Medherb Green Pages - 2010

India and Nepal

14 Foreword -
15 Editorial
16 Acknowledgment with Thanks

SECTION-1 INDIA
19 18 Major herbal trading centers in India
19 Exports of medicinal and aromatic plants (MAPs) & their allied products Chapter-1
20 Revised list of Harmonised System (HS) codes of exports
22 Country wise exports of MAPs and their allied products (2007-08)
23 Exports of MAPs, parts and their allied products (2007-08)
24 Commodity wise split up of exports (2007-08)
25 India's MAPs exports to top 15 countries (2007-08)
25 India's exports trend of MAPs, parts and their allied products (2002-08)
26 Exports trend and information of individual commodity
65 49 Good Agricultural Practices (GAP) for medicinal plants Chapter-2
55 An overview on adulterants and substitutes of commercial herbal drugs Chapter-3
with reference to their quality standards
65 Dynamics of chain of custody in herbal raw material sector Chapter-4
69 Medherb Information Chapter-5
69 Info 1, 2 & 3 Government notifications and circulars
72 Info 4 International standard for sustainable wild collection (ISSC-MAP)
77 Info 5 Few important herbal drugs testing laboratories
79 Info 6 Indian flora species in the appendices of CITES
83 80 Info 7 Prohibited/negative list of medicinal plants for exports from India
81 Info 8 Protection of specified plants (The Wild Life Protection Act, 1972)
Special Features Chapter-6
83 - Gulab (Rosa damascena Miller.)
87 - Henna (Lawsonia inermis Linn.)
91 - Isabgol (Plantago ovata Forsk.)
95 - Senna (Cassia angustifolia Vahl.)
98 Stakeholders of Gulab, Henna, Isabgol and Senna
111 Stakeholder directory Chapter-7
111 112 Cultivation crops mentioned in cultivators' data
112 Words and their abbreviations used in stakeholders' directory
113 Cultivators
125 Dealers, Exporters, Importers
197 Exporters, Extractors, Manufacturers
293 Organisations

SECTION-2 CRUDE MEDICINAL AND AROMATIC PLANTS' PART

302 Photographs of crude plants' part Chapter-1
301 326 Index of photographs
Medherb Green Pages - 2010
India and Nepal

- SECTION-3 NEPAL -
332 Editor's (Janak Raj Rawal) Nepal visit
334 Major herbal trading centers in Nepal
335 Herbal drugs - The green gold of Nepal Chapter-1
339 Indo-Nepal treaty of trade (Revised in 2009) Chapter-2
335 347 Commercially important medicinal and aromatic plants of Nepal Chapter-3
347 Most tradable medicinal and aromatic plants in Nepal
350 Exports of medicinal and aromatic plants of Nepal to India
352 Asia Network for Sustainable Agriculture and Bioresources (ANSAB) Chapter-4
353 Medherb information on Nepal Chapter-5
353 Info 1 Regulatory (Export negative list and CITES)
354 Info 2 Nepal gazette on MAPs royalty
357 Info 3 Website on MAPs by ethnobotanical society of Nepal
358 Info 4 Procedure of drug registration
347 (Ayurvedic, Unani and Homoeopathic products)
359 Info 5 News on medicinal and aromatic plants
361 Info 6 Major organizations involved in MAPs sector
Special Features Chapter-6
363 - Alaichi, Amomum subulatum Roxb. - An important cash crop
369 - Yarsagumba, Cordyceps sinensis (Berk.) Sacc. - A wonder drug
from the Himalayas
373 Stakeholders' directory Chapter-7
Dealers, Exporters, Importers, Manufacturers, Organisations
369
INDEX
384 English, Indian and Nepali names
389 Botanical names

391 Advertisers' Index

 FOREWORD
The Hindu Kush Himalayan (HKH) region is well known as the repository of valuable medicinal, aromatic and dye (MADP)
plants, the majority of which are used in their crude forms in various codified and non-codified systems of traditional medicine
worldwide. The great majority of medicinal plants used locally or entering into trade and industries come from wild sources.
Comparatively very few plant-derived pure constituents, including active principles and secondary metabolites, are used as drugs
in modern medicine or allopathic system. However, during the last few decades, demand for drugs of plant origin is increasing,
especially in developed countries, which is mainly due to the widespread belief that 'nature-based medicine' is safer, efficacious,
and more dependable than the synthetic drugs, many of which have adverse side effects as well as are costly.

Published literature on the trade of medicinal plants in the region is scanty, especially traders' modus operand; for sourcing
medicinal plants raw materials, and various other trade and management aspects including policy and legal issues. The present
volume of popular series of Medherb, divided into 3 sections and 15 chapters covers in a unique way, all aspects of medicinal
plants including trade, processing, policy, rules and regulations, name of stakeholders, and status of the products in the two
countries of Nepal and India. The monograph - second revised edition - will hopefully be found useful by the resource managers,
traders, industrialists, planners, policy makers, legal authorities, and educational and research organizations and institutions
engaged in the field of MADPs and other non-timber forest products (NTFPs). The orientation of the book is practical rather than
theoretical, explanatory rather than scholarly. Regarding the practical utility of the book, the publishers have strived to provide
more answers than questions. The systematic methods and information presented in this book are certainly indispensable, well-
organized, and easy to use by a diverse range of users, especially by producers, processors, marketers and enterprising
community in the region.

Given the huge importance of cross-border trade in medicinal plant between Nepal and India, there is always a demand for
more up to date information on products and prices of marketable MADP. This is therefore a timely and informative manual for
various types of medicinal plants stakeholders who otherwise cannot afford to get all the information under one cover. In other
words, this is indeed an interesting book which gives practical and updated information on MADP related prices, players, products
and places. It is visualized that the book will provide the readers an in-depth knowledge on the trade and other related topics on
the MADPs to promote sustainable management of medicinal plants and other NTFPs in the two countries. The book is likely to
create a strong momentum for the sustainable management of the sub-sector not only in Nepal and India but also beyond.

Mr. Janak Raj Rawal, having decades of experience in medicinal plant trade and management studies, with extensive field
works in the marketing of an array of MAP stakeholders is, undoubtedly, a well qualified person to compile a book of this standard.
Mr. Rawal has brought out an impressive array of topics covering various aspects of medicinal plants that I have had the pleasure
of reading in similar publications for many other countries.

Finally, I would like to conclude with these words - The use of this manual will certainly help raise the standard of future
works in medicinal plants trade and sustainable management. I do hope that this book will be especially useful to the
organizations and individuals who are working for the betterment of the life and livelihoods of mountain people in Nepal and
India.

Sincerely,

Madhav B. Karki, Ph.D. 20th March, 2010

Deputy Director General - Programmes

International Centre for Integrated Mountain Development Direct Lines

Directorate: 5003318. Environmental Change and Ecosystem Services (ECES): 5003013.
Mountain Forum: 5003139. Integrated Water and Hazard Management (IWHM): 5003177
Knowledge Management Support and Development (KMSD IT+C): 5003246.
Mountain Environmental Natural Resources Information Systems (MENRIS): 5003242
Sustainable Livelihoods and Poverty Reduction (SLPR): 5003040/5003141.

