Professional Documents
Culture Documents
OOK
FRANK
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PELLETT
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Queen
Drone
ITALIAN BEES
Worker
BEGINNER'S BEE
FRANK
C.
BOOK
PELLETT /
'^
ILLUSTRATED
COPYRIGHT
1919,
BY
J. li.
LIPPINCOTT COMPANT
J. B. LIPPINCOTT COMPANY
AT THE WASHINGTON SQUAKE PRES3
PHILADELPHIA, U. S- A.
PHINTED BY
PREFACE
In writing
this
hundreds of
letters that
come
from
is
a constantly increas-
Men
to his desk
and women
to beekeeping as
The
novice wants
field of
beekeeping.
make
The
business
sible
in a
book of
is
too complicated to
this size.
pos-
148718
PREFACE
Beekeeping," by the same author, or some simbook, of assistance in pursuing the subject
ilar
further.
down
keting honey.
practical
His work
honey.
and
as State Apiarist of
as Associate Editor of
many
Iowa
visit
to observe the
which
it is
Nothing
is
included here
Frank
Hamilton
Illinois,
April, 1919.
C. Pellett.
CONTENTS
CHAPTER
I Attractions of Beekeeping
II
III
17
25
46
61
70
85
100
109
EX Use of Foundation
11
IV Necessary Equipment
PAGE
118
133
149
154
XIV Review
of the Season's
Glossary
Work
160
169
OF ILLUSTRATIONS
LIST
FIG.
PAGE
The Queen,
1.
A Good Smoker
2.
The Value
3. It is
Easy
Frontispiece
47
of the
to
Worker
Hive Tool
is
Far Above
Its
the Hive
Cost
52
by Placing a
54
4.
Honey
6.
6.
The Hivebody
7.
8.
Hive
for
9.
Hive
for
10.
A Good
Brood
Comb
in the
Baskets
58
63
Like an
is
Combs
Empty Box
66
in Place
66
Comb Honey.
as a Result of a Full
Sheet of
Foundation
11.
Ill
A Comb Composed
Narrow
12. Full
Starter
Ill
13. Different
Methods
14.
15.
Queen
67
68
of Using
Foundation
in Sections
113
116
Wax
16.
17.
the Super
128
into
129
for
ATTRACTIONS OF BEEKEEPIXG
Beekeepers
tic
The
who
is
not an enthusiast
is
no
beekeeper
recruits
business
class
an excep-
is
successful
secrets of the
freely.
is
producer.
fruit
growing
or
same
class.
The
first
advantage
is
that no spell
D. H. HILL
LIBRARY
12
situation
cial
necessary.
is
within
sui'prising in
It
are to be found.
An
found in the
attic
By
hundred
is
street
neighbors, especially
Italian bees
is
when a
gentle strain of
kept.
day's absence
his
aster or inconvenience.
In
work
that a
result in dis-
fact, at
some
sea-
ATTRACTIONS OF BEEKEEPING
sons of the year, the bees need
for days or weeks at a time.
little
13
attention
Poultry must be
own food.
women who
Business or professional
men
or
open
On
them
thing in car-
it is
The work
is
mostly clean
is
tired
from
work.
This fact
is
who buys
take account of
paring
add the
all
and
14
find that
honey
is
The Busy
Bees.
The
activities
of the
many
was no
it.
profit to be
that
There
makes one
There
and
is
com-
to the
community they
tion
to
from
their
busy
drag themselves
is
as
much honey
abundant
as
in the
receive
sisters,
no considera-
If they
ATTRACTIONS OF BEEKEEPING
dragged out, as there
the
in
is
is
15
economy of the
bee.
mercy
On
to die of cold or
autumn days
chill
solate drones
are a
common
hunger
little
in the
open
air.
groups of discon-
little
from each
^\niile
munity,
the singleness
Seldom do we
is
so
concerning them
is
traction.
it
much
to be learned
16
who keeps
Many women
work
is
is
some
woman
essentially different
a man.
The
cellar,
it is
where
usually pos-
men
or
boys.
summer
and opportunity.
CHAPTER
II
it is
now.
come with
its
it
Beekeeping as a business
is
new in
fact that
does to-day.
very new, so
yet realize
It
is
become
first
agricultural college
its
18
more
amount
of sugar
is
many
consumed by the
times
public.
if
is
the
development of markets.
In a recent
bul-
honey
is
warm
the
have
so that
When
it is
its
nearly
all
actual food
is
considered,
it is
19
a luxury as
it is
generally regarded.
The
fol-
common commodities
shown by the
Cream
7 cents
10 cents
quart
9 cents
25 cents
Eggs, 10
Round
pre-war prices
At average prices:
Honey, 7 ounces
Milk,
at
2 ounces
15 cents
20 cents
Oranges, 8
20 cents
beefsteak,
Walnuts,
Sl/o
13 cents
ounces
fuel value,
honey
The
is
table
is
and
list.
the hive.
demand
Most people
like
20
reason
its
who
When
it is
considered that
it
its
The
in so
many
popularize
its
vestigated and
made known by
the domestic
Beekeeping a Specialty.
becoming more and more a
there are
still
Beekeeping
specialty.
is
While
is
While
dis-
not
21
to give
them a
it
verse conditions.
While beekeeping
is
not
difficult,
bees can
tion.
who
is
is
the risk
any greater.
In few
now
is
goes to waste.
fields,
enough
to
most of which
ity,
there are
many
beekeepers to locate within reach of their orchards, because of the better fruit crops that
will result
insects
among
the blossoms.
in
many
states has
cialized,
be
In only a few
of limited observation
print with a
who
warning against
production of honey.
very weak, and
it is
a possible over-
As an example
market development,
of the possibilities
it
is
only
neces-
Concern-
Gano,
in the
as follows
23
These figures are absolutely authentic. The California citrus production in 1895 was less than 5000 carloads whereas the normal crop to-day is 45,000 carloads.
to-day.
The orange crop has increased 900 per cent., while the
population has increased 50 per cent, and this indicates
what is an actual fact, namely, that the people of the
United States eat to-day seven or eight times as many
oranges
in a
What
has changed
less
than
advertising.
their business.
when
a car-
24
send
it
to get a
good
it
knew from
price.
its
agents where
Fear of over-jjroduction
During the
first five
from 1900
1905
it
Two hundred
now
to
million dollars
it
inis
The development
pected to keep pace with the growth in production, at least until such a time as the
amount
minor
articles of
"WHien
we
is
many
is
capable,
about over-doing
it,
while
still
much
less
than
is
of limited
field
than
is
To
the author's
way
of think-
means
offered
in
the whole
is
man
agricultural
by beekeeping.
CHAPTER
III
immediate needs.
an indirect
Hundreds
his
own
of insects render
John
Because of
common
store of honey,
man
and
so to
swarming
harvest
is
at the time
at its best,
amount of honey
By
the preven-
when
the honey
is
per25
BEGINNER'S
26
BI!e
BOOK
it is
stock,
amount
managed on the
let-alone plan.
Other
mon
store.
live
from a com-
direct service to
man
as
is
For
the bee.
cen-
and much
is
life
of the hive
Should she
die,
and they
In queenless
27
the
community
is
many
thousands of
life is
the gathering
of the food supply, building of the combs, protection of the store, cleaning the hive
and other
The drones
their
upon
entire
any
They
fall
when con-
opment.
in
insects, bees
pass
28
who
lays hundreds
Worker eggs
honey
cells
is
stored.
Drone eggs
somewhat larger
have
shaped
little
like
worker eggs
At
days at a time.
times only
cells also,
and queen
cells
may
be built in prep-
to
For
the
first
29
When the
eggs hatch
By
close ex-
queen
The
food through-
time than
is
day
less
Any
to a
queen
cell
where
it is
is
transferred
cell in
which to develop.
