ times bolt diameter for L/d ratio of 2

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STRUCTURAL REVIEWER

2.5 times

PREPARED BY:
ALEXANDER SANANDRES
STRUCTURAL REVIEWER
311

Minimum diameter of bolts to be used in timber connections and fastening in accordance

with NSCP specifications

312 Simple solid timber columns have slenderness ratio not exceeding ___
313

Nails and spikes for which the wire gauges or lengths not set forth in the NSCP
specifications shall have a required penetration of not less than __

314

Notches in sawn lumber bending members in accordance with the NSCP specifications
shall not exceed

315 Notches in sawn lumber shall not be located in the

316 Notches in the top and bottom of joist shall not exceed
317 Allowable stresses for tension in structural steel in terms of gross area
318 Allowable tensile stress of structural steel based on effective area
319 Allowable stress for tension on pin connected members based on net area

12 mm
50
11 dia.

1/6 depth of member

middle third span
1/4 depth
.60 of specified yield
strength
.50 of specified min.
tensile strength
0.45 fy

320

Allowable shear stress on structural steel on the cross sectional area effective in
resisting shear

0.40 fy

321

For structures carrying live loads which induce impact, the assumed live load shall be
increased sufficiently to provide for same, for supports of elevators the increase shall be

100%

322 The slenderness ratio of compression members shall not exceed ___

200

323 The slenderness ratio main members in tension shall not exceed ___

240

324

Concrete cover for pipes, conduits, and fittings shall not be less than ___ for concrete
exposed to earth or weather

Concrete cover for pipes, conduits, and fittings shall not be less than ___ for concrete
not exposed to earth or weather
Curing of concrete (other than high-early strength) shall be maintained above 10 C and
326
in moist condition for at least the first ___ days after placement
325

40 mm
20 mm
7 days

327

If concrete in structure will dry under service conditions, cores shall be air-dried for ___
days before test and shall be tested dry.

7 dyas

328

Cutting for high early strength concrete shall be maintained above 10 C and in moist
condition for at least the ___days after placement

3 days

329

The minimum clear spacing between parallel bars in layer shall be db (diameter of bar)
but not less than ___

25mm

330 Standard hooks used in reinforced concrete beam shall mean

331 Standard hooks for stirrups and tie hooks 16mm bar and smaller
332 Standard hooks for stirrups and thie hooks 20-25 mm bar

180 deg. Bend +4db extension

but not less than 65 mm at the
end of bar
90 deg. Bend + 6db
extension at free end
90 deg. Bend + 12db extension
at free end

333 Allowable tolerance on minimum concrete cover for depth greater than 200 mm

.-12mm

334 Allowable tolerance for longitudinal location of bends and ends of reinforcement

.+/- 50mm

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STRUCTURAL REVIEWER

PREPARED BY:
ALEXANDER SANANDRES
STRUCTURAL REVIEWER
335

Individual bars with a bundle terminated within the span of flexural members shall
terminate at different points with a stagger of at least

40db

336

Clear distance between pre-tensioning tendons at each end of member shall not be less
than ___ for strands

3db

337

Clear distance between pre-tensioning tendons at each of member shall to be less than
___ for wire

4db

338

Minimum concrete cover provided for reinforcement of cast in place against permanently
exposed earth or weather using bars larger than 36 mm

75 mm

339

Commonly designed as a beam which bears directly on the column footing

340 a surface discontinuity caused by roughening or scratching

341
342
343
344

a narrow strip of wood applied to cover a joint along the edges of two parallel boards in
the same plane
bulges in plaster finish coat resulting from applying finish coat over to damp a base coat
concrete structures under construction, a space where concrete is not to be placed.
an iron alloy usually including carbon and silicon which has high compressive strength
but low tensile strength.

in a suspended acoustical ceiling, a groove cut into the edges of an acoustical tile to
345 receive splines or supporting members of the ceiling suspension system
346
347

a roofing tile which is the shape of an s when laid on its side

a metaphoric rock made up of mostly calcite or dolomite

the process of producing metal shapes of a constant cross section by forcing the hot
348 metal through an orifice in a die by means of a pressure ram
349
350

a body acted upon by a balanced force system is in equilibrium

is the action of one body upon another

states that the external effect of a force on a body acted upon is independent of the point
352 of application of the force but the same for all points along its line of action
is an arrangement of any two or more forces that act on a body or on a group of related
353 bodies