14
 Starting with its 2003 edition, Medherb Green Pages (MGP) has established itself as the single largest information source
related to trade and commerce of herbals. With the current edition MGP moves into the eighth year of its publication. Apart from
the useful information on medicinal and aromatic plants species (MAPs) trade, that Medherb Green Pages is recognized for, this
issue puts a special focus on Nepal. Like all our country specific sections in previous editions, I personally devoted time and energy
in visiting Nepal to collect, collate and compile the information about the production and trade scenario of Nepalese MAPs. It was
also an important opportunity for me to discuss issues related to MAPs production and trade with various MAPs stakeholders
there. I hope the insights generated during the endeavor are adequately reflected in the volume at hand and will be considered
helpful by our patrons.

Nepal consists of one-third (800km) of entire length of the Himalayas (2500km) and is a transitional zone of
interpenetration between two differing environments of eastern Himalayas and the western Himalayas. Nepal lies on the
subtropical zone of the globe, most of its terrain being mountainous with bioclimatic variation from tropical to the Alpine and
Arctic zone. It makes a country with rich flora and biodiversity. Out of approx. 7000 species of higher plants found in that around
700 are medicinal, 250 being endemic to Nepal. There are 1624 species of ethnobotanical importance and about 100 of these
plants are commercially important for trade. Nepal is an important country from the perspective of MAPs trade. This had
prompted us to devote considerably towards it. Due to recent political changes, more opportunities may have opened up for
Indo-Nepal herbal trade.

Earlier surveys have indicated that 90% of the Non Timber Forest Products (NTFP) of Nepal are consumed by India.
However, recent studies indicate that it is around 70% and rest is being exported to China. Major items of commerce between
India and Nepal are: Atis, Chiraiyta, Tejpat, Jatamansi (with & without oil), Chadilla, Kutki, Ritha, Pippali, Sughandhabala,
Sughandh Kokila, Yarsagumba (Cordyceps sinensis) and Timur.

Major plants under cultivation in Nepal are: Mentha, Citronella, Lemon grass, Palmarosa, Basil, Chamomile, Chirayita,
Eucalyptus, Stevia, Wintergreen, Juniper berry, Asparagus, Aloe vera, Taxus baccata, Jatamansi, Acorus calamus etc. Rauvolfia
serpentina is nearly extinct in Nepal and Kutki is also heading towards it. Development of nurseries for medicinal and aromatic
plants is being taken up in Nepal on a commercial basis with Dabur Nepal Ltd. and also Nepal Agricultural Research Council (NARC)
playing a major role in this context.

Some of the features of MAPs trade in Nepal are that the market is closed on every Saturday and follow the Bikram Samvat
calendar (starts with Baisakh i.e. 14th April) as financial year. There are about 10 retail shops exclusively devoted to Jari buti in
Killagarh near Inder Chowk in Kathmandu.

There is a trade misconception that Indian imports of Jatamansi oil from Nepal is of indigenous Nepalese origin (SAARC Treaty),
whereas actual trade volume of Nepal constitutes only 10% and the remaining 90% is being imported from China and exported to
India. This trend is observed for the last two-three years. Herbs Production and Processing Company Limited (HPPLC), the Nepal
Government undertaking, which extracts essential oil onsite in the fields has a small distillation unit with 100% 'buy back' from the
producers. Organic is another buzz word in herbal trade and Nepal has also entered into organic cultivation of essential oil crops
and soapnut.

JABAN and ANSAB are two organizations engaged actively in the development of herbal trade in Nepal. I very much
thankful to both esteemed organizations for their kind help and cooperation during my visit to Nepal. I had the chance to visit the
Dabur Nepal; I personally appreciate the wonderful work being carried out by the organization. I also thankful to Dr. Madhav Karki
(ICIMOD) to bringing out this issue; incidentally it was also Dr. Karki (then with IDRC) who was instrumental in bringing out earlier
issue on Nepal in 2004.

I am pleased to inform you that the next edition will cover yet another SAARC country i.e., Bangladesh, with updates from
India. Bangladesh is also one of the most important countries to consume herbs and their allied products from India. The
Ayurveda and Unani are recognized systems of medicine in Bangladesh. Lastly, I assure the readers of MGP of our best efforts to
serve them with authentic and updated information from the MAPs domain. I hope we continue to enjoy your faith,
encouragement and patronage in the years to come.

31st March, 2010 Janak Raj Rawal

15
17
Source: Directorate General of Foreign Trade, Department of Commerce,
Ministry of Commerce and Industry, Government of India

Worldwide recognition of natural products and process

in supporting human and ecological health, the
economic plus environmental significance of the medicinal
plant resources have enlarged terrifically in recent years.