The
growth
30
During
the drones.
bottoms of the
larvae
cells,
remain curled up
plete their
in the cells
delicate cocoons
and
enters
upon
During
this stage
it
In something
will
less
mature queen
her royal
The workers
cell.
one days
is
to develop
ready to leave
fifteen days.
Twenty-
more days
and drones
is
is
it
takes eight
more than
31
is
honey and
from flow-
Water
ers.
is
of the bee
especially
essential,
In time of
it
dm-ing
eagerly in
when
there
is
plenty of nectar in the fields they pay httle attention to anything else.
may
honey
At
Xectar.
it
is
among
secreted for
of the bloom.
it is
fertilization
bees
bee, in
which
it is
carried to the
cells it is
evap-
If
32
honey
and
is
The
will sour.
it is
sufficiently well
thin
is
is
called
well sealed
is
it
is
young
used in
bees.
in the hive
This
is
down
The beekeeper
finds
it
difficult to
siixiilar
use.
remove the
to
work
on a warm day.
field,
as
downy
as a
33
but remains
At
she
fii-st
little
probably her
first
duty.
it
many
air,
or
any
large family.
will
At
With
several
appearance of
may
on a
warm
gi^eat activity
day, there
is
an
is
34
The
distance of the
it
is
its
sur-
and return
to the exact
left.
It thus
it
has
becomes
make
it
day
move
it
make
but a very
position.
is
work
is
on, the
lives
six weeks.
If the harvest
35
cell
she
is
may
season's garnering.
the
warm
days come
Apparently there
governs swarming.
It
no
is
is
the
colony becomes
strong,
May
preparations
for
Thousands of
hatching.
By
this
young bees
36
room
Under such
which
in
loafing.
room
them
for
abundant
mer
all in
to permit
them
to spend a
it
sum-
in idleness.
When
queen
number
of
when
young queen
mother and
is
is
hive.
is
bees will
the queen
fail.
This
is
is
grow-
done to
When
though there
The
an abundance of room
in the
issue at
though
until the
young queens
Everything
will
any time
it
37
after the
often delays
apparently be going on as
They
fairly
pour
tumble
buzzing.
is
may
first
be near the
to
last.
is
is
when
there are
there
38
when
noise
keepers
know now
hundred they
out so
much
is
to cluster.
will cluster
ceremony
Clustering
swarming and
anyway
with-
idea
of one
fuss,
The
as
is
in spite of the
much
to be expected as
any
is
an easy matter
to hive the
swarm by
it.
They
will usually
go
in without
queen
is
not
left
The
first
swarm and
swarm
there
is
to issue
new home.
is
called the
no way to
prime
is
in-
divided
39
fill
honey
at once.
so
combs
clustered for
day or two,
in rare
cases.
hive
home.
It often
It
new
will be seen
long periods,
it is
clustered for
the
field bees.
The
first
is
also attracts
most of the
swarm has
unless she
and
left will
usually seek
40
bees.
swarm but
will at once
swarm.
queen
In
still
will
emerge.
It often
not permitted
swarm with
queen
is
new
this
happens that
sev-
after-swarm.
reduced to
point
where
it
is
almost
worthless.
beekeeper.
AATiere natural
swarming
is
per-
is
permitted to
to place the
tance away.
is
In
move
this
issue.
The
new swarm on
the
way
41
cells will
It
all
one, or
is
if
is
queen
cells
but
and
queen
well, also, to
all
remaining
cells.
The Matixg
Flight.
cell
flight.
In the mean-
When
circles
high in the
air,
lo-
air,
One mating
is
The mating
shall
42
fails to
become
fertilized at the
It has
is
rather a
An
apiary.
common
In
fact,
occurrence in the
mimated queen
worthless, how-
is
and
die.
unless she
With
is
when
father.
This
is
sects, as is well
known
to naturalists.
Activities of the
soon as the swarm
is
New
Colony.
settled in the
As
new quarters
The wax
scales are
A high temperature
43
for
Within a
f ew^
tiful
eacli
hours the
wax
of
wax
secreted.
new
cells
combs.
pound
of the worker
the bees
worker
may
cells,
If the queen
size.
but ordinarily
is
it w^ill
prolific
full
of
not be long
to construct.
It often
swarm which is allowed to build the combs without interference will construct from one fourth
to three-fourths of the
combs of drone
cells.
w^ill
be
size,
require
more
44
quantities
of
filling the
foundation.
easily pre-
is
full sheets of
beeswax
pure
is
frames with
Foundation
they have
after
This condition
reached maturity.
vented by
stores
The
bees are
toward building
worker combs
If the
is
their
swarm
will be
finds a
home
is
in a hollow tree
of
the
beekeeper necessitate
them
from one
The opera-
tion placed in
full of
the result.
combs
start
straight
difficulty,
and founda-
size.
45
They
also serve as
black.
wax
states
is
quite dark,
first.
some old
However, there
is
low even at
until
bees.
is
in
our northern
the rule,
some
is
yel-
CHAPTER
IV
XECESSARY EQUIPMENT
The
buy
will
and
If the intention
is
to
engage
made before
chase of a large
If the intention
is
to take
up beekeeping
more
extracted
honey
will
Equipment recommended
probably be
who
wishes to
NECESSARY EQUIPMENT
keep but a few bees.
however, for the
The
man
or
47
woman who
wishes to
"
Fig.
1.
is
good smoker.
this size.
many
The
bees,
it
will be
1).
is
If he has black or
next to impossible to do
48
an}i;hing with
To
trol
it
apparently there
is
fills
a place in per-
hive.
As mentioned
Probably
life
performs
all
cycle
of these duties at
some period of
The only
of
her existence.
division
The young
etc.,
labor
bees feed
Aside from
this
etc.
is
most pressing.
Since the
is
NECESSARY EQUIPMENT
49
On
their stings
treasure.
By
If
will be
By
thought of
is
necessary, a very
all
common
little
smoke
at the en-
50
is
hives
During the
removed.
to
manipulate the
without
strains
using any
smoke.
When
the
smoke
blown
is
moment, and
cells of
When
swarm.
a worker bee
This
why swarming
is
When
the
swarm
is
is
any
carrying a load
desire to sting.
which
will furnish a
supply of
home
is
reached.
Protection
from
Stings.
'WTiile
among
new
ex-
the
honey
do
iar
so.
flow,
it is
is
so famil-
is
not
NECESSARY EQUIPMENT
likely to disturb
51
and numerous
stings,
may
The inmates
bright day
may
During
their
when there
is
they
is
may
chill
or cloudy
very cross
and
easily
aroused.
A veil that will prevent the bees from reaching the head
is
easily
made
at
and
is
it
obstructs the
made
of
52
An
it,
Some kind
Any
worn
to
Fig.
2.
will
answer the
well.
is
far
above
its cost.
its
AMiile
cost.
to so
many
without
it,
is
many
chisel or
so slight
persons get
and
it
can be put
combs and
is
used
bits of
wax and
propolis
NECESSARY EQUIPMENT
attached
places,
to
and
unnecessary
53
inconvenient
similar pm'poses.
wax
If one
all
stray
better condition to
make
his
work much
easier
at the
A SMr\XL OuTFiT.
It
is
SO casy to
principle
is
the same.
The
return.
By
placing a honey-
all
down
in the hive
If the super
it
is
fight-
taken off
54
damage
is
It
is
less
the
Fig. 3.
gnaw
is
if
about
had for
Useless Equipment.
mon
board and
singly
all.