355
356
357
358

Abrasion
Batten
Blistering
Block out
Cast iron
Kerf
Pantile
Marble
Extrusion
Static Equilibrium
Force

is a single force, a couple, or a force and a couple which acting alone produces the
351 same effect as the force system

354

Grade Beam

a sketch of a body showing the forces exerted by other bodies on the one being
considered
is acting parallel to member axis
in uniform for homogenous sections

Resultant
Priniples of
Transmissibility
Force System
Free body diagram
Load
Stress

tends to elongate the body

Stress due to tension

tends to shorten the body

Stress due to
compression

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STRUCTURAL REVIEWER

PREPARED BY:
ALEXANDER SANANDRES
STRUCTURAL REVIEWER
is an articulated structure composed of lines or bars assumed to be connected by
frictionless pin at the joints and arranged so that an area enclosed within the boundaries
359 of the structure is subdivided by the bars into geometric figures which are usually
triangles.

Truss

are usually horizontal or nearly horizontal elements carrying a stress primarily due to
360 shear and flexure, they usually carry load directly from the floor.

Beam & Girders

is a structure in which the reaction components and internal stress cannot be solved
361 completely using the equation of static equilibrium

Detrminate structure

a system of framing a building on which floor joists of each storey rest on the top plates
362 of the storey below and the bearing walls and partitions rest on the subfloor of each step
a pressure exerted against the underground portion of a building created by the
363 presence of water in the soil.
364

a steel bolt usually fixed in building structures with its thread portion projecting

a narrow piece of lumber nailed to the side of a beam along its bottom edge which
365 carries joist flush with the upper edge of the beam
a flexible blanket type thermal insulation commonly used between studs or joists in frame
366 construction
a system of framing a building in which the studs are continuous to the roof supporting
367 the second floor joists
368
369

the boxing in or covering a joist, beam or girder to give the appearance of a larger beam
allowable sag (NSCP)

372
373
374
375
376
377

joints employed to reduce restraint by accommodating movement of masonry walls

a process where a piece of metal is heated prior to changing its shape or dimension
a commercially pure iron of fibrous nature, valued for its corrosion resistance and
ductility
carries the roof load between trusses or rafters
usually a sloping beam carrying the reactions of purlins
carries the masonry across the opening made by a door or window
a closely spaced beam supporting the floor of a building

378 similar to a joist, it carries the flooring of a bridge

379
380

Hydrostatic Pressure
Anchor Bolt
Ledger Strip

Batt insulation

Balloon Framing
Beam Blocking
100 mm

that part of a building foundation which forms the permanent retaining wall of the
370 structure below grade
371

Western Framing

large sized beams usually carrying the floor beams

spans between columns and supports the floor and curtain walls

circular beam that transmits power to the machinery

381 it also carries torsion in addition to shear and flexure

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STRUCTURAL REVIEWER

Foundation Wall
Control Joints
Forging
Wrought Iron
Purlin
Rafter
Lintel
Joist
Stringer
Girder
Spandrel
Shaft

PREPARED BY:
ALEXANDER SANANDRES
STRUCTURAL REVIEWER
382

large roughly molded sun-dried bricks of varying sizes

is a mixture of sand and gravel held together in a rock-like mass with a paste of cement
383 and water.
is a combination of concrete and steel wherein the steel reinforcement provides the
384 tensile strength lacking in concrete
385
386
387
388

height is less than three times the least dimension

strength of column is significantly reduced due to slenderness
failure is initiated by material failure
a structural system without a complete vertical load-carrying space frame

the method of stiffening floor construction by fitting solid blocks between joists

a shallow crack at closely spaced by irregular intervals on the surface of mortar or

391 concrete
392
393
394
395
396

the stressing of un-bonded tendons after the concrete has cured

a ready means of determining the consistency of freshly mixed concrete
the permanent reformation of a material under a sustained load
a principal member of a truss which extends from one end to the other primarily to resist
bending
a composition of two or more metals fused together usually to obtain a desired property

the horizontal distance from the face of a lock latch to the center of the knob or lock
cylinder
a joint formed by overlapping the edges of metal sheet or plated and joining them by
398
riveting, soldering and brizing.
the tendency for one part of the beam to move vertically with respect to an adjacent part
399
397

400

any material change in shape when subjected to the action of a force

the maximum value of tension, compression or shear respectively which the material can
sustain without failure
a permanent roofed structure attached to and supported by the building and projecting
402
over public property
is an extension or increase on floor area or height of a building structure
403
401