Exports of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants 19

www.medherb.in
COUNTRY WISE EXPORTS OF MAPs AND THEIR ALLIED PRODUCTS (2007-08)
Country Value (INR ’00000)
U S A . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 88094.98
China P Rp . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16706.97
Germany . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13583.57
Japan . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7176.79
Russia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7064.87
U Arab Emts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6358.31
South Africa . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4549.73
Pakistan IR . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4245.69
U K . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3890.52
Spain . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3667.80
Australia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3665.23
Italy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3615.07
France . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3568.80
Netherland . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3430.00
Belgium . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2554.27
Malaysia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2213.95
Mexico . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2213.14
Taiwan . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2020.10
Brazil . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1997.82
Canada . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1997.57
Korea Rp . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1971.00
Nepal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1681.10
Indonesia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1610.25
Saudi Arab . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1520.56
Denmark . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1441.09
Egypt A Rp . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1206.88
Turkey . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1174.08
Singapore . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1130.99
Hong Kong . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1057.50
Thailand . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1039.23
Ukraine . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1027.46
Switzerland . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 954.28
Iran . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 880.66
Bangladesh PR . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 808.55
Vietnam Soc Rep . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 718.15
Argentina . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 709.58
Poland . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 609.24
Chile . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 521.63
Sri Lanka DSR . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 513.97
Israel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 485.88
Syria . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 480.59
Philippines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 461.97
Sweden . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 306.80
Algeria . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 304.98
New Zealand . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 295.00
Colombia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 277.91
Colombia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 277.44
Guatemala . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 275.90
Kazakhstan . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 243.75
Latvia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 221.52
Jordan . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 217.34
Benin . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 204.14
Greece . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 179.31
22 Exports of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants
Medherb Green Pages 2010
INDIA AND NEPAL
Country Value (INR ’00000)
Sudan . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 176.63
Kenya . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 166.99
Oman . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 163.68
Uzbekistan . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 155.86
Kuwait . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 144.03
Qatar . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 124.50
Nigeria . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 123.25
Baharain Is . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 123.23
Romania . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 123.06
Czech Republic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 110.69
Peru . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 109.54
Portugal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 106.30
Yemen Republc . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 103.31
Morocco . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 101.99
Azerbaijan . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 101.05
Tanzania Rep . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100.55
Ecuador . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 91.27
Mauritius . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 90.55
Afghanistan Tis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 89.87
Korea Dp Rp . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 88.96
Bulgaria . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 84.65
Norway . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72.84
Congo P Rep . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68.19
Venezuela . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67.47
Moldova . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66.50
Lebanon . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55.12
Belarus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54.59
Iraq . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53.55
Hungary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53.46
Tajikistan . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53.42
Austria . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48.37
Finland . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47.32
Finland . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46.69
Kyrghyzstan . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42.17
Ghana . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39.36
Costa Rica . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39.12
Swaziland . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37.45
Maldives . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35.49
El Salvador . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35.15
Ethiopia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33.51
Madagascar . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31.73
Union Of Serbia & Montenegro . . . . . . . . 31.70
Senegal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28.56
Uruguay . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28.27
Slovenia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26.29
Uganda . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24.02
Panama Republic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23.44
Dominic Rep . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22.98
Djibouti . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19.94
Br Virgn Is . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19.05
Trinidad . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18.99
Honduras . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17.73
Honduras . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17.72
Niger . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16.71
see fig. 03
Country Value (INR ’00000)
Guyana . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15.09
Liberia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14.90
Ireland . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13.35
Angola . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12.94
Jamaica . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12.18
Brunei . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11.18
Croatia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11.08
Bolivia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10.96
Malta . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10.64
Fiji Is . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10.34
Armenia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10.20
Suriname . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9.49
Gambia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9.42
Lithuania . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9.31
Chad . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9.18
Libya . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8.70
Cote D' Ivoire . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7.31
Georgia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7.21
Turkmenistan . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5.92
Macedonia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5.80
Zambia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.85
Reunion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.82
Myanmar . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.43
Mozambique . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.89
Bahamas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.59
Malawi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.14
Puerto Rico . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.80
Macao . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.70
Mauritania . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.45
Cyprus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.39
Somalia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.39
Mali . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.23
Papua N Gna . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.22
Botswana . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.05
Estonia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.02
Rwanda . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.97
Sierra Leone . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.88
Lao Pd Rp . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.87
Namibia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.67
Guinea . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.64
Seychelles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.64
Albania . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.58
Zimbabwe . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.45
Netherlandantil . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.43
Burundi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.39
Cambodia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.34
New Caledonia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.22
Dominica . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.17
Cameroon . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.12
Nicaragua . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.07
St Vincent . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.07
Barbados . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.02
Unspecified . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 111.61
www.medherb.in Medherb Green Pages 2010
INDIA AND NEPAL

EXPORTS TREND AND INFORMATION OF INDIVIDUAL COMMODITY

Castor Oil Seeds fig. 05 Country Quantity (Kg ’000) . . . . . . . . . . . Value (INR ’00000)
Export Trend (2003-08) Hong Kong . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.20 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.17
Ireland . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.04 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.02
Quantity in Kg ‘000 Value in INR ‘00000 Japan . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.20 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.17
2000
Kenya . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.23 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.14
1800 Macao . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.60 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.71
1600 Mauritius . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.38 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.20
1400 Nepal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.37 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.05
1200 Netherland . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.20 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.06
1000 New Zealand . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5.40 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.54
800 Nigeria . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.02 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.01
600 Philippines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.20 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.18
Reunion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.30 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.19
400
South Africa . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17.00 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.71
200
Sri Lanka DSR . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.20 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.11
0 Sudan . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.10 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.07
2003-04 2004-05 2005-06 2006-07 2007-08 U K . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17.51 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11.13
Quantity 1820.380 464.000 0.370 20.660 68.000 U S A . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 249.15 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 138.15
Total . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 324.53 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 167.73
Value 449.773 45.148 0.150 7.870 36.120

Export Data (2007-08) Niger Seeds fig. 07

Export Trend (2003-08)
Country Quantity (Kg ’000) Value (INR ’00000)
Greece . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51.00 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30.24 Quantity in Kg ‘000 Value in INR ‘00000
Kenya . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16.00 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5.22 35000
Uganda . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.00 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.67 30000
Total . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68.00 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36.12
25000
Poppy Seeds fig. 06 20000
Export Trend (2003-08)
15000
Quantity in Kg ‘000 Value in INR ‘00000
400 10000
350 5000
300
0
250 2003-04 2004-05 2005-06 2006-07 2007-08
200 Quantity 17894.366 26138.247 28424.670 30017.180 21682.850
150 Value 4541.390 6474.480 6024.980 6687.310 9002.990
100
Export Data (2007-08)
50
Country Quantity (Kg ’000) Value (INR ’00000)
0
2003-04 2004-05 2005-06 2006-07 2007-08 Algeria . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31.00 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23.79
Belgium . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 587.60 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 202.94
Quantity 104.916 146.736 240.780 351.030 324.530 Brazil . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 432.00 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 181.35
Value 55.685 80.271 135.980 114.420 167.730 Canada . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 127.01 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48.96
France . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 400.00 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 185.74
Export Data (2007-08) Greece . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42.06 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12.36
Indonesia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19.00 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6.65
Country Quantity (Kg ’000) Value (INR ’00000)
Australia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.00 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.48 Italy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 231.00 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 93.41
Benin . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.03 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.02 Kuwait . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14.72 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.26
Botswana . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.00 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.57 Mexico . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 478.00 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 186.02
Canada . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25.20 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7.96 Netherland . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 107.64 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36.98
Germany . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.20 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.09 Portugal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49.62 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16.60