In
still less.
NECESSARY EQUIPMENT
many dollars
in
equipment which
articles
is
55
never used.
which can be
meagre
list
includes
all
comb honey.
will be
effi-
lists
swarm
first
vis-
iting
recall
is
is
de-
used for
taking swarms.
by an
little
efficient
beekeeper.
It
is
far easier
and
many
56
drones in the
first place,
which
is
easily
done by
Numer-
The
from
If a
number of
is
much
is
to
their cata-
not tempted by
as formerly.
sec-
and a founda-
much
all
buy
trial.
To do
so
him
might lead
when
an-
NECESSARY EQUIPMENT
Equipment
Special
Honey.
For
the
Extracted
for
production
of
is
57
extracted
necessary.
commercial
To
with a
warm
from both
knife.
sides of the
The frames
comb
are
then
The motion
of
of.
of the can.
It
the
is
side
Ex-
58
When
honey
is
the
damaged,
Fig.
4.
Honey
is
and more or
less foreign
material
is
in the baskets
mixed with
the honey.
Cost of Starting.
The
presume that a
full
price
of
In general
bees
it is
NECESSARY EQUIPMENT
59
keeper who
is
Often
if
more time
as but little
Two pounds
surplus foundation.
Hive
tool.
Veil.
Two honey
hives.
Hive
tool.
Veil.
Extractor.
Uncapping
knife.
60
is
purchased the
first
year at
to
least.
equipment,
etc.
Thus
five
hundred colonies of
In addition
to the hives
and from
to
CHAPTER V
HIVES AXD HI^^ PARTS
Ix
Instead of being
built with
built.
bees in passing
their hive to
combs were
man
first
built in a natural
When
manner.
them with
suitable
way.
Such honey
as could be secured
own
was
and taking
After a time
61
62
other.
set
on top of the
fill
little
sufficient stores
is
still
living
who
re-
better
way
in
When
tion
hive,
honey produc-
while yet in
its
many
comb
a sep-
63
combs.
honey and
the col-
combs
in place
of guess
FiG. 5.
full of
if
to replace
it
at
ones, or
to give
them
full
can so manipulate
honey.
It
is
his col-
maximum amount
of
64
queen is prohfic,
queen
cells in
Kinds of Hives.
There
are
still
several
many
nearly as
The supply
their
are
as there
it
gi-eatly to
making a
There are
results.
fered for
still
manufactured, and which in the writer's opinion will not find a market
much
longer.
In
order to give the best results the brood chamber of any hive must be large enough to give a
prolific
lay, for it is
Unless there
is
much honey
as
it
65
the ten-
This hive
it is
in
is
pre-
more general
any other
hive.
which
its
it
w^ll
a final decision.
The beginner
w^ho expects to
more
readily,
Parts of
Hiates.
room
The
super, which
however.
5
is
is
the store
very different,
66
is
Fig. 6 )
The
comb
Fig.
6.
empty
frame.
is
Hke an
Fig.
box.
The beginner
Inside this
bees build a
in each frame.
The hivebody
a box with
like
7.
empty
is
logue.
size as
self-
spacing.
in place.
In
late fall
will
HIVES
come
in,
there
is
67
CoMB-HoxEY Super.
will prefer to
Many
beginners
68
tions
marketed
weight.
fall
full
is
a section holder
69
we
ExTRACTED-HoxEY SuPER.
Extractcd-
because
the
it is
same
size as the
hivebody, and
serves the
same purpose
the hives
saves
much needless
necessary
if
in
an emergency.
If
size, it
Fig. 9
empty super by
its side.
It
is
in fact a
two-
story hive.
is
correspondingly smaller.
and
tlie
super
CHAPTER
VI
Hoxey
in Various Sections.
Since
possible,
it
grow
ficient
At one
field to
its
Rocky Mountain
its
cultivation
There
are,
sometimes found
it
profitable to
71
in
When clover
to both
may
be made, as
with the
secured.
beekeepers,
secretion.
a weed, and
its
abundant nectar
its
it
was regarded
as
In one
disfavor by farmers.
locality of
my
has
now come
many
into
its
own
it,
him prosecuted
Sweet clover
in that locality;
72
farm.
He
also has
on
it
his 400-acre
it is
beekeeper must
he
it
is
difficult to
plant to
grow a
Unless
sufficient
acreage of any
from the
hive.
is
It
is
evident
required to
grow
any
Five to ten
unusual circumstances.
73
Xo
make a
satisfactory
it
as any-
make honey
is
a gi'eat variety of
Some
basswood.
When there is
Such a source
a large acreage of
But
if this is his
it
now and
main dependence
profit-
Some
ance.
lions
much sought
fruit
is
of great import-
for in the
Xorthern
74
When nectar
States.
queen
will be active
of eggs.
Young
large numbers,
is
and
numbers
making strong
will
When
the
clover, as in
is
from white
honey flow
seldom
weak
profit-
Big
colonies,
To
up honey.
fly,
is
out
warm enough
The elms
fur-
75
tion
is
Thus
there
an
Following
bees.
young
is
is
no break.
If nectar secre-
laying until
it
Thus a
brood rearing
is
one
It often hap-
last
Strong colonies
period, which in
many
more
localities
is
will
short
the only
source of surplus.
Alfalfa
is
humid regions
but
many
it
States.
76
A number
limited localities.
and of wide
Wild
asters, of
distribution,
bloom
many species
when
in seasons
of the roadside
by the bees
Northern
freely
little is
thought of
in the
it
as a
is
States, but
In parts
honey plant.
some
visited
it.
In
abundant
addition
Goldenrod
tumn.
highly,
is
is
made
an uncertain yielder
In some
and
is
localities
sufficiently
it
is
in late au-
valued very
abundant to produce
it.
thumb,
places.
is
in
many
when
fields
In extremely wet
years,
when
77
sum
son's production.
Locality
the locality
is
is
poor
little
If
it
unless
is
The
wheat
in
is
New York
Iowa
it
Buck-
States, yet in
plant.
is
unfavor-
is
gathered
It often
78
fly
important to have as
many
it
Ix
CITIES
AXD Towxs
it is
scldom advisable
to keep a large
number
there
is
suflicient
of colonies.
Usually
The
keep
bees.
There seems
pression that
it
to be a
common
im-
in the
79
difficulty.
is
in the
product of the
hive.
Importance of Pollex.
An
abundance
is
very im-
in
of honey.
len,
Without a
factory manner, as
larval food.
it is
In most
satis-
localities there is
seldom
find
it
build-
Rye
flour,
will sup-
80
to in
is
nothing equal
brood rearing.
The
suc-
honey and
honey and
Many
The
tar.
and
plant,
is
found on the
an insect excretion,
may
elm,
etc.,
Ragweed,
DiFFEREXCES IX Seasox\
There
may
be
get but
little
honey.
in-
81
One
all.
Some
warm and
dry weather.
nish
honey
For
this
Alfalfa
entirely in another.
honey plants
the
in the
is
West, but of
a dependable source in
Xew
little
value in
Buckwheat
is
He
to realize a
good
dence in his
so as to
have
locality,
and plan
In Iowa
it is
his operations
of
little
bloom of these
plants.
importance to have
col-
82
flow, except in a
eastern localities
it
is
maximum
In some
strength so early
them
to gather until
after midsimimer.
In almost any
sional season
when
There
failure.
an occa-
when
when
occasional year
that
it is
mind
strength.
profitable crops.
Basswood, or Linden.
Maples.
Buckwheat.
Clover,
sweet,
1 s i
while,
e,
etc.
All
the
some
have corollas
so
it.
Milkweed.