404
405
406
407

Concrete
Reinforced Concrete
Pedestal or short
compression blocks
long or slender column
Short column

a structural system with an essentially complete space frame providing supports for
389 gravity loads
390

Adobe

is a method of proportioning structural elements such that computed stresses produced

in the elements by the allowable stress load combinations do not exceed specified
allowable
stressaddition
(also called
stress
is
any change,
to or working
modification
in design)
construction or occupancy
is any structure used or intended for supporting or sheltering any use or occupancy
a building erected prior to the adoption of NSCP, or one for which a legal building permit
has been issued

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STRUCTURAL REVIEWER

Bearing wall system

Building Frame System
Bridging
Checking
Post tensioning
Slump Test
Creep
Chord
alloy
Backset
Lap seam
Shear
Deformation
Working Stress
Marquee
Addition
Allowable Stress Design
Alteration
Building
Existing Building

PREPARED BY:
ALEXANDER SANANDRES
STRUCTURAL REVIEWER
is a method of proportioning structural elements using load and resistance factors such
that no applicable limit state is reached when the structure is subjected to all appropriate
408 load combinations
the term used in the design of steel and wood structures
is a method of proportioning structural elements such that the computed forces produced
in the elements by the factored load combinations do not exceed the factored element
409 strength
the term is used in the design of concrete and masonry structures
is that which is built or constructed, an edifice or a building of any kind, or any piece of
410 work, artificially built up or composed of parts joined together in some definite manner
is a resigned civil engineer with a special qualification in the practice of structural
engineering as recognized by the board of civil engineering of the professional regulation
411
commission
is a structural unit, the integral parts of which have been built up or assembled prior to
412 incorporating in the building
413
414
415
416
417
418
419
420

in-place solid rock

is a relatively level step excavated into earth material on which fill is to be placed
is earth material acquired from an off-site location for use in grading on-site
is the densification of fill by mechanical means
is any rock, natural soil or fill or any combination thereof
is the wearing away of the ground surface as a result of the movement of wind, water or
ice
is the mechanical removal of earth material
is a deposit of earth material placed by artificial means

is the grade prior to grading

the elevation of the original ground surface before excavation or grading begins
422
also called natural grade
final grade of the site that conforms to the approved plan
the elevation of drives, walks, lawns, or other improved surfaces after completion of
423
construction or grading operations

425

the stage at which the grade approximately conforms to the approved plan
is any excavating or filling or combination thereof

is an inclined ground surface the inclination of which is expressed as a ration of vertical

distance to horizontal distance
is a designed compacted fill placed in a trench excavated in earth material beneath the
427 toes of a proposed fill slope
426

428

Ultimate Strength
Design

Structure

Structural Engineer

Prefab / precast
assembly
Bedrock

421 is the vertical location of the ground surface

424

LFRD (Load &

Resistance Factor
Design)

is naturally occurring deposits overlying bedrock

29/40
STRUCTURAL REVIEWER

Bench
Borrow
Compaction
Earth Material
Erosion
Excavation
Fill
Grade

Existing grade

Finish Grade

Rough Grade
Grading
Slope
Key
Soil

PREPARED BY:
ALEXANDER SANANDRES
STRUCTURAL REVIEWER
is a relatively level step constructed in the face of a graded slope for drainage and
429 maintenance purposes
is an assembly consisting of panels mounted on pedestals to provide an under-floor
space for the installation of mechanical, electrical, communications or similar systems or
430
to serve as an air supply or return air plenum
is a building or portion of a building for the gathering together of fifty or more persons for
such purposes as deliberation, education, instruction, worship, entertainment,
431
amusement, drinking or dining or awaiting transportation
432

is a shelter supported entirely from the exterior wall of the building

is an exterior floor system projecting from a structure and supported by that structure
433 with no additional independent supports
consist of the weight of all materials and fixed equipment incorporated into the building
or other structure
is an exterior floor system supported on at least two opposing sides by an adjoining
435 structure and/or posts, piers, or other independent supports
434