26 Exports of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants

Source: National Medicinal Plant Board.
Department of AYUSH, Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, Government of India
In collaboration with; World Health Organization (WHO)
1 Background- Need for Good Agricultural Practices
1.1 India has a rich tradition of plant based health care systems
contained in its classical texts like Charak Samhita and
Sushruta Samhita. In recognition of the diversity of health
care practices, the Government of India have recognized
Ayurveda, Yoga & Naturopathy, Siddha, Unani and
Homoeopathy as the alternative systems of medicine
under the National Health Policy.
1.2 Department of Ayurveda, Yoga and Naturopathy, Siddha,
Unani and Homoeopathy (AYUSH) in the Ministry of Health
and Family Welfare has the responsibility for quality
assurance and standardization of the production processes
of Ayurveda, Siddha and Unani(ASU) medicines and
disseminate the guidelines for production of raw material
used in ASU medicines.
1.3 To ensure and enhance the quality of ASU medicines, the
Government of India have notified Good Manufacturing
Practices under Schedule 'T' of the Drugs and Cosmetics
Act 1940. The guidelines for Good Agricultural Practices
seek to lay down standards for production of raw material
that goes in to the making of the ASU medicines and
standardize the production processes from farm to factory.
2 Definition of Good Agricultural Practices
A good agricultural practice in the context of medicinal
plants is a cultivation programme designed to ensure
optimal yield in terms of both quality and quantity of any
crop intended for health purposes.
3 Scope
3.1 This document is designed to play a facilitator role and shall
be recommended to all stake holders.
3.2 In the current form, these GAPs are essentially meant for
and applicable to commercial scale of farming.
4 Soil and climatic conditions
4.1 The grower should identify the best possible environment
where the plant can express its full potential in terms of
both quality and quantity during its entire growth period
(germination, growth and maturity). Meteorological data
collated for preceding three years should be taken into
account while judging the suitability of the site.
Good Agricultural Practices 49
Sunil Dutt and Dr. Rajeev Kr. Sharma,
Pharmacopoeial Laboratory for Indian Medicine,
Govt. of India, Dept. of AYUSH, Ministry of Health and Family Welfare
Herbal medicine is the oldest form of healthcare known to
mankind. In spite of the great advances observed in modern
medicine in recent decades, medicinal plants still play a very
significant role in the healthcare of humankind. The medicinal
plants constitute an effective source of Unani, Ayurvedic and
Siddha systems of medicine and have played a key role in human
health. In fact today, approximately 70% of “synthetic” medicines
are derived from plants. In India, about 80% of the rural
population depends on medicinal herbs and/or indigenous
systems of medicine. In recent years, however, the popularity of
herbal medicine worldwide and increasing demand of medicinal
plants/herbal drugs has led to overexploitation from wild and
accordingly adulteration and substitution of medicinal
plant/herbal drugs also increased drastically. Consequently, the
safety and efficacy of these medicines have degraded significantly
and become an important issue for the health professions.
Herbal adulteration is one of the common malpractices in
herbal raw material trade. Adulteration is an intentional
substitution with another plant species or intentional addition of a
foreign substance to increase the weight or potency of the product
or to decrease its cost. In general, adulteration is considered as an
intentional practice. However, unintentional adulterations also
exist in herbal raw material trade due to various reasons. Owing to
collection of herbal drugs by unskilled workers from natural
habitats lead to unintentional adulteration. India has a number of
vernacular languages in different regions and hence, this causes a
lot of confusion in the identity of the drug. For example Eclipta alba
Hassk. and Wedelia calendulacea Less. are known by the same
vernacular name 'Bhringraj'. Hence, adulteration or substitution
of the genuine raw material is the main cause of degradation of
the desired therapeutic effect of a particular drug used in Indian
System of Medicine. Therefore, the correct taxonomic
identification of botanical drugs is necessary for their quality,
safety and efficacy. This article provide a comprehensively
reviewed information on adulterants and substitutes of herbal
drugs with reference to their quality standards with the scope that
the data can be useful guide for identifying the correct botanical
source of a particular herbal drug.
Adulterants and Substitutes 55
Pranab Misra, Chief Executive Officer
Rawal Medherbs Consultants Pvt. Ltd.
Unusual divergence of topography, climate and eco-system of
India has resulted in high floral diversity, in consequence making
India reach in varieties of high value Medicinal and Aromatic
Plants (MAPs), popularly known as herbs. MAPs much more than a
source for traditional healthcare, contribute in important ways to
the livelihood and welfare of rural population by providing an
alternate source of income and employment. Wild harvesting of
medicinal and aromatic plants is a chance for the poorest to make
at least some cash income. Especially those people who do not
have access to farm land at all depend on gathering MAPs to earn
at least some money. Wild plant species are wild harvested and
used as crops then sold as products, especially for food and
medicines.
Demand of MAPs mostly comes from two sectors:
1. Pharmaceutical Industry
Medicines
Extracts, isolation of active constituents (alkaloids, glycosides)
Plant derived allopathic medicines
Essential oils
2. Consumer Market
Health food supplement industry
Cosmetics and perfumery industry
Natural Dye industry
Blending and flavoring
Cooking and additives
Ayurveda, Siddha, Unani and Folk (tribal) medicine are the
major systems of indigenous medicine. Amongst these systems,
Ayurveda is most developed and extensively practiced in India.
The number of plants used in these systems of medicines is about
2200. It is difficult to appraise how many MAPs are commercially
traded. There is a need to increase the recognition of marketing as
an important means of contributing to sustainable utilization of
forest resources. It is evident that price is too often used as the
main, if not the only, means in marketing of crude herbal raw
materials, distribution channels and service factors play a more
important role than price does.
Distribution channel of herbals also termed as chain of custody
may be defined as all relevant steps involved in the production-
Dynamics of Chain of Custody 65
www.medherb.in Medherb Green Pages 2010
INDIA AND NEPAL

supply chain including collecting, cultivating, harvesting, handling, The amount and level of information available with all the
processing and other appropriate related activities. It is a system elements of the chain of custody varies considerable, thereby
of people organizations, technology, activities, information and leading to the exploitation of people having less information.
resources involved in movement of a product or service from its Collectors: Collectors of herbs may be defined as a person who
source of origin to the end user. earns fully or partly his livelihood through collecting herbs from
Channel of distribution and complexities involved, is one of the the wild (whole herb or its parts) with the purpose of selling it to
biggest challenges faced by the individual entrepreneurs and final someone who either sells it further or processes it. Collectors may
product manufacturers in determining quality and price of the be divided in two groups.
herbal raw materials. The length of supply chain is responsible for Independent collectors: They are generally poor farmers with
the receipt of low prices by primary collectors and farmers. As
small landholdings for cultivation and h a v i n g h a r d l y a n y
collection is still more common than cultivation, huge differences
alternative occupation to earn cash income. During period of
in the quality of raw materials occur. The differences concern the
their urgency they are compelled to take advance money from
amount of active ingredients based on the geographic location,
use of plant parts, harvest techniques and storing. local traders or middlemen, who are the only accessible credit
The discussion on supply chain demands total understanding source to them. These traders act as the only source of market
of each component involved in the process. information for the collectors.
Contract Collectors: they are engaged by the forest
Chain of Custody (Supply Chain) of contractors for collection of herbs according to the geographic
Medicinal & Aromatic Plants area allotted to the contractor. Sometimes the species are also
specified for collection.
Manufacturers
Being exposed to adverse weather conditions during
Pharmaceuticals, Herbal Drug, Nutraceuticals, Dyes, Cosmetics, Perfumery etc.
collection, collectors are forced to collect as much as and as
quickly as possible during the day.
Collectors suffer from inadequate business and
Bulk Suppliers Regional International entrepreneurial skills, lack of awareness on collection process,
of Ingredients Markets Market quality requirements, and knowledge on properties of herbs,
price, insufficient market information and regulations.
Cultivator: Herbal cultivators may be divided broadly in two
categories small-scale and large-scale according to their
Small Traditional Traders from Exporter
Extractors landholding capacity. The small-scale farmers may be categorized
Processors healers Other States
as unorganized and semi-organized.
Unorganized: They undertake cultivation of medicinal and
aromatic plants having short gestation period to generate an
Large Traders Market extra income during the unproductive period of their regular
crop and are mostly dependent on the middlemen or local
traders for their sales receiving smaller and smaller amounts
even though the middlemen may be receiving an increasing
Cultivation Small Trader / Cooperatives / profits.
Promoters Middlemen Govt. Agencies Semi-organized: these farmers are normally members of
certain group or cultivate by getting motivation from some
organization promoting medicinal and aromatic plants'
cultivation or against b u y b a c k a s s u ra n c e f ro m s o m e
Cultivator Collector Importer individual/firm.