Spanish needles,
Indian
currant,
or
coral
berry,
Heartsease,
weeds.
or
smart-
blossoms.
Fruit
straw-
peaches,
pears,
Vervain, or verbena.
Wild sunflowers.
and
Sumac.
Asters.
honey plants.
Golden
berries, raspberries
Dandelions furnish
and
nectar
83
rod.
both
pollen
in
abundance.
California:
Yucca.
Prickly pear.
Willows.
Gum,
plant.
orange,
including
Clover,
-eucalyptus,
of
Mustard.
Fruit,
or
thistle.
Manzanita.
etc.
including
species.
Blue
sweet
Carpet grass.
Sage, of several kinds.
clover.
Alfalfa.
Blue
Lima
Tarweed.
bean.
Alfilerilla
and
filaree.
curls.
Goldenrod.
Texas
Horsemint.
Sumac.
Alfalfa.
Basswood.
Fruit,
Catsclaw
and
huajilla,
species of acacia.
clover.
including
pears,
wild
etc.,
fruits
apples,
and
such
as
haw-
thorne.
Wild sunflowers.
Hoarhound.
Cotton.
84
Palmetto.
TujDclo.
Partridge pea.
Cow
Hop
Pepper bush.
Pepper tree.
pea.
tree.
Pennyroyal.
Holly.
Logwood.
Rhododendron.
Manchineel.
Sour wood.
Fruity
including
which
Florida.
yields
orange,
well
in
Snowvine.
Titi,
Tulip
tree.
CHAPTER
VII
WITH BEES
It
is
as near
home
colonies to be
as possible,
If the
and queen,
loss of
atten-
brood
new
hives.
is
it
full
There
is
hived
swarm and
method
in pack-
sheets of foundation in
get
By
this
honey to be had
86
who
is
now numerous
breeders
it
wanted and
sired.
to get
them
proper time.
Some
Since the
it is
it
al-
him
if
is
not too
much drone
in the hive.
It often
is
87
it
neces-
If bees in
offered.
is
necessary to
put them in proper condition to harvest a profPersonally the author would pre-
itable crop.
fer to
pay a
straight combs, in
to
buy black
new
The bother
hives
amount
by such
lost will
them
a disagreeable task,
When
it is
the
any
Traxsferrixg.
The
at
irritation caused
to leave
on
set
in a
swarm.
new
ten-
new swarm, on
After about
88
week
new
The object
one.
young bees
new
side of the
on the other
of this
as fast as they
is
emerge
to
go into the
all
young
The
Another way
is
to set the
new
hive on top
bees to swarm.
The top
and
removed
super.
so that the
new
and begin
will
new
hive, or they
Sufficient
the
soon go above
new
super room
hive to permit
may
be slow to begin
89
Formerly
it
to
remove the
combs
frames and
to the
strings.
recommended
when
generally.
bees are to be
The
is
There
not to be
times
are
side of a
they
are
method
is
advisable
not
readily
necessary.
to
In most
substitute
sheets of foundation,
when
accessible,
and
cases
to melt
will be
it
new combs
this
or
up the
full
trans-
new
hive.
Time to Start.
In the Northern
When
The
blooming
is
is
States
in spring.
a good time.
from
90
if
owner the
The
the
summer.
first
fruit trees
main honey
is
time for
which
the
is
east of the
Missouri River.
Moving
Bees.
many
old location.
miles or
moved but a
If the distance
is
It
is
dark
on
new
a
shorter distances
on that
make note
of
common
cellar for a
their
two or three
short
more there
For
score.
If they are
new
stand,
and then
91
new
them
to notice their
location.
moved but
If they are to be
way
across a small
lot,
two or three
the best
is
a few rods or
to
move them
Even
this short
at
selves to
it.
is
and
great danger of
when
confined.
Even
if
way
only
It
is
very
difficult to
move
bees heavy
is
surprising.
An
is
as little as
can be done
9i2
with safety.
be closed, and
if
the frames
Xearly every
very desirable.
it is
dis-
sufficient
ventilation.
little
much
less.
difficulties
are
To
the
man who
expects to
is
make beekeeping a
hardly apply.
scale
and increase
as rapidly as
is
consistent
^ATiile
bee-
it is
employ of a successful
apiarist
and
to
He
93
with httle
risk.
is
personally
knew
venture.
is
An
adverse
disastrously.
would
conditions
result
to begin
it is
much
very
may
An
apiary of fifty
number
in a season,
may
ex-
start.
Even though
who
has no
94
particular system in
into
bujang a
mind would
lot of
easily be led
equipment which
will be
lives,
or the
may later
decide to follow.
Choosixg a Location.
expects to
The honey
is
business
his
If the locality
is
already
honey
is
gathered,
the stores to
it
will
make a profitable
A desirable location
is
when no
season probable.
is
some-
so
so
much
95
main honey
There
the better.
fruit
bloom
other
later
from
flow
Spanish
heartsease,
An
in spring
up populous
it
is
the
colonies,
Chapter VI).
In some favorable markets honey brings
twice the price that
it
does in others.
up a
it
will
If one
is
profitable
maximum
add materially
to his income.
In general
it
will not
pay a man
to leave
96
his
state to
engage
to a distant
is
to find bee
However,
it
make
ovm county
honey production.
The
make more
miles.
is
much
better
is
An apiary should
sheltered position
especially
during
the
is
if it
can
very de-
cold
spring
natural windbreak
is
97
much more
is
to be preferred to
open
keeper.
While many
Hives
left in the
is
too
much
Keeping
Dowx Weeds
Some provision
should be
made
axd Grass.
for keeping the
when
98
home-coming workers.
Hives
set
up on
ahghting board.
In most well-regulated
api-
in front.
If they are
is
Providing Water.
It
is
important that
rearing
is
at
it,
its
especially in spring
height.
when brood
It
it is
a simple matter
but
99
suit-
from drowning,
CHAPTER
WHEX
BEES
VIII
MUST BE FED
own
conditions bees
when
it
It
is
is
careless
very poor
it
is
Swarms which
unable to gather
sufficient
honey
They can
to carry
them
either be fed or
seems
best.
very apparent.
100
in spring.
The
The reason
of this
is
the honey
consumed and it
101
will require
is
required to
warm a room
full
it
will
amount of
pay
to
stores in
weak colony
strengthen
is
usually
worth more to
is
it
alone.
oftcu happens
An
much
is still
sure
in the
make
safer to leave
will
It
need
102
The author
following spring
not
all
April
is
be used, but
is
cold and
to be given
If the
the weather in
it
will
March and
Winter Preparation).
The usual
advice
to
allow
sufficient
twenty-five
allowance for
and
it
is
easier
supply in the
and
fall to
fruit bloom.
In seasons of scarcity
the
beekeeper
weather
is
make
If the
danger that
little
opportunity to
fly,
there
is
be consumed in brood
stated.
is
common
occurrence
them
will be times
among
httle attention.
103
coming to
is
starvation.
of
many
what should
fly
was the
when
cause.
the honey
tention
is
If
at-
honey
is
stored
times there
is
all
when
httle
At
many
such
season through.
gi-eat loss,
for too
bee-
feeding them.
It
make any
provision for
would be no more
foolish to
104
permit cattle or hogs to die of starvation because the forage crops are not sufficient, than
to allow the bees to
do
They
so.
will harvest
adverse condition.
who has
a lot of nuclei
small colonies
it
little
necessary to feed
is
plenty of honey
made by
if
the natural
to the
105
is
is
honey.
The
Some
it is
seasons
very convenient
is
necessary.
colony
is
necessary
it
can be given.
to
a filled one in
place.
If sealed honey
thing.