are buildings and other structures that are intended to remain operational in the event of
436 extreme environmental loading from wind or earthquakes
is a building or portion thereof in which motor vehicle containing flammable or
437 combustible liquids or gas in its tank is stored, repaired or kept
is a building or portion of a building, not more than 90sq.m in area, in which only motor
438 vehicles used by the tenants of the building or building on the premises are kept and
stored
is a condition in which a structure or component is judged either to be no longer useful
439
for its intended function or to be unsafe
a condition in which a structure or component is judged to be no longer useful for its
440
intended function
is a condition in which a structure or component is judged to be unsafe
441
loads produced by the use and occupancy of the building or other structure and do not
include dead load, construction load, or environmental load such as wind load, snow
442
load, rain load, earthquake load or flood load
forces or other actions that result from the weight of all building materials, occupants and
443 their possessions, environmental effects, differential movements, and restrained
dimensional changes
is the highest part of a bridge pier, on which the bridge bearings or rollers are seated. It
444 may be of
stone, brick or plain or reinforced concrete, usually the last for heavy loads.

445

a wood, steel, or pre-cast concrete beam directly supporting a floor. Usually wooden
joist.

load which may be removed or replaced on a structure, not necessarily a dynamic load
446 excluding
wind and earthquake loads. Live loads are moving loads or movable loads.

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STRUCTURAL REVIEWER

Terrace

Access floor system

Assembly Building

Awning
Exterior Balcony
Dead Loads
Deck

Essential facilities

Garage

Private Garage
Limit state
Serviceaility Limit State
Strength Limit State

Live Load

Loads

Bridge Cap

Joist

Liveloads

PREPARED BY:
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STRUCTURAL REVIEWER
a large beam, originally of wood or iron, now usually of steel or concrete, though light
447 alloys have
occasionally been used. Apart from the bowstring girder its chords are parallel.

Girder

total bending effect at any section of a beam is called the bending moment. It is equal to
thealgebraic sum of all the moments to the right of the section (or to the left of the
448 section, whichamounts to the same thing) and is called M for short. Every bending
moment can be expressed as aforce times a distance called the arm. units are poundinches, ton-inches, kg-m, N-m, tonne-m, etc.

Bending moment

gravel, sand, slag, crushed rock or similar inert materials which form a large part of
concretes,asphalts or roads including macadam.

Aggregates

in concrete or mortar, a substance other than aggregate, cement or water added in small
quantity,normally less than 5% of the weight of the cement, to alter the properties of the
mix or the hardenedsolid. Some 80% of the concrete made in North America, Australia,
Japan and most of Europecontains an admixture, and more than half contains airentraining agent. Other admixtures are
450 accelerators, bonding admixtures, super plasticizers, water reducers, retarders, antifreeze,corrosion inhibitors, pore fillers and thickening agents. Shrinkage preventers,
coloring (pigments),damp-proofing, expanding, fungicidal, gas-forming, grouting and
flocculating agents also exist. Forconcretes with high cement needed to such an extent
that the admixture pays for itself without harmto the physical properties. But this saving
probably never occurs with very lean concretes.

Admixture

an admixture which hastens the hardening rate and/or initial setting time of concrete.
Calciumchloride (CaCI2) was widely used, but because it can corrode embedded steel it
is now banned inthe UK except in unreinforced concrete. Chloride-free accelerators that
451
are safe with steel are based on inorganic chemicals including formats, nitrates and
thiocyanates. Sodium carbonate (washing soda) can be used to make a flash set for
quick repairs but It weakens the concrete.

Accelerator

an admixture which slows up the setting rate of concrete, sometimes applied to formwork
452 so thatwhen it is stripped the cement paste which has been in contact with it can be
removed by light brushing.

Retarder

449

453 making a hole in rock blasting, using a rotative or percussive drill.

454

piece of steel plate, usually roughly rectangular or triangular, w/c connects the members
of a truss.

When a heavily loaded column punches a hole through a base, the base is said to fail by
punching shear. Punching shear is prevented by thickening the base or enlarging the
455
foot of the column so that the shear stress (assumed uniform) round the perimeter of the
column does not exceed twice the allowable shear stress in concrete.

456

for any material the ratio of the stress (force per unit area) to the strain (deformation per
unit length).

457

the stress at which noticeable, suddenly increased deformation occurs under slowly
increasing load

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STRUCTURAL REVIEWER

Boring
Gusset Plate

Punching Shear

Modulus of Elasticity

Yield Point

PREPARED BY:
ALEXANDER SANANDRES
STRUCTURAL REVIEWER
the stress beyond which further load causes permanent set. In most materials the elastic
458 limit is also
the limit of proportionality.
459

the water content at the lower limit of the plastic state of a clay. It is the minimum water
content at which a soil can be rolled into a thread of 3 mm diameter without crumbling.