Large-scale cultivators may also be divided in two categories,

such as entrepreneur cultivators and contract cultivators. In both
Natural Wild and the cases they are well organized with sound financial and
Abandon Forest educational background; capable of risk bearing.

66 Dynamics of Chain of Custody

 Information 1
Government Notifications and Circulars
PHARMEXCIL
Pharmaceuticals Export Promotion Council
(Set up by Ministry of Commerce & Industry, Govt., of India)
H.O.: 101, Aditya Trade Centre, Ameerpet, Hyderbad-500038
Ref: PXL/H.O./CIR-143/2008-09 19th March, 2009
Sub: Food & Drug Administration Globalization Act of 2009
This is to inform our members that our council has received
information from, Department of Commerce Government of India
that a bill “Food and Drug Administration (FDA) Globalization Act
2009” has been introduced in the US. The bill is designed to
impose strict monitoring, manufacturing and reporting
requirements on all products overseen by the FDA.
The bill also creates a dedicated foreign inspectorate to
increase FDA's ability to monitor foreign facilities producing food,
drugs, devices and cosmetics. The highlights of the bill are
reproduced below:
Ÿ Requires all food, drug medical device and cosmetics facilities
operating within the U.S. or exporting such goods to the U.S. to
register with the FDA and pay a registration fee every year.
Ÿ Requires the FDA to establish a risk-based schedule for
inspecting foreign and domestic food facilities, with a
minimum inspection frequency of once every four years, and
provides that refusing, impeding or delaying an inspection
would be cause for suspension of registration and for barring
entry into the U.S.
Ÿ Requires the FDA to inspect foreign and domestic drug
facilities every two years (with some exceptions allowed) and
denies entry to drugs coming from facilities that limit, delay or
deny FDA inspections.
Ÿ Requires foreign food manufacturers to be certified by FDA
accredited third parties as meeting all U.S. food safety
requirements and prohibits uncertified facilities from
exporting to the U.S.
Ÿ Creates a fast-track import process for food meeting security
standards.
Ÿ Provides the FDA with new authority to issue mandatory
recalls of foods and drugs and strengthens fines for failure to
comply with safety requirements.
Ÿ Requires drug importers to affirmatively demonstrate that
their products come from registered facilities and meet all
requirements related to safety and quality.
Ÿ Requires drug manufacturers, when requested by the FDA, to
provide documentation of their complete supply chain and to
document measures taken to secure their supply chain.
Medherb Information 69
History Cambodia Kolaab
Rose has a long and lively history. Fossil evidence tells that rose English Cabbage Rose, Damask Rose,
is 35 million years old. Today, there are over 30,000 varieties of French Rose De Damas, Rose De Tous Les Mois, Rose
roses and it has the most complicated family tree of any known Hindi Gulab, Sudburg, Bussorah
flower species. Cultivation of rose most likely began in Asia around Indonesia Kembang Eros, Bunga Ros
5000 years ago. Cultivation of rose was introduced in Europe Kannada Gulabihuvu, Panniru, Roja, Gulabi
during late eighteenth century by China. Laos Kuhlaab
From this introduction, experts today tend to divide all roses Malayalam Panniruppu, Penimirpushpam, Rosappu
into two groups. There are old roses (those cultivated in Europe Malaysia Ros, Gul
before 1800) and modern roses (those which began to be Manipuri Atar-Gulab
cultivated in England and France around the turn of the 19th Marathi Gulad, Gulab
century).
Odia Golapa, Tarani
Rose has experienced the most horrible extremes of the
Roman Empire when the farmers were reduced to growing roses Sanskrit Shatapatri, Soumyagandha
instead of food crops in order to satisfy the demands of their Tamil Pannir, Pannirpu, Kulapu
rulers. Telugu Gulabi, Rojapuvu, Gulabipuvvu
More than 10,000 roses are known in cultivation and three Thailand Kulaap Mon, Yee Sun
types of odours are recognized, viz. those of the Cabbage Rose (R. Urdu Gul-E-Surkh, Arq Gulab
centifolia), the Damask Rose (R. damascena) and the Tea Rose.
indica) Plant description
It is a small perennial erect thorny shrub with unequal, large,
Names in different languages hooked spikes and many bristles; grows up to 1.5 meters in height.
Arabic Gulab Leaves are compound imparipinnate, with 5 leaflets, leaflets
Bengali Golap ovate-lanceolate, serrated. Flowers vary in color, usually pink,

Special Features 83
History Names in different languages
The earliest civilizations that can be proved to have used henna Arabic : Alhenna, Henna, Henneh, Hinna, Yoranna
include the Babylonians, Assyrians, Sumerians, Semites, Ugaritics Bengali : Mehedi, Mehndi, Shudi
and Canaanites. Crossing the limitation of boundaries of countries Bombay : Henne, Mendie
and religions “henna” has been used to celebrate and bless Burmise : Dan, Danbin
Canaries : Goranta, Gorante, Goranthu, Korate,
sexuality & fertility of women in over 60 countries among Hindu,
Chinese : Tche Kia Hoa
Muslim, Sepharadic, Jewish, Rom, B'hai, Parsee, Zoasterian, Sikh, Deutsch : Heena
Coptic Christian, and Armenian Christian communities; as a long English : Camphire, Cypress Shrub, Egyptian Privet, Henna
standing valuable social custom. French : Alcana D'orient, Alkanna d'Avicenne
Some scientists believe that the use of henna has originated in Greek : Kypros
ancient India as a cosmetic and medicine, while others suggest its Gujarati : Medi, Mendi, Panwar
use originated in Middle East & North Africa and was brought to Hindi : Hena, Mehndi, Mhindi
India in the 12th century by Egyptian Moguls. But it is Konkani : Meti
apprehended from the illustrations of Bodhisattavas and deities of Malay : Inai
Malayalam: Mayilanji, Pontalasi
cave wall murals that, it was probably used in India seven centuries
Mandarin : Bind, Bindi, Mindi
before the moguls invasion and hundreds of years before Muslim
Marathi : Mendhi, Mendi
religion began in the middle of the 7th century AD. The use of Odia : Mehendi, Mendi, Monjuati, Olota, Rongota
henna as a decoration in India took off with the advent of Muslim Persian : Hina, Panna
rule and become common. Henna is commercially cultivated in Philippines: Cinamomo, Cinamomo Del Pais
India, Pakistan, Iran, Yemen, Morocco and Sudan. Punjabi : Hinna, Mehndi, Nakrize, Panwar