When a
is
advise feeding
it is
more convenient
to
106
sweet substance.
It
is
If honey
is
re-
not at
is
from diseased
colonies
dis-
winter feed.
By
Many
it
much
it is
made.
When
as possible, especially
season.
is
if it
be late in the
107
Feeders.
equipment
The
purchase of unnecessary
should
always
be
discouraged.
operations in such a
use for them.
As
manner
as
convenient a
is
seldom to find
way
of feeding
that practiced
by
warm
them with
The syrup must not be
an ordinary dipper.
hot for
wax
too hot
it
the
comb
syi^up into
on one
it
side
By turning
will hold
if
for
enough sjTup to
temporary pur-
If
108
combs
These
will be needed.
combs of
filled
empty combs
this
is
The
is
to take
of the hive.
an
In
is
spread.
liquid through
ing.
are given.
equipment
utilizes
way
it
The super
same manner
vnth
is
little
danger of drown-
all.
is
Being
minimum
when feed
is
listed in the
CHAPTER IX
USE OF FOUNDATION
One
enormous
erally
losses
from rearing
uncommon
among
beekeepers gen-
useless drones.
It
is
not
comb.
is
is
apparent.
It
is
very evident
numbers of
ing force.
work-
not be tolerated.
It requires as
attention
from
110
is
It will be read-
producing twenty
i\t the
Iowa
Beekeepers' Convention, C. E.
Dustman had
He estimated
comb
in the hive
made
to
The
it
force.
hard to con-
foundation.
The
first cost
nection
The two
illustrations
in this con-
own
tell
The impressions on
description.
USE OF FOUNDATION
111
-.^-^^^'
Fig. 10.
Fig. 11.
a result of
starter.
full
sher[ of foundation.
cells as
a result of a
112
where foundation
larger require less
to
cells are
wax
cells
being
in their construction
and
worker
Drone
used.
is
cells will
be built, for they serve equally as well for storFig. 10 shows an ideal comb, at-
ing honey.
tached on
composed
all
entirely
of worker
comb which
is
cells
Fig. 11 shows a
as a result of using a
narrow
many
The
honey to rear
comb would
This comb
if
it
cells
starter instead of
pay
most of
chances to
o^et
is
into the
USE OF FOUNDATION
113
Usually
up such a comb
it
at once
will
it
to rear
pay
better
and replace
it
it
used in
this
manner.
Irregular combs,
Fig.
12. Full
are
often
built
where narrow
combs hkely
cells,
also,
to be
Uneven combs
The
can-
much time
is
some drone
cells
114
drones
The presence
of
some
is
little
is
danger that
Where
normal conditions.
full sheets of
foun-
If combs are
dency
is
larger
damaged
in
size.
ten-
cells of the
left
much damage.
and
The
still
be
much dam-
of drone
composed
cells.
that
it
pays
USE OF FOUNDATION
115
honey production
is
seldom profitable.
is
is
wi^tten he
That
evidenced by
just finish-
is
dred frames of
one small
Without a
The rearing
of several thousand
and get
in the
way
FouxDATiox IX Sectioxs.
starter
is
bees started to
It
is
very
Some kind of
work
common
in the
comb-honey supers.
is difficult
on such small
starters.
work
to advantao-e
116
furnish the
for they
much more
economical,
bees with
a sufficient
The
method.
amount
of
wax
room enough
Fig.
to start
U. The
work
at one time.
is
so
much
It
lighter
USE OF FOUNDATION
pound
that a
is
much
will
117
it
Xot only do
more
build
store
more honey
Economizing
much
like
crop.
in the use of
saving seed
While
it
begin with, so
costs
foundation
when one
more
of
wax
Fig. 14 shows
planting a
investment.
is
is
how
will be stored
is
a profitable
CHAPTER X
BREEDING BETTER BEES
Good
stock
is
as to the stockman.
It
however, a much
is,
in a
The
life
of the honeybee
is
short
summer
If the colony
late
requeened
made in
is
autumn many
If the change
is
During
the
at a furious pace
and
in a fever of excitement.
As
is
119
life
away
The Queen
Is Producti\t:.
this large
Since
all
the
working force
is
enormous^
productive.
xVll
the beekeeper's
each colony to the beginning of the honey harvest with the gi-eatest possible
in the hive.
One
number
of bees
medium
a dozen
in
weak
colonies,
ones.
It
is
In
is
really
is
field.
120
While
queens.
it
this is of first
importance, since
must
not be overlooked.
Desirable Traits.
a record a colony
may have
for production,
if
Xext
most desirable
to production, gentleness
trait.
be multiplied
If
number
many
fold.
it
is
the
of beekeepers would
There are
strains of
out protection.
visited
among
Xot long
queen-breeding
since
apiaries
the writer
which
The
are
propri-
breeder
when
Beekeepers generally
it is
While under
seldom desirable
smoker
1^1
lighted
smoke
is
The
used.
head of such
when
stings
beekeeper.
non-swarming tendency
While there
this respect,
is
is
greatly to be desired.
much
to a
it is
named.
working force
is
If the bees
the
In most
swarm and
localities
is
likely to be
reduced as a
is
U^2
It
is
of great import-
The Male
drawback
in
Hence
gathered.
is
is
desirable.
Pakextage.
queen breeding
is
One
serious
the difficulty of
The queen
miles can do
little
to
drones
from
his
overcome
this condition,
desirable
colonies
that the
is
very
greatly reduced.
Another
is
determined
If
it
so
123
happens that
lay large
all
will hatch,
produce drones.
her
If
may
will be
if
whether she
she be
that
is
mated
at
all.
It thus sometimes
happens
by
her
It
is
pure matings.
The
Practical
Result.
AVliile
the
scien-
124
beekeeper
who wishes
to
By
buy-
pure drones.
If he has,
colonies of bees
and
say,
one hundred
will rear
one hundred
queen
full of
all his
pure drones.
workers will
all
At
young
flights.
If the yard
lot of
is
queens
By
this
time most of
pure males.
w^ill
and
this
simple
125
hundred
col-
onies can be
from one
readily secm^e
dollar to
good stock
two
Methods
of
Rearing
Queens. The
upon
the
it is
is
will
depend
the conditions
working.
If only
the queen
spring
it is
mal colony
off-
In a nor-
as soon as the
make
colony.
As
cells
are sealed
126
The queen
queened.
to be replaced
must be
may
it
cell is
The
not be accepted.
cell
One
must be
cell
By
left in the
it
parent colony to
away
in the beginning,
to be returned.
is
this
safely
or queen.
w^ill
serve
all
are wanted,
When
wanted,
While
return
this
plan
is
simple and
it is
large
numbers of queen
artificial cells,
cell
fails to
made
queen
young queen
cell
make
are utilized.
cells
are
of beeswax
and
like
To begin
an embryo
with, a colony
made
cells.
From
secured.
127
Royal
jelly
is
is
from a worker
The brood
cell to
is
young larva
cell-start-
is
The
to relieve the
all
The
artificial
In each
With
moved from
cell a
small drop
built
a small instrument
made
worker
cell
and placed
The
is
re-
in each
larva should
128
some of the
larvse
frame
is
The
"m
Fig. 15.
Queen
cells
produced by the
cell
cup method.
large
part of the
cells
should be
The
cells,
129
two
stories,
in the
Fig. 16.
the super.
openings.
through
the
16)
The
colony
first
of cells to start.
be used for
cell
is
Only strong
colonies should
Latek Treatment.
A^Tiile
the
worker
130
is.
laid, as
described in
the
young
larvse are
placed in the
cells
the
cells
it
from
way
is
it
will be neces-
them mated.
Fig.
