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POLICE PHOTOGRAPHY
is an art or science that deals with
the study of the principles of
photography, the preparation of the
photographic evidence, and its
application to police work.
PHOTOGRAPHY IN CRIMINAL
INVESTIGATION
Photography is an essential tool for the
law-enforcement investigator. As a tool, it
enables him to record the visible and in
many cases, the invisible evidences of a
crime. Special techniques employing
infrared, ultra-violet, and X-ray radiation
enable him to record evidence, which is not
visible. The photographic evidence can then
be stored indefinitely and retrieved when
needed. There is no other process, which
can ferret, record, remember and recall
criminal evidence as well as photography.
A. FUNCTIONS OF PHOTOGRAPHY IN
INVESTIGATIVE WORK
Identification
Criminal
Missing Person
Lost or stolen property
Civilian
Evidence
Surveillance
Burglary traps
Confessions
Re-enactment
Court Exhibits
Demonstration enlargement
Individual photos
Projection slides
Motion Pictures
Crime Prevention
Security clearance
Public Relation
Police Training
Photographs
Official records
B. PHOTOGRAPHY DEFINED
It is an art or science which
deals with the reproduction of
images through the action of
light, upon sensitized materials
(film or paper) with the aid of a
camera and accessories and the
chemical
processes
involved
therein.
PRINCIPLES OF PHOTOGRAPHY
Photograph is both the mechanical
and chemical result of photography.
To produce a photograph, light is
needed aside from sensitized
materials (film or paper). Light
radiated or reflected by the subject
must reach the film while all other
lights are exclude by placing the film
inside a light tight box (camera).
PHOTOGRAPH
From the Greek word which means:
- photo means light
- graph means to draw
C. DIFFERENT PHOTOGRAPHIC
RAYS
COLORS IN PHOTOGRAPHY
Artificial
Continuous radiation incandescent
lamps, fluorescent lamps, photoflood
lamps, etc.
Short duration chemical flash (Flash
bulb), electronic flash.
F. EMULSION SPEED
The extent to which an emulsion is
sensitive to light is referred to its
emulsion speed.
Emulsion Colors
Emulsions are thin, gelatinous, light-sensitive coatings
on film that react chemically to capture the color and
shadings of a scene. The four layers pictured here show
the same image as it would appear on different
emulsions in photographic film after the first stage of
developing. For black-and-white photographs, only one
emulsion is required, because it is the amount of light,
not the color, that activates the chemical reaction. Color
film requires three layers of emulsions, each of which is
sensitive to only one of the primary colors of light: blue,
green, or red. As light passes through the layers, each
emulsion records areas where its particular color
appears in the scene. When developed, the emulsion
releases dye that is the complementary color of the
light recorded: blue light activates yellow dye, green
light is magenta, and red light is cyan (bluish-green).
Complementary colors are used because they produce
the original color of the scene when the film is
processed.
Microsoft Encarta Reference Library 2004.
1993-2003 Microsoft Corporation. All rights reserved.
G. CHARACTERISTICS OF
PHOTOGRAPHIC PAPER
According to chemical contents
chloride papers, bromide papers,
chloro-bromide papers.
According to contrast #0, #1, #2,
#3
According to physical characteristics
weight (single, double) surface
(glossy, semi-matte, matte) color
(white, cream).
H. CAMERA
A camera is basically nothing more than a
light tight box with a pinhole or a lens,
shutter at one end and a holder of
sensitized material at the other. While
there are various kinds of camera from the
simplest construction (Box-type) to the
most complicated, all operate on the same
principles. The exposure of the sensitized
material to light is controlled by the lens
and its aperture, and the shutter through
its speed in opening and closing of lens to
light.
Lens
the function of the lens is to
focus the light coming from the
subject. It is chiefly responsible for
the sharpness of the image formed
through which light passes during
the exposure.
Shutter
is used to allow light to enter
through the lens and reach the film
for a pre-determined interval of time,
which light is again blocked off from
the film
View-finder
it is a means of determining the
field of view of the camera or the
extent of the coverage of the lens.
Coma
sometimes known as lateral spherical
aberration. It concern with rays entering
the lens obliquely.
Curvature of the filed
when the image formed by a lens
comes to a sharper focus on curved
surface than on a flat surface.
Chromatic Aberration
inability of the lens to focus all the
colors in the same place.
Astigmatism
inability of the lens to focus lines
running in different direction like for
example a cross.
K. LENS CHARACTERISTICS
Focal length is the distance
measured from the optical center of
the lens to the film plane when the
lens is set of focused at infinity
position. As according to focal
length, lenses maybe classified as:
Range-finders is a mechanism
that measures the angle of the
convergence of light coming from a
subject as seen from two apertures.
There are two types of rangefinders:
L. Shutter
A contraption or device used to block
the path of light passing through the
lens and exposing the sensitized
material.