Special Features 87
History Japanese : Obeko
Isabgol the common name in India for Plantago ovata, has Kanada : Isofgolu, Visamagolu, Issabagolu, Isabakolu
come from the Persian words "isap" and "ghol" that mean horse Kashmiri : Is-mogul
ear, which is descriptive of the shape of the seed. It is indigenous to Malayalam : Karkatasringi, Snigddhajirakam, Ispaghal
Mediterranean region and West Asia extending up to Sutlej and Marathi : Isabgola, Isapghol
Sindh in West Pakistan, also distributed from Canary Islands across Nepalese : Isabgol
Southern Spain, North Africa, Middle East and North-Western Nederlands : Bladvlo
Asia. In India the use of isabgol is as old as the Ayurveda System of Oriya : Isabgul
Medicine. It is commercially cultivated in North Gujarat, Western Persian : Ispaghol, Isparzah, Thikam-daridah, Isabghul
Rajasthan, Punjab, Hariyana, and Uttar Pradesh. Punjabi : Lisapghol, Bartang, Abghol
Sanskrit : Ashwagol, Ishadgola, Ashwakarnabeeja,
Names in different languages Sheetabeeja, Ishrawarabola, Snigdhajeeraka
Arabic : Bazre-quatuna, Bazre-katima Sinhalese : Isphgol Vithai
Bengali : Esphopgol, Isabgul, Ishopgul, Ispaghul Tamil : Iskolvirai, Iskol, Isphagol, Ishappukolvirai
Chinese : Ch'-Ch'ientzu Telugu : Isphagula, Isapgaluvittulu, Isapagala
Deutsch : Indische Psylli-samen Urdu : Ispaghul
English : Ispaghula, Psyllium, Blond psyllium, Spogel
seeds, Ripple grass The plant
Gujarati : Isapghol, Isafghol, Ghoda Jeeru, Umtojeeru Plantago ovata is an annual herb that grows to a height of 12 to
Hindi : Isabgol, Isabgul, Issufgul, Ispaghul, Isubgol 18 inches (3046 cm). Leaves are opposite, linear or linear

Special Features 91
History Names in different languages
Senna is an Arabic name. All ancient cultures, including the Arabic : Sanaehindi, Sonna
Aztecs, Asians, and Africans have used infusions of the Cassia Assemese : Sonamukhi
Bengali : Sannamakki, Shonpat, Sonpat
species as a laxative. The first records show the herb being used
Canaries : Nelavare, Nelavarike, Sonamukhi
medicinally by Arabian physicians in the 9th century BC. The herb
Chinese : Fan Hsieh Yeh, Ta Hwai Yeh
was originally brought to medicinal use in Egypt long ago, and from Deutsch : Alexandrinische Senna.
there it entered Greek medicine at the time of Hippocrates. It was English : Alexandrian senna, Indian senna, Senna,
first brought into use by the Egyptian physicians Serapion and Tinnevelly senna, True senna
Mesue. Achiarius was the first Greek to notice it. He French : Casse, Canéficier, Séné d'Alexandrie,
recommended senna pods over the leaf thinking them more Gujarati : Middiawal, Sonamakhi
Hindi : Hindisana, Sanay, Sonai, Sonamukhi
powerful. People in northern Africa and southwestern Asia have
Kashmiri : Sna
used senna as a laxative for centuries. It was considered a
Kannada : Nelavarika, Sonamukhi,
“cleansing” herb because of its cathartic effect. In addition, the Malayalam : Nilavaka
leaves were sometimes made into a paste and applied to various Marathi : Bhuitarvada, Mulkacha, Shonamukhi
skin diseases. Its name of Ringworm Cassia was given because a Myanmar : Puvekainyoe
leaf extract is used to combat that fungal infection, especially in Norwegian : Sennesplante.
Malaysia. Senna was given the name of Purging Cassia in Europe Oriya : Sunamukhi
Persian : Sanaehindi
during the Middle Ages because it was used at that time in an
Punjabi : Sanapati, Sarnapatta, Sannamakhi
Italian medical school as a purgative.

Special Features 95
 Site: Dabur Nepal Nursery, Banepa (Nepal)

Andhra Pradesh 113 Madhya Pradesh 116

Arunachal Pradesh 113 Maharashtra 118
Bihar 113 Meghalaya 119
Chhattisgarh 114 Mizoram 119
Delhi 114 Orissa 120
Gujarat 114 Punjab 121
Haryana 114 Rajasthan 121
Himachal Pradesh 115 Tamil Nadu 122
Jharkhand 115 Uttar Pradesh 123
Karnataka 115 Uttarakhand 124
Kerala 116 West Bengal 124

111
 Andhra Pradesh 135 Kerala 155
Assam 136 Madhya Pradesh 156
Bihar 136 Maharashtra 160
Chhattisgarh 137 Meghalaya 173
Delhi 138 Orissa 173
Gujarat 150 Punjab 174
Haryana 152 Rajasthan 177
Himachal Pradesh 152 Tamil Nadu 179
Jammu & Kashmir 153 Uttar Pradesh 188
Jharkhand 153 Uttarakhand 192
Karnataka 154 West Bengal 195

125
 Chapter 7.3

Exporters, Extractors, Manufacturers

Andhra Pradesh 201 Madhya Pradesh 242

Assam 205 Maharashtra 246
Bihar 205 Manipur 266
Chhattisgarh 205 Nagaland 266
Delhi 205 Orissa 266
Goa 215 Pondicherry 266
Gujarat 215 Punjab 266
Haryana 222 Rajasthan 270
Himachal Pradesh 224 Tamil Nadu 273
Jharkhand 226 Uttar Pradesh 279
Karnataka 226 Uttarakhand 288
Kerala 233 West Bengal 290

197
 Andhra Pradesh 295 Madhya Pradesh 297
Assam 295 Maharashtra 298
Bihar 295 Meghalaya 299
Chhattisgarh 295 Mizoram 299
Delhi 295 Orissa 299
Gujarat 296 Punjab 299
Haryana 296 Rajasthan 299
Himachal Pradesh 296 Tamil Nadu 299
Jammu and Kashmir 297 Uttar Pradesh 300
Karnataka 297 Uttarakhand 300
Kerala 297 West Bengal 300

293
301
www.medherb.in Medherb Green Pages 2010
INDIA AND NEPAL

Acacia catechu Willd.

Azadirachta indica A. Juss.

English: Catechu
Indian: Khair
2
Nepali: Khayer

Aegle marmelos (L.) Corr. Serr.