17
shows
very
An ordinary
and an opening
outside ones.
three
By this
to pass
from
and each
is
131
will be
cells.
mated and
Fig. 17.
the cell
is
given.
for
mating queens.
in each
132
up
In
this
way one
if
little
will
colonies will
numbers of
to rear
enough queens
them
One
fall
and wintered
as full colonies.
Queen Rearing," by
the author
home
CHAPTER XI
GETTING THE HOXEY TO MARKET
Ix most
It
is
be realized
merchants
at
his
home
is
much
by
through
selling
in a large city.
commission
sells
much
of
The man
or
woman who
expects to
great mistake
if
he
fails to
are wdlling to
sell their
wholesale prices.
the market
prices.
This
honey
is
make a
Too many
at retail, at the
a serious injury to
much
133
134
honey
to sell he should
and
so,
away he
commodity
another.
is
for
Production of a
his
reasonable
sell at a
may well do
bor
still
it is
quite
product at
retail
and
also
re-
In order
to learn as
conditions an effort
much
as possible about
was made
to
to follow the
the consumer.
visit to
the
135
One
at
all.
of honey.
to one case
who
do,
was of quite
much
tion
it
began
a different kind.
It looks very
merchant dishkes to
is
un-
136
establish a trade in
would not
get
it,
place
If a
man
unable to
be
wdll
for
the
substitute.
Some beekeepers
When
first
was no demand but the manufacturers proceeded to create a demand by extensive advertising
and
would pay
which
advertising in addition.
Competition
is
One
make
a pretty
As it now
stands there
is
no
effort to
supply
The crop
moved
it
137
is
is
is
har-
either
dealer
who
demand
months.
about the
to be in
marketing organizations.
first
honey to market
is
Too much
rates.
damage
in
do\\ai to the
honey
at a
still
make
a profit.
Too
138
many
damaged
pay
for
point.
mat-
it
it
anyway.
This
is
company
is
will
a mistaken \dew-
the
is
is
raised accordingly.
goods which
may happen
to be in the
cited a case
silk,
pay
As an
ex-
damage
In many
The
silk.
many times
cases the
the
damage
if
the
sufficient care in
his shipment.
It
is
preparing
ducer.
careful ship]3er
139
is
all
such losses
The
writer
in the
practice of law
when
his
for loss or
Some
damage
railroads are
ment than
in shipment
by
loss for
in
pay-
whom we had
good any
freight.
to
make
start suit
on
fair
The
enough and
if it
seemed
make
clear
work there
140
would be much
less friction
because of high
freight rates.
move
make
to
is
to educate the
man
diffi-
commodity.
Until then
all
to
honey shippers
pay the
losses.
A\Tien
sees the
must be offered
possible.
The
in the
^vi^iter
houses
when
a retailer
came
in to
make
a pur-
There
141
liberal
He examined
make
good deal
The
was good.
man
rusty cans.
new
in price he
in cans
man
He
sam-
When
the writer
less.
even look at
lot of
honey
honey
it.
In
from
spite of
would not
will
142
two per
on the shipment.
case
It surely
ond-hand can
market and
in
lose
is
sec-
from
making the
in
sale.
servation
new packages
for
honey
this ob-
comb honey
graded and
in
this time.
in store,
new shipping
cases,
well
but seconds
shipping cases.
first
qual-
Although
quality, the
the honey
more
attractive
other.
fifty cents
Someone had
it
cost
two cents
143
a distant market
sell in
insist
in
In
know
fectly cleaned
O. K.
was shown
The grading
is
sections
as clean
were per-
and white
After not-
ing the great advantage that attractive packages had in wholesale sales the writer was more
interested than ever in the retail package.
tail stores
were
Re-
most of us gasp.
These stores
sell
to high-class
The
first
When
asked
if
144
The
enquired whether
it
sisted
writer then
its
in-
advertising,
that
comb honey
tracted jars
wrapped
in oil paper.
and clean
as nice
had on
as
any other
their shelves.
The
line
which they
honey because of
its
advertising,
if
honey because
it
clear
enough and
w^e
went out
found
it
We
sticky
that
store.
in
down one
it
The
attractive.
was printed
label
all the
in only one
was no compari-
Had
own
knew nothing
more, he
side.
it
145
of either producer.
the
table
if
he
Further-
money spent
in putting
when we
sell
up our product
will
come back
in the
several
the crop.
package
in
which to
ship.
own
10
trade
name
it
should have no
mark
of
146
If,
it is
to be
sold through
rec-
mark.
own
&
Son,
Middlebury, Vt."
The
name and
the usual
In
thirty years.
to the buyer
had asked
But
quality.
for
honey
in the
There
is
market
his best
product under
so.
his
own
However,
it
trade
often
147
happens that when he goes into a strange market the only buyers
will be those
who
who buy
to sell again
under their
It
well to corre-
is
whom
Some
honey
in the
of the
Middle West
honey
own
in their
Of
after
it
is
General
is
handled
Requirements.
in this
manner.
The
writer
and
retail.
ad\'ice to the
following
AMien asked
honey
seller
for
some general
148
Sell
comb honey
sells better in
glass,
and usually
The
bright
factory-made
the
ship-
honey
wood
shipping
so that the
rails.
combs
Use only
cases
Use
Stencil
name and
ad-
rubbed
off
lost.
Also avoid
comb honey
CHAPTER
XII
There seems
no agricultural pursuit
free
While many
eral.
ease, the
its
to be
beekeeper
may
appearance sooner or
ical
regions of
many
from
dis-
later.
to life in gen-
may
many
destroy whole
The waxmoth
among amateurs
may
generally feared.
While
it
waxmoth
nor
is
is
will
there
not
injure
strong
whose presence
may endanger
colonies,
to the writer
the
success
of his business.
Mice
150
left
wide
These
trance of mice.
damage combs
little
All un-
and moths.
Skunks
by scratching
and de-
Since they
not usually
difficult to
it is
a steel trap.
Waxmoths
to
most beginners.
As
soon as a colony
their eggs.
is
lost
The
larvas
burrow
If
151
end.
all is
If disease
ened by
its
ravages will
fall
is
present
become weak-
moths.
Queenless colonies or those whose condition is not normal from any reason, are the
ones to be affected.
The
understood as
how many
but
known
dif-
it is
yet.
It
there are, or
is
not definitely
known
be,
Paralysis
is
the
It
152
The
affected bees
may
be seen
At
times the
abdomen
is
distended.
Bees also
is
now
However,
is
parent cause,
it
beekeeper
it
to the
Bureau of
153
Such
Washington, D. C.
It
impor-
is
may
be
is
foulbrood
present.
it
will be necessary to
remove the
The contamination
If the disease
is
this dis-
European foulbrood
it
time,
all
strain,
preferably Italian.
Sacbrood
is
It
is
frequently disappears of
flow.
The author
itself
usually sufficient.
during a honey
this disease
and
this
CHAPTER
XIII
WINTER PREPARATION
The
novice
who plans
walled hives
duce
now on
his winter
The ordinary
it
and thus
re-
sufficient protection in
States and
to
is
it is
States.
With
in
the double-
summer examination,
to
is
done.
No
fur-
spring examination.
WINTER PREPARATION
155
After the
close of the
normal
activities of
must be taken
summer have
to insure plenty of
ceased.
Care
honey to
last
months when no
In the Northern
States
it is
thirty pounds,
fifty
hive.
than
pounds of sealed
amount
less
stores.
to
This lar^e
is
The
If the stores
156
is
combs and
Large
tial to
clusters of
young bees
successful wintering
the hive
is
by any method.
If
have gathered
condition
for
fail to
summer and
greatly weakened,
spring.