Elastic Limit

Plastic Limit

the elastic movement of loaded parts of a structure. The word often refers to the sinking
460 of the midspan of a beam which in British housing generally is not allowed to exceed
1/325 of the span.

Deflection

the load acting across a bean near its support. For a uniformly distributed load or for any
461 other symmetrical load, the maximum shear is equal to half the total load on a simply
supported beam, or to the total load on a cantilever beam.

Shear

462

the force on a member divided by the area which carries the force, formerly expressed in
psi, now in N/mm2, MPa, etc.

Stress

463

a change in length caused usually by a force applied to a piece, the change being
expressed as a ratio, the increase or decrease divided by the original length.

Strain

464 a core wall.

Shear Wall

test for the stiffness of wet concrete. A conical mold is filled with concrete, well rammed,
and then carefully inverted and emptied over a flat plate. The amount by which the
concrete cone drops below the top of the mold is measured and is called the slump. This
465 test is valuable only when the aggregates are used all the time and in the same
proportions. It then gives a rough idea if the water content of the mix. This otherwise
most useful test cannot be applied to stiff concretes with slump of less than about 20
mm.

Slump Test

a structural member designed to resist loads which bend it. The bending effect at any
466 point in a beam is found by calculating the bending moment. Beams are usually of wood,
steel, light alloy, or reinforced or pre-stressed concrete.

Beam

467 a post carrying compressive force.

Column

the bending moment at the support of a beam required to fix it in such a way that it
cannot rotate, so that it has a fixed end.

Fixed End Moment

in concrete work, a break in a structure made to allow for the drying and temperature
shrinkages (of concrete or masonry) thus to prevent cracks forming at undesirable
469
places. Since all materials containing cement' shrink appreciably on drying, contraction
joints are needed in every long structure.

Contraction Joint

468

470 a pre-stressing bar, cable, rope, strand or wire.

471 the US term for ground beam

Tendon
Grade Beam

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concrete members are pre-cast, in a works, with the tensioned wires embedded in them.
The wires are anchored either against the molds or against permanent abutments in the
ground. After hardening, the concrete is released from the mold and the wires are cut at
the anchorage. This method may give a larger loss of pre-stress than with posttensioning but is usually economical for small members and may produce better
472
concrete since it is always factory controlled. In long-line pre-stressing, used for the precasting of pre-tensioned floor slabs or beams, the casting bed may be as much as 180 m
long; enabling units may be 1.2 m, and their thickness 15, 20 or 25 em. They usually
have tubular voids running down the length and occupying about 30% of the crosssection.

Pre-tensioning

concrete beams, columns, lintels, piles, and parts of walls and floors which are cast and
partlymatured on the site or in a factory before being lifted into their position in a
473 structure. Where many of the same unit are required, pre-casting may be more
economical than casting in place, may give a better surface finish, reduce shrinkage of
the concrete on the site, and make stronger concrete.

Pre cast Concrete

either a geophone, used in seismic prospecting, or a device for detecting earthquake

474 shocks. An early seismometer made in Japan about AD 136 consisted of balls dropping
from a dragon's mouth into a frog's to show the direction of the shock.

Seismometer

the waste glass-like product from a metallurgical furnace. which flows off above the
metal.

Slag

475

476 ACI term for grip length.

Embedment Length

477 the weight of a structure and any permanent loads fixed on it.
478

gradually increasing permanent deformation of a material under stress, well known in

metals as hightemperature creep.

479 the effective height of a column divided by its radius of gyration,

Dead Loads
Creep
Slenderness Ratio

480

the strain energy stored in an elastic material per unit of volume.Steel can store 0.027 kgm/cm3, rubber about 0.54 kg-m/cm3.

Resillience

481

the ability of a metal to undergo cold plastic deformation without breaking, particularly by
pulling in cold drawing.

Ductility

482 the ratio of the shear stress to the shear strain in a material.

Modulus of Rigidity

the breaking stress of a cast-iron, wooden or mass concrete rectangular beam,

483 calculated onthe assumptions that the tensile strains in the beam are equal distances
from the neutral axis.

Modulus of rupture

484 A link around the main steel in a concrete column, beam or pile.
485 a pile (usually driven not bored) at an angle to the vertical.
a widening of any structure at the foot to improve its stability, in breakwaters, earth or
486 other dams, or
simple walls.
487 the vertical plate joining the flanges of any beam or rail, of whatever material.