English: Neem Tree

Indian: Neem
Nepali: Neem

Neem bark has cool, bitter and astringent properties. It is traditionally used
to treat tiredness, worms, fever and loss of appetite. Because of its
antiseptic and astringent properties, it is especially helpful in healing
wounds. The bark extracts have been used to manufacture different
products, ranging from oral care to skin care, from traditional medicines to
allopathic drugs. 1
English: Bael
Indian: Bael
Nepali: Bael 3

Cassia auriculata Linn. Cinchona officinalis Linn. Cinnamomum cassia Blume

English: Avaram English: Quinine English: Cinnamom

Indian: Tarwar Indian: Cinkona Indian: Dalchini
Nepali: *** 4 Nepali: *** 5 Nepali: Daalchini 6

302 Crude Medicinal Plants

www.medherb.in Medherb Green Pages 2010
INDIA AND NEPAL

Arnica montana Linn.

Hibiscus rosa-sinensis Linn.

English: Arnica
Indian: Arnica
2
Nepali: ***

Butea monosperma (Lam.) Kuntze

English: Shoe-flower
Indian: Gudhal
Nepali: Japaa Puspi

Gudhal petals have been used in Ayurvedic medicine to stimulate thicker

hair growth and to prevent premature graying, hair loss and scalp
disorders. The petals act as a natural, emollient hair conditioner. Hibiscus
petal powder is used in Ayurvedic hair washes, oil infusion treatments and
vinegar rinses for the hair.
1
English: Bastard Teak
Indian: Tesu
Nepali: Madaane 3

Calotropis procera (Willd.) R. Br. Carthamus tinctorius Linn. Chamomilla recutita (L.)

English: Milk Weed English: Safflower English: Chamomile

Indian: Aak Indian: Kusum Indian: Chamomile
Nepali: Aank 4 Nepali: Kusum 5 Nepali: Chamomile 6

304 Crude Medicinal Plants

www.medherb.in Medherb Green Pages 2010
INDIA AND NEPAL

Aegle marmelos (L.) Corr. Serr.

Terminalia chebula (Gaertner) Retz.

English: Bael Fruit

Indian: Bael
2
Nepali: Bael

Amomum subulatum Roxb.

English: Chebulic Myrobalan

Indian: Harad
Nepali: Harro

Harad fruit is used for hyperlipidemia and digestive disorders, including

diarrhea, indigestion, constipation and respiratory conditions, including
respiratory tract infections, cough, and sore throat. It is also used orally for
dysentery. It is useful in asthma, vomiting, eye diseases, heart diseases,
hiccup, etc. The Harad fruit is one of the three constituents of the famous
Indian preparation Triphala. 1
English: Greater Cardamom
Indian: Badi Elaychi
Nepali: Alaichi 3

Cassia fistula Linn. Emblica officinalis Gaertn. Momordica charantia Linn.

English: Indian Laburnum English: Emblic Myrobalan English: Bitter Gourd

Indian: Amaltas Indian: Amla Indian: Karela
Nepali: Amaltaash 4 Nepali: Amlaa 5 Nepali: Karela 6

306 Crude Medicinal Plants

331
332
 Taxus baccata Linn.

Country Profile and become a federal democratic republic. The transition to a

Situated in the lap of the Himalayas, Nepal, now officially the republic was completed in May 2008, when the Constituent
Federal Democratic Republic of Nepal, is a landlocked country in Assembly voted to dissolve the monarchy.
South Asia and the world's youngest republic. It is bordered to the Nepal is divided into 14 zones under 5 development regions for
north by the People's Republic of China, and to the south, east, maintaining law and order and coordinating the work of field
and west by India. With an area of 147,181 square kilometers agencies of the various government ministries. The 5 regions and
(56,827 sq mi) and a population of approximately 30 million, Nepal 14 zones are:
is the world's 93rd largest country by land mass. Kathmandu is the Purwanchal Madhyamanchal
nation's capital and the country's largest metropolitan city. Nepal (Eastern Region) (Central Region)
is a country of highly diverse and rich geography, culture, and Kosi Bagmati
religions. The mountainous north contains eight of the world's ten Mechi Janakpur
highest mountains, including the highest, The Mount Everest. Sagarmatha Narayani
Nepal is linked historically with the birthplace of Gautam Buddha. Pashchimanchal Madhya Pashchimanchal
(Western Region) (Mid-Western Region)
Government Dhawalagiri Bheri
In Nov. 1990, King Birendra promulgated a new constitution Gandaki Karnali
and introduced a multiparty parliamentary democracy in Nepal. Lumbini Rapti
Under pressure amid massive pro-democracy protests in April Sudur Pashchimanchal
2006, King Gyanendra gave up direct rule and reinstated (Far-Western Region)
Parliament, which then quickly moved to diminish the King's Mahakali
power. In Dec. 2007, Parliament voted to abolish the monarchy Seti

Herbal Drugs - The Green Gold of Nepal 335

 Revised Treaty of Trade between
The Government of India and The Government of Nepal
The Government of India and the Government of Nepal
(hereinafter referred to as the Contracting Parties), Being
conscious of the need to fortify the traditional connection
between the markets of the two countries, Being animated by the
desire to strengthen economic cooperation between them,
Impelled by the urge to develop their economies for their several
and mutual benefit, and Convinced of the benefits of mutual
sharing of scientific and technical knowledge and experience to
promote mutual trade, Have resolved to conclude a Treaty of
Trade in order to expand trade between their respective territories
and encourage collaboration in economic development, and Have
for this purpose appointed as their Plenipotentiaries the following
persons, namely,
For the Government of India For the Government of Nepal
(Anand Sharma) (Rajendra Mahto)
Commerce & Industry Minister Minister of Commerce & Supplies
Who, having exchanged their full powers and found them good
and in due form, have agreed as follows:
Article I
The Contracting Parties shall explore and undertake all
measures, including technical cooperation, to promote, facilitate,
expand and diversify trade between their two countries.
Article II
The Contracting Parties shall endeavour to grant maximum
facilities and to undertake all necessary measures for the free and
unhampered flow of goods, needed by one country from the
other, to and from their respective territories.
Article III
Both the Contracting Parties shall accord unconditionally to
each other treatment no less favourable than that accorded to any
third country with respect to (a) customs duties and charges of any
kind imposed on or in connection with importation & exportation,
(b) import regulations including quantitative restrictions.
Article IV
The Contracting Parties agree, on a reciprocal basis, to exempt
from basic customs duty as well as from quantitative restrictions
the import of such primary products as may be mutually agreed
upon, from each other.
Indo-Nepal Treaty of Trade - 2009 339
1. Most Tradable Medicinal and Aromatic Plants in Nepal
Botanical Name English Name Indian Name Nepali Name
Abrus precatorius Linn. Jequirity Ratti Laal Gedi
Acacia catechu Willd. Catechu Khair Khayer
Acacia concinna DC. Soap Pod Shikakai Sikakai
Acacia nilotica (Linn.) Delile Gum Arabic Babul Babool
Achyranthes aspera Linn. Prickly Chaff Flower Latjira Ultekurro
Aconitum ferox Wall. Aconite Atis Bikhmaa
Aconitum heterophyllum Wall ex Royle Indian Aconite Atis Kadvi Atees
Aconitum spicatum (Bruhl.) Stapf. Nepali Aconite Nepali Atis Bikjara
Acorus calamus Linn. Sweet Flag Bach Bojho
Adhatoda vasica Nees Vasaka Adusa Asuro
Adiantum capillus-veneris Linn. Maiden Hair Fern Hansraj Unyu
Aegle marmelos (L.) Corr. Serr. Bael Fruit Bael Bael
Aesculus hippocastanum Linn. Horse Chestnut Pangar Paangro
Albizia lebbek (L.) Benth. Lebeck Tree Siris kaalo Sirees
Aloe barbadensis Mill. Aloe Gawar Patha Ghiu Kumari
Alstonia scholaris (L.) R.Br. Dita-bark Tree Saptaparna Chal Chhatiwan
Amomum subulatum Roxb. Greater Cardamom Badi Elaychi Alaichi
Anacyclus pyrethrum DC. Pyrethrum Akarkara Akarkala
Andrographis paniculata (Burm. F.) Nees Andrographis Kalmegh Titkaa
Areca catechu Linn. Betel Nut Supari Supaari
Argemone mexicana Linn. Prickly Poppy Satyanasi Beej Thaakal
contd... on page 348