Colonies
will usually be in
is
if
Old and
such times
lightly for a
it
emerge
failing
known
become
young queens
At
will
wintering.
young bees
is
few days
fall
months.
WINTER PREPARATION
ing,
157
Given
above
the
conditions,
described
young
surprising
amount
through in
fine shape.
As
to whether
best
not a mat-
ter of agi'eement
and come
of cold weather
among
is
is
beekeepers.
Both
who
feel
is
best while
others are equally sure the other will bring better results.
either
method
if
proper attention
As
is
given to
stated at the
ommend
suf-
158
for
if
will bring
The
cellar should be
perature.
advantages.
its
cellar that
is
warm
during mild
The
cellar
which
is
sufficiently
warm,
For
if
the
best results
about
fifty
The
degrees Fahrenheit.
It
is
better to take
them a
them
is
past in
in a little
little late
than to
Packing Outside.
WINTER PREPARATION
159
summer
is
best plan
to use
hive
The
and
fill
box with
liar material.
and the
some sim-
to leave the
on
easy matter to
make such
it is
an
and two
W. Krouse of
an extensive beekeeper who has a
separate packing case for each colony, and
Ontario
leaves
to the west.
F.
is
them
in place the
CHAPTER XIV
THE SEASON 's WORK
REVIEAV OF
It
in a
is difficult
must be adapted
to
book of
kind which
this
aU parts of America
to give
The time
no time can be
The whole
year's
of the
much
in different
set for
any opera-
work
is
planned with
bees as possible.
The big
as
many
work
must be considered.
One
of these
is
to supply
the season to
months and
much
certain season
colony
is
up
stores gathered
bility of the
the winter
upon
161
from the
field at this
un-
It
is
only
is
likely to lay to
nectar
is
Especially
is
this true
when httle
iields
make
to
still
thing necessary
idly.
the
first
amount
colony,
of brood necessary to
honey to rear
make a strong
first essentials
of good
become short of
At
11
the
first
stores.
162
is
make
sufficient,
Not only
is
It sometimes
weak
some help,
will be lost.
is
If the cluster
ter to unite
is
too small,
it is
it
prop-
often bet-
to try to build
them up.
Very weak
colonies
screen.
The bottom
weak colony
is
163
The
bees above
is
clusters.
After
on
httle to be
still
bing.
fly
RoBBixG.
are
may
In
early spring
weak, there
The
bees
is
fields
when
there
is
colonies will
until they
in
is
The
best
one time.
164
make
This will
closed.
possible
it
for the
hives.
honey
is all
it is
hkely
removed from
when
robbed until
many
is
is
al-
as preven-
is
it is
easy to determine
is
likely to be only
ing mischief.
located, to
When
At
the beginning
is
be
made
pass at a time.
is
able to
in the
cess to
it,
leave bits of
is
fields,
it
ac-
AVhen
nectar
165
when no
starts
them
much
trouble
is
likely to result.
Aside
from
good condition,
spring.
is
not
added
as fast as needed.
If,
see that
When
it
is
is
is
the brood
time to give
removed, the
room
and the
166
frames,
safe to
it is
is
necessary.
working
watch should be
is
added
occupy
it.
a satisfactory crop
place to put
it
fail to
in time.
fill
two
The honey
hive.
capped
it is
well
is
is
hkely to be
is filled
gi^^ing another, he
good season.
work
it
it
poor.
is
over.
is
requires
room
is
some
skill to
how
mucli
maximum
\^eld,
determine
and
167
especially true of
comb-honey production.
it
is
This
bee's escape
filled
In a few hours
and not being
from annoyance.
Closing the Season.
flow
is
moved from
When
the honey
honey should be
The
made
early
later
re-
any
are over.
At
this season
it is
important to
re-
young
is
queen
in colonies
honey
is
till
168
make a
Many
beekeepers
there
is
pack
late
It
all,
is
but
ing the winter preparations as soon as convenient after the nights begin to be frosty.
activities center in
Without
good queens no matter how careful the management there can be no satisfactory degree of
success.
Mr. George
Demuth
of the
ture sums
tection.
of
room
and
up
U.
S.
Department of Agricul-
as follows
Given plenty of
stores,
stores,
is
assured.
GLOSSARY
Absconding.
A term commonly used where swarms
are lost through their departure for parts unknown.
Adair Hive. A hive formerly
popular in some localities but
now almost gone out of use.
The frames were 13^ inches
long and
Afterswarm.
llM
A
inches deep.
small swarm
issuing after the first or
prime swarm. Where bees
are not given proper attention it is not uncommon for
them to send out several
afterswarms, one after another until the parent col-
A hive once
but now seldom
The frames were 12
American Hive.
common
seen.
inches square.
Apiary.
A place where bees
are kept. As generally used
term includes bees,
the
hives and other equipment
together with the situation.
Apiculture.
The pursuit of
beekeeping.
Baby Nucleus.
small col-
colonies
Balling
Queens.
When a
strange queen is introduced
to a colony or when some
abnormal condition incites
the bees to mistrust their
own queen, they often cluster about her in a dense ball,
thus smothering her.
Beebread.
A term commonly
more readily.
Banat Bees. \ dark race of
bees coming from Hungary.
Bar Hive. A hive with bars
instead of frames.
These
hives are
commonly used
in
in
America.
Bee-escape.
A contrivance
which enables the bees to
leave a compartment of the
hive but
prevents their
return.
Bee Gum.
A name commonly
GLOSSARY
170
come
are kept.
Martin.
The common
Kingbird, ( Tyrannus tyran-
Bee
nus).
Brood-rearing.
The
rearing
young bees.
Bulk Honey. Honey cut from
the frames and marketed in
bulk as distinguished from
extracted honey or honey in
of
Also spoken of as
sections.
chunk honey.
Burr-comb.
Burr-combs
brace combs are small
of comb built
spaces, between
into
or
bits
small
two combs,
or between the frames and
other hive parts.
tar.
Brood.
The young
bees in the
larval stage.
The lower
Brood-chamber.
portion of main body of the
hive.
The
the brood
Brood-comb.
part containing
nest.
A comb used
brood rearing.
A frame conBrood-frame.
taining a brood-comb.
Brood-nest.
The part of the
hive where the colony makes
for
principal cluster.
place where the eggs
larvse are to be found.
its
The
and
dark
Caucasian Bees.
A race of
dark bees native to the
Caucasus.
Cellar Wintering. The wintering of bees in a cellar as distinguished from wintering
on their summer stands, out
of doors.
The hollows in the
Cells.
combs
which honey is
These are of two
worker cells, which
sizes;
about
twentymeasure
in
stored.
GLOSSARY
side
the
of
comb.
peanuts
bling
Queen
resem-
which
are
queens.
Cell-cup.
base
An
made
of
artificial
cell
beeswax used
Chunk-honey
Honey.
See
Bulk
171
Chaff
filled
Cushion.
A cushion
with chaff or other
equipment.
Comb.
honey-comb.
Comb-Foundation. A sheet of
beeswax impressed with the
exact size and shape of the
bases of the cells used by
the bees.
Cyprian Bees.
yellow race
ment.
A large hive
with eleven frames 183-^ x
11^. The frames are spaced
\]/2 inches from center to
center and a dummy is used
to reduce the size of the hive
for weak colonies.
A straw
mat is used over the frames
when supers are not in place.
Dadant Hive.
Dadant System.
system of
rearing.
of
manipulation necessary for ordinary
operations and largely con-
degrees.
trols
dant hive.
and wide
the
amount
swarming.
reduces
GLOSSARY
172
Danzenbaker Hive.
small
frames 73^ x 17
inches.
It was very popular for a time but is going
out of use.