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Tie
Batter Pile
Footing
Web

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488 a weld of roughly triangular cross-section between two pieces at right angles.

Fillet Weld

489 a relatively fixed point whose level is known and used as a datum for leveling.

Bench Mark

490 a flat roof or a quay, jetty or bridge floor, generally a floor with no roof over.

Deck

491 a long column, usually of wood or metal, not necessarily vertical.

Strut

for elastic materials strained by a force in one direction, there will be a corresponding
492 strain in all
directions perpendicular to this, equal to p times the strain in the direction of the force.
The procedures and limitations for the design of structures shall be determined by the
493
following factors.
494

Minimum number of stories recommended to be provided with at least 3 approved

recording accelerographs.

495 Maintenance and service of accelerographs shall be provided by the___.

Poisson Ratio
Zoning, site characteristics
Occupancy,
configuringstructural system,
and height

14

Owner
Occupant of the
building

496

Who shall be responsible for keeping the actual live load below the allowable limits and
shall be liable for any failure on the structure due to overloading.

497

The period of continuous application of a given load or the aggregate of periods of

intermittent application of the same load.

498

Minimum area in square meters a member supports which the design live load may be
reduced.

14 sqm.

499

Minimum height of any wall requiring structural design to resist loads onto which they are
subjected.

1.50 mts.

500

Maximum deflection of a brittle finished wall subjected to a load of 250 Pascal applied
perpendicular to said wall.

1/240 of wall span

501

Maximum deflection of a flexible finished wall subjected to a load of 250 Pascal applied
perpendicular to said wall.

1/120 of wall span

502 Maximum floor area for a low-cost housing unit.

503

The level at which the earthquake motions are considered to be imparted to the structure
or the level at which the structure, as a dynamic vibrator, is supported.

504

A member or an element provided to transfer lateral forces from a portion of a structure

to vertical elements of the lateral force resisting system.

505

A horizontal or nearly horizontal system acting to transmit lateral forces to the vertical
resisting elements, it includes horizontal bracing system.

506 The total designed lateral force or shear at the base of a structure.

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Load duration

60 sqm.

Base

Collector

Diaphragm

Base Shear, V

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507 An element at edge of opening or at perimeters of shear walls or diaphragm.

508

An essentially vertical truss system of the concentric or eccentric type which is provided
to resist lateral forces.

509 An essentially complete space frame which provides supports for gravity loads.

Boundary Element

Braced Frame

Building Frame System

510

A combination of a Special or Intermediate Moment Resisting Space Frame and Shear

Walls or Braced Frames.

Dual System

511

That form of braced frame where at least one end of each brace intersects a beam at a
point away from the column girder joint.

Eccentric Braced Frame

(EBF )

512 The entire assemblage at the intersection of the members.

513 The horizontal member in a frame system, a beam.

An element of a diaphragm parallel to the applied load which collects and transfers
514 diaphragm shear to vertical resisting elements or distributes loads within the diaphragm.
Such members may take axial tension or compression.
515

The boundary element of a diaphragm or a shear wall which is assumed to take axial
stresses analogous to the flanges of a beam

516 Those structures which are necessary for emergency post-earthquake operations.

517 That part of the structural system assigned to resist lateral forces.

518 Moment resisting space frame not meeting special detailing requirements for ductile

519 The displacement of one level relative to the level above or below.

Joint

Girder

Diaphragm Strut

Diaphragm Chord

Essential facilities
Lateral Force Resisting
System
Ordinary Moment
Resisting
Story Drift

The usable capacity of a structure or its members to resist loads within the deformation
limits prescribed in this document.

Strength

521 The lower rigid portion of a structure having a vertical combination of structural system.

Platform

520

522 Horizontal truss system that serves the same function as a diaphragm.

523

An assemblage of framing members designed to support gravity loads and resist lateral
forces.

A structural system without complete vertical load carrying space frame. This system
524 provide support for gravity loads. Resistance to lateral load is provided by shear walls or
braced frames.

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Horizontal Bracing
System
Structure

Bearing Wall System

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STRUCTURAL REVIEWER
525

A structural system with essentially complete space frame providing support for gravity
loads. Resistance to lateral load is provided by shear walls or braced frames.