- is a device that opens and closes at
varying speeds to determine the
amount of time the light entering the
aperture is allowed to reach the film.
Aperture
Shutter
1/3
0
F8
F5.6
M. Exposure
is the product of illumination and time.
Exposure is computed by any of the following
methods.
2.
Aperture
F22
F16
F11
F8
F5.6
Shutter
N. CHEMICAL PROCESSING
Development is the process of reduction.
Expose silver halides are reduced into metallic
silver. There is a separate developer for film (D76) and another for paper (Dektol). The factors
that affect developing time are: agitation,
temperature, concentration of chemicals and
exposure.
Stop-Bath an intermediate bath between the
developer and the fixer. It is usually a
combination of water plus acetic acid or just
plain water. Primarily, its function is to prevent
the contamination of two chemical solutions.
Developing Film
Developing photographic film requires a series of
chemical baths that cause the latent image on the
exposed film to become visible as a negative. The
process begins with the developer (1), which causes
metallic silver to form where the film has been exposed
to light, in densities that depend on the amount of
exposure. To stop the action of the developer, film goes
into a stop bath (2). After a rinse in water, the film goes
into a fixer (3) to removes any silver salts not converted
to metallic silver. After a short rinse, the film is
submerged in fixer remover (4) to clear any remaining
fixer from the film. The final bath (5) is a thorough rinse
in water. The developed negative is then allowed to dry.
Printing Photographs
Producing a photographic print from a developed
negative also requires a series of chemical baths. The
process begins by projecting light from an enlarger
through the negative and onto a piece of photographic
paper (paper treated with a light-sensitive coating). A
developer bath (1) makes the positive image visible on
the paper; a stop bath (2) stops the action of the
developer so the print won't continue to darken; and a
fixer bath (3) and a thorough rinse in water (4) remove
any remaining reactive chemicals. The finished print
then dries.
CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF
DEVELOPER
Reducers or developing agents
Elon, Hydroquinone
Preservative sodium sulfite
Accelerator sodium carbonate
Restrainer or fog preventer
potassium bromide
O. ENLARGING TECHNIQUES
After processing an exposed film into a
negative, the next step would be to turn
the negative into a positive print or copy.
This could be done by either contact
printing or projection printing. For contact
printing, a contact printer is used while in
projection printing an enlarger is needed.
a
a
a
a
ACCESSORIES OF THE
ENLARGER
1. a negative holder
2. easel (Paper holder)
STEPS IN ENLARGING
Preparation of the darkroom, chemicals
and the enlarger.
Put off white light, switch on red light.
Place the negative in the negative holder
with the dull side of the negative facing
down.
Insert the negative holder into the
enlarger.
Switch on the enlargers light.
REMEDYING CHEMICAL
DEFECTS IN NEGATIVES
Underdeveloped -Intensifier
Overdeveloped reducer
Stains Stain remover
PHOTOGRAPHIC PROCEDURES
The camera should be mounted on a sturdy
tripod whenever to prevent camera
movement.
The camera should be leveled whenever
commensurate with the particular
photograph to be taken.
Crime scene views include three general
classes.
Long views, showing general location and
conditions.
Medium views, pinpointing a specific object of
evidence or significant segment of the crime
scene.
Close-up views, recording position and details.
Field notes.
-Record the date and time of arrival at the crime
scene as well as the time of departure from the scene.
-Specifically record the location area, street number,
name of building, type of scene.
-Write down the names and badge numbers of all
investigative officers present during photographing.
-Total and record the number of exposures, which
necessitates the bad negatives and be saved for the
record.
-Record specific information on each exposure. This
should include the time of taking of each pictures, which
can be expressed either using AM or PM or on military
type 24 hour scales which 3:00 PM becomes 1500 hours.
Additionally:
pointed
Problems in Fingerprint
Photography
PROBLEMS IN QUESTIONED
DOCUMENTS PHOTOGRAPHY
On handwritings
On papers
Erasures
Watermarks
elimination of paper background
Faded writing
Restoring erased writing
Stamped out writing
burned papers
FILTERS
is a homogeneous medium which absorbs and
transmits differentially light rays passing through
it.
A color filter works in such a way that it
will transmit its own color and absorbs other
colors.
By using filters in combination of black
and white films, the photographer can control
tonal blues to get a technically correct condition
or to exaggerate, or suppress the tonal
differences for visibility, emphasis, and other
effects. With color films, filters are use to change
the color quality of the exposing lights to secure
proper color balance with film being used.
FILTER FACTORS
Because filter subtract some of the
light passing through the lens, and
increase in an exposure time or lens
opening is necessary. The number of
lines that the normal exposure must
be multiplied is called filter factor.
The filter factor value depends on
film type and light source in addition
to the absorption of the filter.
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