Commercially Important Medicinal and Aromatic Plants of Nepal 347

 Information 1 III. Banned for felling, transportation and export
S.N. Scientific Name Nepali Name
Regulatory (Export Negative List and CITES) 1. Acacia catechu Khayar
2. Bombax ceiba Simal
Protected Plants of Nepal 3. Dalbergia latifolia Satisaal
4. Juglans regia Okhar
S.N. Scientific Name Nepali Name 5. Michelia champaca Chaamp
I. Banned for collection, transportation and trade 6. Pterocarpus marsupium Bijayasaal
1. Dactylorhiza hatagirea Paanchaunle 7. Shorea robusta Saal
2. Neopicrorhiza scrophulariifolia Kutki*
3. Root bark of Juglans regia Okhar Ko Bokraa Nepal’s Flora under CITES Appendices (Appendix)
1. Ceropegia pubescens Mirke Lahara II
II. Banned for export outside the country without processing 2. Cyathea spinulosa (Tree fern) Rukh Unyu II
(Not applicable for cultivated products) 3. Cycas pectinata (Cycas) Jokar, Jaggar, Kalbal II
1. Abies spectabilis Taalispatra 4. Dioscorea deltoidea Bhyaakur II
2. Cinnamomum glaucescens Sugandhakokila 5. Gnetum montanum Bhote Lahara III
3. Lichens Jhyaau 6. Meconopsis regia Kyashar III
4. Nardostachys grandiflora Jataamansi 7. Orchidaceae (Orchids) Sunaakhari II
5. Rauvolfia serpentina Sarpgandhha 8. Podocarpus neriifolius Gunsi III
6. Taxus baccata Lauth salla 9. Podophyllum hexandrum Laghupatra II
7. Valeriana jatamansii Sugandhawaal 10. Rauvolfia serpentine Sarpagandhaa II
11. Talauma hodgsonii Bhalu Kaath III
* Recently the ban has been lifted for products legally harvested from 12. Taxus baccata Lauth sallaa II
sustainably managed forests. 13. Tetracentron sinense Jharikote III

Medherb Information on Nepal 353

Vernacular Names from the base of the rhizome. The peduncle is short and the buds
Bengali : Boro alach, Buro elachi, Morung elachi encased in tight red bracts. Flowers appear from spring through
Chinese : Xiang dou kou mid summer. Individual flowers stay open for three days and more
Danish : Sort kardemomme and new ones open successively. An inflorescence stays in flower
Dutch : Zwarte kardemom for over a month.
English : Black cardamom, Greater cardamon, Nepal
cardamon, Indian cardamom Habitat
Finnish : Mustakardemumma This species is native to the Eastern Himalayas and inhabits
French : Cardamome noir, Cardamome du Népal cool forest areas near mountain streams and damp forest floors. It
German : Nepal-Cardamom, Schwarzer Cardamom grows fast and vigorously during the summer monsoon months.
Hindi : Bari elaichi
Italian : Cardamomo nero Distribution
Nepali : Alaichi (A-lai-chee) The largest producer of the black cardamom is Nepal followed
Sanskrit : Harenuka, Upakunchika by India and Bhutan.
Spanish : Cardamomo negro
Main constituents
Plant The seeds contain 3% of an essential oil, which is dominated by
This is a clustering ginger with stems growing up to 5ft tall. 1- 8-cineol (more that 70%). Smaller and variable amounts of
Leaves are found on the upper portion of the stem. This is an limonene, terpinene, terpineol, terpinyl acetate and sabinene
evergreen plant with the old stems dying down after a few years. have also been reported.
The rhizomes are a dull red in color. Flower buds appear in spring

Alaichi - An important cash crop 363

Vernacular Name Thitarodes caterpillar larva feeds underground on the roots of
Bhutanese Name : Bub trees and shrubs, mainly Rhododendron, Anemone sp, Anaphalis
Chinese Name : Dong Chon Xia Cao sp, Carese sp, etc. Before the rainy season begins, spores of the
Indian name : Keera jhar, Keeda ghas Cordyceps mushroom settle on the heads of caterpillars' that lives
Japanese Name : Tochukaso underground. The immature larva, which forms the host upon
Korean Name : Tong ch'ug ha ch'o which the Cordyceps grows, usually lives about 6 inches below
Tibetan Name : Yarsha Gomba, Yarsagumba, ground. Within days, a finger-like mushroom grows out from the
larva above the ground during the spring and summer. The fungus
Yarchagumba
gets so much into the body of the caterpillars' that it grows out
through its head and drains all the energy from the insect and
Yarshagumba is a rare and unique herb that grows in meadows
ultimately it dies. Normally, it is found as 2500 plants per hectare
in China, in the Tibetan Plateau and the Himalayan regions of
Nepal and India at an altitude between 3000m and 5000m. within the balanced pH soil level of 7-7.5. Moreover, on average it
Yarsagumba literally means summer plant and winter insect in is found in 0.3 to 0.5gm per plant. The caterpillars die near the tops
Tibetan. of their burrows. The dark brown to black fruiting body (or
It is an exceptional combination of a yellow caterpillar and a mushroom) emerges from the ground in spring or early summer,
mushroom (fungus). Just earlier to the rainy season, spores of always growing out of the forehead of the caterpillar. The long,
Cordyceps fungus infect these Himalayan caterpillars that live on usually columnar fruiting body reaches 5–15 cm above the surface
moist grass and hollow soil. After the fungus buries itself in the and releases spores.
caterpillar's body, it works its way out through the insect's head. As
temperature increases and the snow melts -yarsa gumba emerges Caterpillar Fungus's Introduction to the World
and is collected at this time. During monsoon, the yarsa gumba is The first mention of Cordyceps sinensis in traditional Chinese
swept away. Medicine was in Wang Ang's 1694. Outside of the East the fungus

Yarsagumba - A wonder drug from Himalayas 369