A structural system with an essentially complete space frame providing support for
526 gravity loads. Moment resisting space frames provide resistance to lateral load primarily
by flexural action of members.
527 Is one in which the story strength is less than 80% of that of the story above.
An elastic or inelastic dynamic analysis in which a mathematical model of the structure is
528 subjected to a ground motion time history. The structure's time-dependant dynamic
response to these motion is obtained through numerical integration of its equations of
motions.
The effects on the structure due to earthquake motions acting in directions other than
529
parallel to the direction of resistance under consideration.
530

The secondary effect on shears and moments of frame members induced by the vertical
loads acting on the laterally displaced building frame.

531

Material other than water, aggregate, or hydraulic cement, used as an ingredient of

concrete and added to concrete before or during its mixing to modify its properties.

532 Concrete that does not conform to definition of reinforced concrete.

Building Frame System

Moment Resisting
Frame System
Weak Story

Time History Analysis

Orthogonal Effect

P-delta Effect

Admixture

Plain Concrete

533

Upright compression member with a ratio of unsupported height to average least lateral
dimension of less than three.

Pedestal

534

Ratio of normal stress to corresponding strain for tensile or compressive stresses below
proportional limit of material.

Modulus of Elasticity

535

In prestressed concrete, temporary force exerted by device that introduces tension into
prestressing tendons.

Jacking Force

536 Length of embedded reinforcement provided beyond a critical section.

Embedment Length

537

Stress remaining in prestressing tendons after all losses have occurred, excluding
effects of dead load and superimposed loads.

538

Length of embedded reinforcement required to develop the design strength of

reinforcement at a critical section.

Development Length

539 Friction resulting from bends or curves in the specified prestressing tendon profile.

Curvature Friction

540 Concrete containing lightweight aggregate.

Effective Prestress

Structural Lightweight
Concrete

541 prestressing tendon that is bonded to concrete either directly or through grouting.

Bonded Tendon

542 ASTM A36

Structural Steel

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STRUCTURAL REVIEWER

PREPARED BY:
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543 High-Yield Strength Quenched and Tempered Alloy Steel Plate, Suitable for Welding.

544 True or False, Bar larger than 32mm in diameter shall not be bundled in beams.

ASTM A514

TRUE

545

Minimum concrete cover for a Prestressed concrete for beams and columns for primary
reinforcements.

40 mm

546

In a material under tension or compression, the absolute value of the ratio of transverse
strain to the corresponding longitudinal strain.

Poisson's Ratio

547 In column, the ratio of its effective length to its least radius of gyration.

Slenderness Ratio

548 A quantity which measures the resistance of the mass to being revolved about a line.

Torsion

549 A type of concrete floor which has no beam.

Flat Slab

550 The tendency for one part of a beam to move vertically with respect to an adjacent part.

551 A change in shape of a material when subjected to the action of force.

552

The maximum value of tension, compression, or shear respectively the material sustain
without failure.

553 It means that by which a body develops internal resistance to 'stress'.

554

The greatest stress which a material is capable of developing without permanent

deformation remaining upon the complete release of stress.

555 Intensity of force per unit area.

Shear

Deformation

Yielding Stress

Stress

Allowable Stress

Stress

556 Loop of reinforcing bar or wire enclosing longitudinal reinforcement.

557 The measure of stiffness of a material.

Tie / Stirrup

Stiffness Ratio

558 The failure in a base when a heavily loaded column strikes a hole through it.

559 The deformation of a structural member as a result of loads acting on it.

560 Nominal thickness of of a timber.

Punching Shear

Deflection

6 inches

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561

The sum of forces in the othorgonal directions and the sum of all moments about any
points are zero.

The complete records of tests conducted (slump, compression test, etc.) shall be
562 preserved and made available for inspection during the progress of completion of the
project for a period of not less than. construction and after
563 Wood board should have a thickness specification of.

564 The distance from the first to the last riser of a stair flight.

565

A high-speed rotary shaping had power tool used to make smooth cutting and curving on
solid wood.

Equilibrium

2 years

not less than 1"X4"

Run

Portable Hand router

566 The major horizontal supporting member of the floor system.

Girder

567 Wood defects are: heart shake, cup shake, star shake, and___.

Knots
Smoothed or planed
lumber

568 Dressed lumber is referred to ___.

569 The other kind of handsaw other than rip-cut saw.

570

It refers to the occupancy load which is either partially or fully in place or may not be
present at all.

571 The distance between inflection points in the column when it breaks.

572 The amount of space measured in cubic units.

573 In the formula e=PL/AE, E stands for___.

574

Cross-cut saw

Live load

Effective length

Volume

Modulus of Elasticity

An expansion joint of adjacent parts of a structure to permit expected movements

between them.