Decoy Hive. A hive placed in
hive with
same
hangs
frame.
male
Drone-comb.
Honeycomb
An
Drone-layer.
or
fertilized
queen.
imperfectly
unfertilized
offspring
One whose
drumming
or
pounding on
Dimimy.
like
division board
a frame, excepting
it fits
made
that
or
unmated
swarm
issues.
GLOSSARY
Egyptian Bees.
Yellow bees
native to the Nile Valley.
Equalizing
Brood.
Taking
brood from strong colonies
to give to those which are
weaker for the purpose of
making all colonies equally
strong.
means
of
Extracting
an extractor.
Combs.
Combs
Fanning Bees.
In
warm
weather a number of bees
173
Foulbrood.
Foulbrood is of
two forms, American and
European, named from the
countries where first recognized. Both diseases attack
the young bees in the larval
stage and are very disastrous in neglected apiaries.
Foundation.
See
Comb Foun-
dation.
Frames.
The containers in
which combs are built. The
invention of the frame made
beekeeping
a
commercial
possibility.
Rev. L. L.
Langstroth of Ohio was the
first
to devise a successful
GaUup Hive.
square frames
each way. It
hive
with
11 1^
is
inches
no longer
generally used.
German Bees.
The common
Grading Rules.
Rules
by
which honey is graded for
market.
Goldens.
GLOSSARY
174
The
Grauulation of Honey.
candying or sugaring of
Most honeys will
honey.
candy when subjected to
frequent changes of temperIt can readily be
ature.
restored to the liquid state
by placing the container in
a tank of warm water or in
any warm
Honey which
Green Honey.
has
not
been
sufiiciently
Gum.
See Bee
Gum.
shallow
frames 5% x IS^e
inches which created a great
deal of discussion at the time
hive
with
Hoffman Frame.
in similar manner.
Hivestand. The base on which
the beehive is placed.
bees
The
Palestine,
also known as Syrians. They
are similar to Italians in
of
The evaporated
Honey.
nec-
is
the
storage
of
honey.
Comb.
Honeydew. A sweet substance
produced by aphides. The
See
term
keeper.
Honey-sac.
The
honeybag
honey-stomach.
House-apiary. An apiary kept
entirely within a building
erected for the purpose. The
bees find their way to the
outside through entrances
through the wall from each
hive.
GLOSSARY
Hybrids. The term hybrid is
used to indicate a cross be-
Italian
Yellow
bees
native to Italy.
Italianizing.
Larvae.
The young
175
to increase the
number of
Baby Nucleus.
The jaws of an
queens.
See
Mandibles.
insect which work sidewise.
May
Disease.
A disease
attacking adult bees in the
spring of the year.
Midrib.
The septum of the
honeycomb.
Miller Cage.
A queen cage
invented by
Dr. C
C
Miller.
Mismated
purely
Queen.
An immated queen.
A
bees after
hatching from the egg and
before entering the pupal
stage.
other race.
Mating Hive.
small hive in
is
kept
queen
of
Moth-Miller.
The waxmoth.
See Beemoth.
Mother-Bee. The queen.
*
Movable
Frame.
A loose
frame which enables the beekeeper to examine any part
This term is
used to distinguish such a
hive from the box or skep
Nectar. The sweet liquid secreted by flowers which the
bees elaborate into honey.
Nectaries. The glands which
secrete nectar.
Neuter.
A term sometimes
applied to worker bees and
also to ants which are not
developed sexually.
GLOSSARY
176
Hive.
A hive
with glass walls which permit the beekeeper to observe
the actions of the bees.
Ocelli. The simple eyes of the
Observation
on by means of a
series of outapiaries
two or
as out-
apiary.
The stocking of
with more bees
than the forage present will
support profitably.
Overstocking.
a
locality
Package Bees.
Bees shipped
packages without combs.
Parent Colony. A colony from
which a swarm has issued.
in
Parthenogenesis.
The production of offspring by an unfertilized or
unmated female.
ed
and sometimes
queens
lay
eggs which
produce drones. See Dzier-
workers,
zon Theory.
Pickled Brood. A mild disease
attacking the larvae.
Sacbrood.
Queen.
Piping
made
by
The
young
notes
queen
usually
very soon
after
emerging from the cell and
often in response to similar
notes made by one not yet
out of the cell. The sound
made
within the
cell
is
called quahking.
Prime Swarm.
The
first
swarmto issue from acolony.
See Afterswarm.
Propolis. A gummy substance
which the bees
or glue
gather to close up crevices
within the hive.
Pimic
Bees.
Bees.
See
Tunisian
GLOSSARY
The third stage in the
transformation of an insect.
The period during which
the young bee is sealed up
within the cell and receives
Pupa.
no food.
Quahking.
The sound made
by a young queen before she
emerges from the cell. See
Piping.
Queen.
The mother-bee.
sexually
developed
female
honeybee.
Queen-cage. A small cage for
the purpose of confining
queen bees.
Queen-cell. The cell in which
the young queen is reared.
It is larger than other cells
and of a different shape,
resembling a peanut.
Clipping. The wings of
the queen are often clipped
to
prevent her escaping
with a swarm.
Queen-excluder. See Excluder.
177
Quinby Hive.
The original
large hive with deep frame,
183^x11^.
Queen
Royal
Sacbrood.
attacking
is
inches in size.
Jelly.
A thick, white
paste fed by the bees to the
young. It is given in special
abundance to young queens.
mild
disease
the
larvae.
It
somewhat resembles foulbrood, but is not as malignant. It often disappears of
itself
ment.
Pickled brood.
Small containers
made of wood of the right
size to hold one pound of
Sections.
comb
honey
pletely
filled.
when
com-
Sealed Brood.
Brood which
has been sealed over. Young
bees in the pupal stage of
transformation.
Separator.
A thin sheet of
wood or other material used
GLOSS.\RY
178
swarm must
them
to
natural
do.
The
Spacing Frames.
Hoffman frame which has
Self
An implement
Smoker.
for
means of
by
some combustible
controlling bees
burning
means
of a bellows.
Spring Dwindling.
The grad-
A narrow
foundation
strip
of
used in frames
tions in
queen rearing.
appendage
Straw Mat.
A mat made
of
stored.
Supersedure.
Surplus Honey.
Honey remaining to be removed over
and above an amount sufficient for the bees.
Swarm.
The natural
division
whereby the
old queen and most of the
of the colony,
field
Swarm-box.
A box
covered
screen in which to
confine shaken bees when
making artificial divisions
or stocking nuclei.
with
GLOSSARY
Syrian Bees. The Holy Land
Bees.
A yellow race native
to Palestine.
Ten-Frame Hive.
ard Langstroth
ten frames.
The standhive
with
mated.
Tunisian Bees.
Black bees
native to the North Coast
of Africa.
The Punic
bees.
Knife.
A knife
used for removing the cappings from the honeycomb
in preparation for extracting.
Unripe Honey. Green honey.
Honey containing an excess
of moisture.
Unsealed Brood. Brood which
has not yet completed the
larval stage of development.
At the end of six days after
hatching the young larvae
complete their growth and
Uncapping
Virgin.
179.
An unmated
queen.
Wax. The
Wax Worm.
See Beemoth.
The placing
of wires across the frames
when putting in foundation,
to support the combs later
to be built by the bees.
Wax Pockets. The receptacles
between the segments on
the under side of the abdomen of the worker bee
where the wax scales are
produced.
Worker. An imperfectly developed female bee.
The
neuter. In every hive there
are thousands of workers
which perform all the labor
of the colony.
Wiring Frames.
Worker-comb'
Honeycomb
mating
flight.