575 the total of all tread widths in a stair.

Contraction joint

Total run

576 The force adhesion per unit area of contact between two bonded surfaces.

577 A structural member spanning from truss to truss or supporting a rafter.

578 Size of camber for a 25 meters steel truss.

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Bond Stress

Purlin
Size of Dead Load
Defelection

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579

A connector such as a welded strut, spiral bar, or short length of channel which resists
horizontal shear between elements.

580 The force per unit area of cross section which tends to produce shear.

581 Size of camber for a 25 meters steel truss.

582 The law that relates the linear relationship between stresses and strains

Shear Connector
Shear Stress / Shearing
Stress
Size of Dead Load
Defelection
Hook's Law

583

Minimum spacing of Bolts in timber connectionn measured from center of bolts parallel
for parallel to grain loading is equal to ___.

4 X diameter of bolt

584

According to the provisions of the NSCP on timber connections and fastenings, the
lodaed edge distance for perpendicular to grain loading shall be at least ___.

4 X diameter of bolt

585

NSCP specifies spacing between rows of bolts for perpendicular to grain loading shall be
at least ___ times bolt diameter for L/d ratio of 2.

2.5

586

Minimum diameter of bolts to be used in timber connections and fastening in accordance

with NSCP specifications.

12 mm

587 Simple solid timber columns have slenderness ratio not exceeding ___.

588

Nails or spikes for which the wire gauges or lengths not set forth in the NSCP
specifications shall have a required penetration of not less than ___.

589

Notches in sawn lumber bending members in accordance with the NSCP specifications
shall not exceed.

590 Notches in sawn lumber shall not be located in the ___.

591 Notches in the top and bottom of joists shall not exceed ___.

592 Allowable stresses for tension in structural steel in terms of gross area.

593 Allowable tensile stress of structural steel based on effective area.

594 Allowable stress for tension on pin connected members based on net area.

595

Allowable shear stress on structural steel on the cross sectional area effective in
resisting shear.

596

For structures carrying live loads which induce impact, the assumed live load shall be
increased sufficiently to provide for same, for supports of elevators the increase shall be.

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STRUCTURAL REVIEWER

50

11 diameters

1/6 depth of member

Middle Third Span

1/4 the depth

0.60 of specified min.
yield stress
0.50 of specified
minimum tensile
strength
0.45 Fy

0.40 Fy

100%

PREPARED BY:
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STRUCTURAL REVIEWER
597 The slenderness ratio of compression members shall not exceed ___.

200

598 The slenderness ratio main members in tension shall not exceed ___.

240

599

Concrete cover for pipes, conduits, and fittings shall not be less than ___ for concrete
exposed to earth or weather.

40 mm

600

Concrete cover for pipes, conduits, and fittings shall not be less than ___ for concrete
not exposed to earth or weather.

20 mm

601

Curing of concrete (other than high-early strength) shall be maintained above 10C and
in moist condition for at least the first ___ days after placement.

602

If concrete in structure will dry under service conditions, cores shall be air-dried for ___
days before test and shall be tested dry.

603

Curing for high-early strength concrete shall be maintained above 10C and in moist
condition for at least the ___ days after palcement.

604

The minimum clear spacing between parallel bars in layer shall be db (diameter of bar)
but not less than ___.

605 Standard hooks used in reinforced concrete beam shall mean.

606 Standard hooks for stirrups and tie hooks 16mm bar and smaller.

607 Standard hooks for stirrups and tie hooks 20-25mmbar.

25 mm
180 bend + 4db
extension but not less
than 65mm at free end
of bar
90 bend + 6db
extension at free end
90 bend + 12db
extension at free end

608 Allowable tolerance on minimum concrete cover for depths greater than 200mm

12 mm

609 Allowable tolerance for longitudinal location of bends and ends of reinforcement.

50 mm

610

Individual bars with a bundle terminated within the span of flexural members shall
teminate at different points with a stagger of at least ___.

40db

611

Clear distance between pre-tensioning tendons at each end of member shall not be less
than ___ for strands.

3db

612

Clear distance between pre-tensioning tendons at each end of member shall not be less
than ___ for wire.

4db

613

Minimum concrete cover provided for reinforcement of cast in place against permanently
exposed to earth or weather using bars larger than 36mm.

75 mm

614

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